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The Personality Cult Of THE PERSONALITY CULT OF STALININ SOVIET POSTERS, 1929–1953 ARCHETYPES, INVENTIONS & FABRICATIONS THE PERSONALITY CULT OF STALININ SOVIET POSTERS, 1929–1953 ARCHETYPES, INVENTIONS & FABRICATIONS ANITA PISCH Published by ANU Press The Australian National University Acton ACT 2601, Australia Email: [email protected] This title is also available online at press.anu.edu.au National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry Creator: Pisch, Anita, author. Title: The personality cult of Stalin in Soviet posters, 1929 - 1953 : archetypes, inventions and fabrications / Anita Pisch. ISBN: 9781760460624 (paperback) 9781760460631 (ebook) Subjects: Stalin, Joseph, 1879-1953--Symbolism. Political posters, Russian. Symbolism in politics--Soviet Union. Symbolism in mass media. Symbolism in art. Dewey Number: 741.670947 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. Cover design and layout by ANU Press. Cover image adapted from: ‘26 years without Lenin, but still on Lenin’s path’, Mytnikov, 1950, Izdanie Rostizo (Rostov-Don), edn 15,000. This edition © 2016 ANU Press CES Prize This publication was awarded a Centre for European Studies Publication Prize in 2015. The prize covers the cost of professional copyediting. Contents Acknowledgements . vii List of illustrations . ix Abbreviations . xxi Introduction . 1 1 . The phenomenon of the personality cult — a historical perspective . 49 2 . The rise of the Stalin personality cult . 87 3 . Stalin is like a fairytale sycamore tree — Stalin as a symbol . 191 4 . Stalin saves the world — Stalin and the evolution of the Warrior and Saviour archetypes . 291 Conclusion . 441 Appendix 1: Breakdown of posters in the research sample by year . 447 Appendix 2: Frequency trends in posters with images of Stalin in the research sample, and Stalin’s appearances in Pravda . 449 Appendix 3: Posters of Stalin and Lenin by year . 451 Bibliography . 453 Index . 499 Acknowledgements This research began as PhD research in the School of Art History and Curatorship at The Australian National University (ANU). I would like to gratefully acknowledge the expert guidance and support of my thesis supervisor, Professor Sasha Grishin, throughout the three years of my research, as well as from the other members of my supervisory panel, Dr Andrew Montana and Dr Kevin Windle. Professor Grishin has been generous with his time and knowledge, and managed to make me laugh at times when I thought I had forgotten how. Dr Windle assisted with some of the translations of the ‘curlier’ Russian captions and Dr Kirill Nourzhanov assisted with the translation of the Uzbek poster captions. Thanks are also due to Dr Zoja Bojic and to Margaret Travers. The staff of the graphics department at the Russian State Library in Moscow were very helpful and hospitable during my two periods of fieldwork, and I would particularly like to thank Dr Liubov Rodionova for facilitating my research at the library, the legendary Nina Baburina for her assistance in targeting folders containing Stalin posters, and Dr Svetlana Artamonova for her assistance in gaining access to other relevant library holdings and her willingness to answer my queries and discuss various aspects of my research. Dr Olga Litvinova was extremely helpful at the Museum of Contemporary History in Moscow, granting me access to all posters in the collection that contain an image of Stalin. Svetlana Khrodakovskaia was happy to discuss with me the poster collection at the Museum of Political History in St Petersburg. Dr Liudmila Riabova of the History Department at the St Petersburg State University provided assistance by facilitating my participation in the ‘Russia’s statehood: The authorities and society across the twentieth century’ conference at which I was able to present some of my research findings and discuss them with scholars from a number of academic disciplines. I am particularly indebted to Svetlana Petrova vii THE PERSONALITY CUlt OF StaliN IN SOVIET POSTERS, 1929–1953 for her assistance in the presentation of my conference paper. I am also grateful to Dr Tatiana Tabolina of the Russian Academy of Sciences for her interest in, and encouragement of, my research and for her feedback. I thank the dedicated librarians at the National Gallery of Australia Research Library, ANU libraries, the National Library of Australia and the Baillieu Library at the University of Melbourne. I would like to particularly thank staff at the Chifley Library at ANU for answering my queries concerning interlibrary loans and for assisting me to access a variety of materials that have proved invaluable to my research. I am grateful to my colleagues in Art History at ANU for their helpful comments and critiques of oral presentations of my research at our regular gatherings and for providing a wonderful milieu in which to work. This research and my fieldwork and conference attendance in Russia were made possible through the financial support provided by the Australian National University Postgraduate Award and ANU College of Arts and Social Sciences research support fund. The publication of this book has been supported by the generous financial and professional assistance provided by ANU Centre for European Studies Publishing Prize – I am particularly grateful to Christine Huber of the Humanities and Creative Arts Editorial Board for guiding me through this process. Special thanks also go to my eagle-eyed editor, Justine Molony, for her excellent and professional work in editing the manuscript. I would like to acknowledge the assistance and professionalism of the team at ANU Press — especially Emily Tinker, Publications Coordinator, for her expertise in the publication process; and Teresa Prowse, Digital Design/Publishing Officer, for her excellent design of the cover and layout. No prolonged project is possible without the support of family and friends. Sputi Piosik has been unwavering in his friendship and merry spirit. My long-suffering family have put up with my bouts of irritability and anxiety and offered constant support and love. My mother is, as always, my rock and, along with David, Theresa and Alana, have never faltered in their belief in me. My father, the first in our family to receive a PhD, was always a role model of scholarly courage and sadly passed away before I completed my research. I know he was delighted I was following my dream. viii List of illustrations Fig. 2.1 ‘Komsomol political education system mid-Volga organisation V.L.K.S.M for 1930–31’, unidentified artist, 1930, (Samara), 28 x 75 cm, edn 5,000 .................165 Fig. 2.2 ‘Under the Lenin banner for socialist construction’, Gustav Klutsis, 1930 ...............................166 Fig. 2.3 ‘With the banner of Lenin we were victorious in the battle for the October revolution …’, Viktor Deni, 1931, Izogiz (Moscow, Leningrad), 52 x 72 cm, edn 20,000 ......167 Fig. 2.4 ‘Shock work at the machine is combined with the study of Marxist–Leninist theory’, A.M. Rumiantsev, 1931, Izogiz (Moscow), 85 x 58 cm, edn 40,000 ...............168 Fig. 2.5 ‘With the banner of Lenin …’, Viktor Deni, 1933, Izogiz (Moscow), 77 x 109 cm, edn 60,000 ..............169 Fig. 2.6 ‘With the banner of Lenin …’, Gustav Klutsis, 1933, Izogiz, 62 x 88 cm, 300,000 .........................170 Fig. 2.7 ‘With the banner of Lenin …’, Iraklii Toidze, 1933, Izogiz (Moscow, Leningrad), 62 x 94 cm (edn of 300); 82 x 110 cm, edn 1,000. 171 Fig. 2.8 ‘Long live the great party of Lenin–Stalin — leader and organiser of the victorious building of socialism!’, L. Stenberg, 1937 .................................171 Fig. 2.9 ‘Chronicle of the arrests, exiles and escapes of Comrade Stalin’, unidentified artist, 1938 ......................172 Fig. 2.10 ‘Be as the great Lenin was’, Vasilii Elkin, 1938, Izogiz (Moscow, Leningrad), 60 x 94 cm, edn 100,000 .....173 Fig. 2.11 ‘Be as the great Lenin was’, A.I. Madorskii, 1938, edn 15,000 ......................................174 ix THE PERSONALITY CUlt OF StaliN IN SOVIET POSTERS, 1929–1953 Fig. 2.12 ‘Be as the great Lenin was’, A.I. Madorskii, 1939, 60 x 90 cm, edn 20,000. 175 Fig. 2.13 ‘Departing from us …’, Vladimir Kaidalov, 1940, UzFimgiz (Tashkent), 60 x 92 cm, edn 7,000 .............176 Fig. 2.14 ‘Under the banner of Lenin, under the leadership of Stalin — forward to new victories!’, Petr Golub, 1945, Iskusstvo, 85.5 x 61 cm, edn 200,000. .177 Fig. 2.15 ‘1918–1943 Long live the XXV anniversary of the Leninist–Stalinist Komsomol’, Vladimir Serov, 1943, Iskusstvo (Leningrad), 70 x 52 cm, edn 5,000. .178 Fig. 2.16 ‘The banner of Lenin …’, L. Stenberg, 1949, Iskusstvo (Moscow, Leningrad), 85 x 56.5 cm, edn 100,000. Another edition of 100,000 was issued in 1951. .179 Fig. 2.17 ‘26 years without Lenin, but still on Lenin’s path’, Mytnikov, 1950, Izdanie Rostizo (Rostov-Don), edn 15,000 . 180 Fig. 2.18 ‘In the name of communism’, Viktor Govorkov, 1951, Iskusstvo (Moscow), 86 x 97 cm, edn 600,000 ...........181 Fig. 2.19 ‘Glory to the great leaders of October’, Naum Karpovskii, 1951, Iskusstvo (Moscow), 64.5 x 87.5 cm, edn 100,000. 181 Fig. 2.20 ‘Glory to Lenin, glory to Stalin, glory to great October’, V. Reshetnikov, 1952, Latgosizdat, edn 3,000 ............182 Fig. 2.21 ‘Long live the great, united party of Lenin–Stalin …’, unidentified artist, 1952. .182 Fig. 2.22 ‘Long live the Bolshevik Party, the Lenin–Stalin Party, the vanguard of the Soviet people forged in battle, the inspiration and organiser of our victories!’, Vladislav Pravdin, 1950, Iskusstvo (Moscow, Leningrad), 64.5 x 87.5 cm, edn 1,000,000. .183 Fig. 2.23 ‘Raise higher the banner of Marx, Engels, Lenin, and Stalin!’, Gustav Klutsis, 1933, edn 50,000 and then an edition of 30,000.
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