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Peasant Rebels Under Stalin This Page Intentionally Left Blank Peasant Rebels Under Stalin
Peasant Rebels under Stalin This page intentionally left blank Peasant Rebels Under Stalin Collectivization and the Culture of Peasant Resistance Lynne Viola OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS New York Oxford Oxford University Press Oxford New York Athens Auckland Bangkok Bogota Buenos Aires Calcutta Cape Town Chennai Dar es Salaam Delhi Florence Hong Kong Istanbul Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Mumbai Nairobi Paris Sao Paulo Singapore Taipei Tokyo Toronto Warsaw and associated companies in Berlin Ibadan Copyright © 1996 by Oxford University Press, Inc. First published in 1996 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 198 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10016 First issued as an Oxford University Press paperback, 1999 Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Oxford University Press. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Viola, Lynne. Peasant rebels under Stalin : collectivization and the culture of peasant resistance / Lynne Viola. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-19-510197-9 ISBN 0-19-513104-5 (pbk.) 1. Collectivization of agriculture—Soviet Union—History. 2. Peasant uprisings—Soviet Union—History. 3. Government, Resistance to—Soviet Union—History. 4. Soviet Union—Economic policy—1928-1932. 5. Soviet Union—Rural conditions. I. Title. HD1492.5.S65V56 1996 338.7'63'0947—dc20 95-49340 135798642 Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper You have shot many people You have driven many to jail You have sent many into exile To certain death in the taiga. -
State-Sponsored Violence in the Soviet Union: Skeletal Trauma and Burial Organization in a Post-World War Ii Lithuanian Sample
STATE-SPONSORED VIOLENCE IN THE SOVIET UNION: SKELETAL TRAUMA AND BURIAL ORGANIZATION IN A POST-WORLD WAR II LITHUANIAN SAMPLE By Catherine Elizabeth Bird A DISSERTATION Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Anthropology- Doctor of Philosophy 2013 ABSTRACT STATE-SPONSORED VIOLENCE IN THE SOVIET UNION: SKELETAL TRAUMA AND BURIAL ORGANIZATION IN A POST WORLD WAR II LITHUANIAN SAMPLE By Catherine Elizabeth Bird The Stalinist period represented one of the worst eras of human rights abuse in the Soviet Union. This dissertation investigates both the victims and perpetrators of violence in the Soviet Union during the Stalinist period through a site specific and regional evaluation of burial treatment and perimortem trauma. Specifically, it compares burial treatment and perimortem trauma in a sample (n = 155) of prisoners executed in the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic (L.S.S.R.) by the Soviet security apparatus from 1944 to 1947, known as the Tuskulenai case. Skeletal and mortuary variables are compared both over time and between security personnel in the Tuskulenai case. However, the Tuskulenai case does not represent an isolated event. Numerous other sites of state-sponsored violence are well known. In order to understand the temporal and geographical distribution of Soviet violence, this study subsequently compares burial treatment and perimortem trauma observed in the Tuskulenai case to data published in site reports for three other cases of Soviet state-sponsored violence (Vinnytsia, Katyn, and Rainiai). This dissertation discusses state-sponsored violence in the Soviet Union in the context of social and political theory advocated by Max Weber and within a principal-agent framework. -
David Brandenberger
DAVID BRANDENBERGER University of Richmond [email protected] Department of History Tel. (804) 289-8667 28 Westhampton Way Fax: (804) 287-6875 Richmond, VA 23173 facultystaff.richmond.edu/~dbranden E D U C A T I O N Harvard University. Ph.D., Department of History, November 16, 1999. Dissertation advisors: Richard Pipes, Roman Szporluk, Loren Graham & Terry Martin. Harvard University. A. M., Department of History, June 8, 1995. Macalester College. B.A., magna cum laude, History, Soviet/E. European Studies, May 23, 1992. S P E C I A L I Z A T I O N Russo-Soviet history; European & East European history; nationalism & national identity formation; ideology; Marxism; propaganda. E M P L O Y M E N T Professor, Department of History, University of Richmond (2016-) Associate Professor, Department of History, University of Richmond (2010-2016). Assistant Professor, Department of History, University of Richmond (2003-2010). Visiting Lecturer in Russian History, Amherst College (2004-2005). Visiting Assistant Professor, Department of History, Connecticut College (2001). Lecturer, Department of History, Yale University (2000-2001). Lecturer, Committee on Degrees in History & Literature, Harvard University (1999-2002). B O O K M A N U S C R I P T S 1. Stalin’s Usable Past: A Critical Edition of the 1937 Short History of the USSR (in preparation, 2020-) 2. The Leningrad Affair: The Purge of Stalin’s Would-Be Successors, co-authored with K. A. Boldovskii and N. Iu. Pivovarov (in preparation, 2016-). 3. The Purge-Era Politburo Diaries of G. I. Petrovskii, co-edited with N. Iu. -
The Downgrading of Stalin As Seen from the Free World
• Address by Honorable William P. Rogers, Deputy Attorney General of the United States, on the occasion of Bryant College 93rd Commencement, Providence, Rhode Island Friday, August 3, 1956-10 a.m. The Downgrading of Stalin As Seen from the Free World resident Jacobs, Members of the Graduating Class, Distin guished Guests: It is with a great deal of pleasure that I P have looked forward to this occasion which permits me to participate in the Nintey-third Annual Commencement Exercises of Bryant College. It is a privilege to be asked to appear on this rostrum where so many distinguished persons have stood before and to address this year's graduating class and their friends and relatives. I am both indebted and pleased for the signal honor you have conferred in bestowing on me your Honorary Degree of Doctor of Laws. To have been selected as a member of the Honor ary Alumni of Bryant College is a recognition which I shall always prize and for which I am deeply grateful. You members of the graduating class are soon to become re sponsible working members of our free society. I thought that I would talk to you LOday about recent events in Russia which point up, by startling contrast, the meaning of that free society in which we are privileged to live. Our laws are not the directives of any man or any group of men. They are the moral code of a free people. In the free world laws go hand in hand with religion. Our laws express what our people regard as right and what they regard as wrong-and they apply with equal force to all of our people, regardless of their station in life. -
Discussion Paper Series
DISCUSSION PAPER SERIES No. 6014 DICTATORS, REPRESSION AND THE MEDIAN CITIZEN: AN “ELIMINATIONS MODEL” OF STALIN’S TERROR (DATA FROM THE NKVD ARCHIVES) Paul Gregory, Philipp Schröder and Konstantin Sonin PUBLIC POLICY and ECONOMIC HISTORY ABCD www.cepr.org Available online at: www.cepr.org/pubs/dps/DP6014.asp www.ssrn.com/xxx/xxx/xxx ISSN 0265-8003 DICTATORS, REPRESSION AND THE MEDIAN CITIZEN: AN “ELIMINATIONS MODEL” OF STALIN’S TERROR (DATA FROM THE NKVD ARCHIVES) Paul Gregory, University of Houston and Hoover Institute, Stanford University Philipp Schröder, Aarhus School of Business Konstantin Sonin, New Economic School, Moscow and CEPR Discussion Paper No. 6014 December 2006 Centre for Economic Policy Research 90–98 Goswell Rd, London EC1V 7RR, UK Tel: (44 20) 7878 2900, Fax: (44 20) 7878 2999 Email: [email protected], Website: www.cepr.org This Discussion Paper is issued under the auspices of the Centre’s research programme in PUBLIC POLICY and the Economic History Initiative. Any opinions expressed here are those of the author(s) and not those of the Centre for Economic Policy Research. Research disseminated by CEPR may include views on policy, but the Centre itself takes no institutional policy positions. The Centre for Economic Policy Research was established in 1983 as a private educational charity, to promote independent analysis and public discussion of open economies and the relations among them. It is pluralist and non-partisan, bringing economic research to bear on the analysis of medium- and long-run policy questions. Institutional (core) finance for the Centre has been provided through major grants from the Economic and Social Research Council, under which an ESRC Resource Centre operates within CEPR; the Esmée Fairbairn Charitable Trust; and the Bank of England. -
BETWEEN CREATION and CRISIS: SOVIET MASCULINITIES, CONSUMPTION, and BODIES AFTER STALIN by Brandon Gray Miller a DISSERTATION Su
BETWEEN CREATION AND CRISIS: SOVIET MASCULINITIES, CONSUMPTION, AND BODIES AFTER STALIN By Brandon Gray Miller A DISSERTATION Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of History – Doctor of Philosophy 2013 ABSTRACT BETWEEN CREATION AND CRISIS: SOVIET MASCULINITIES, CONSUMPTION, AND BODIES AFTER STALIN By Brandon Gray Miller The Soviet Union of the 1950s and 1960s existed in a transitional state, emerging recently from postwar reconstruction and on a path toward increasing urbanity, consumer provisioning, and technological might. Modernizing rhetoric emphasized not only these spatial and material transformations, but also the promise of full-fledged communism’s looming arrival. This transformational ethos necessitated a renewal of direct attempts to remold humanity. Gender equality—or, at the very least, removing bourgeois strictures on women—remained a partially unfulfilled promise. Technological advances and the development of Soviet industrial capacity offered a new means of profoundly altering the lives of Soviet men and women. As other scholars have noted, Soviet women were the most obvious targets of these campaigns, but they were not alone in these projects. This dissertation argues that the Soviet state also directed intensive campaigns to remodel male consumptive and bodily practices in order to rid them of politically and socially destructive tendencies, making them fit for the modern socialist civilization under construction. Rooted in, but divergent from, Bolshevik novyi byt campaigns and Stalinist kul’turnost efforts, Soviet authorities actively sought to craft productive male citizens of a modern mold freed of the rough and coarse habits associated with working-class and village masculinities. Many of men targeted in these campaigns fell short of these stated aims. -
Everyday Stalinism Ordinary Life in Extraordinary Times Soviet Russia in the 1930S Sheila Fitzpatrick
Everyday Stalinism Ordinary Life in Extraordinary Times Soviet Russia in the 1930s Sheila Fitzpatrick Sheila Fitzpatrick is an Australian-American historian. She is Honorary Professor at the University of Sydney with her primary speciality being the history of modern Russia. Her recent work has focused on Soviet social and cultural history in the Stalin period, particularly everyday practices and social identity. From the archives of the website The Master and Margarita http://www.masterandmargarita.eu Webmaster Jan Vanhellemont Klein Begijnhof 6 B-3000 Leuven +3216583866 +32475260793 Everyday Stalinism Ordinary Life in Extraordinary Times Soviet Russia in the 1930s Sheila Fitzpatrick Copyright © 1999 by Oxford University Press, Inc. First published by Oxford University Press, Inc., 1999 To My Students Table of Contents Contents Acknowledgments Introduction Milestones Stories A Note on Class 1. “The Party Is Always Right” Revolutionary Warriors Stalin’s Signals Bureaucrats and Bosses A Girl with Character 2. Hard Times Shortages Miseries of Urban Life Shopping as a Survival Skill Contacts and Connections 3. Palaces on Monday Building a New World Heroes The Remaking of Man Mastering Culture 4. The Magic Tablecloth Images of Abundance Privilege Marks of Status Patrons and Clients 5. Insulted and Injured Outcasts Deportation and Exile Renouncing the Past Wearing the Mask 6. Family Problems Absconding Husbands The Abortion Law The Wives’ Movement 7. Conversations and Listeners Listening In Writing to the Government Public Talk Talking Back 8. A Time of Troubles The Year 1937 Scapegoats and “The Usual Suspects” Spreading the Plague Living Through the Great Purges Conclusion Notes Bibliography Contents This book has been a long time in the making - almost twenty years, if one goes back to its first incarnation; ten years in its present form. -
Was Stalin Necessary for Russia's Economic Development?
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES WAS STALIN NECESSARY FOR RUSSIA'S ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT? Anton Cheremukhin Mikhail Golosov Sergei Guriev Aleh Tsyvinski Working Paper 19425 http://www.nber.org/papers/w19425 NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138 September 2013 The authors thank Mark Aguiar, Bob Allen, Paco Buera, V.V. Chari, Hal Cole, Andrei Markevich, Joel Mokyr, Lee Ohanian, Richard Rogerson for useful comments. We also thank participants at the EIEF, Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia, Harvard, NBER EFJK Growth, Development Economics, and Income Distribution and Macroeconomics, New Economic School, Northwestern, Ohio State, Princeton. Financial support from NSF is gratefully acknowledged. Golosov and Tsyvinski also thank Einaudi Institute of Economics and Finance for hospitality. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of their colleagues, the Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas, the Federal Reserve System, or the National Bureau of Economic Research. At least one co-author has disclosed a financial relationship of potential relevance for this research. Further information is available online at http://www.nber.org/papers/w19425.ack NBER working papers are circulated for discussion and comment purposes. They have not been peer- reviewed or been subject to the review by the NBER Board of Directors that accompanies official NBER publications. © 2013 by Anton Cheremukhin, Mikhail Golosov, Sergei Guriev, and Aleh Tsyvinski. All rights reserved. Short sections of text, not to exceed two paragraphs, may be quoted without explicit permission provided that full credit, including © notice, is given to the source. -
Mao Zedong's Great Leap Forward
Mao Zedong’s Great Leap Forward The state under Mao Being an absolute ruler of a one party state has it’s issues, every problem and every mistake being made is being magnified as there is no one to keep the ruler on track. It was taught that Mao never made mistakes and that he was beyond criticism, so the truth was either completely ignored or suppressed. The land and industrial policies that were put in place were highly unrealistic, and therefore led to the greatest famine in Chinese history; the government’s reaction was to ignore it and pretend that nothing was happening to the nation. Key Dates 1956 Beginning of Collectivization 1958-62 Second Five Year Plan Widespread famine 1958 Mao gave up presidency of PRC 1959 Lushan Conference Tibetan Rising 1962 Panchen Lama’s Report Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping appointed tackle famine Mao’s Goals BIG TWO OBJECTIVES 1. to create an Describes the second FYP (1958-62) industrialised economy Goals: in order to ‘catch up’ ● To turn the PRC into a modern industrial state in the with the West; shortest length of time 2. to transform China into ● Revolutionizing the agriculture and industry ● To catch up to the economy of other major powers a collectivized society: ● Future of china: responsibility of workers and industry where socialist principles NOT peasants and agriculture defined work, ● Belief that chinna can surpass the industrialized world production, and people’s by following communist russia’s footsteps lives ● “Leap” Rural, agricultural economy Urban, industrial economy Mao talking about the GLF “china will overtake all capitalist countries in a fairly short time and become one of the richest, most advanced and powerful countries of the world” “More, faster, better, cheaper” While the First Five Year Plan had succeeded in stimulating rapid industrialisation and increased production, Mao was suspicious of Soviet models of economic development. -
“Eliminations Model” of Stalin's Terror (Data from the NKVD Archives)
Centre for Economic and Financial Research at New Economic School November 2006 Dictators, Repression and the Median Citizen: An “Eliminations Model” of Stalin’s Terror (Data from the NKVD Archives) Paul R. Gregory Philipp J.H. Schroder Konstantin Sonin Working Paper No 91 CEFIR / NES Working Paper series Dictators, Repression and the Median Citizen: An “Eliminations Model” of Stalin’s Terror (Data from the NKVD Archives) Paul R. Gregory Philipp J.H. Schr¨oder University of Houston and Aarhus School of Business Hoover Institution, Stanford University Denmark Konstantin Sonin∗ New Economic School Moscow November, 2006 Abstract This paper sheds light on dictatorial behavior as exemplified by the mass terror campaigns of Stalin. Dictatorships – unlike democracies where politicians choose platforms in view of voter preferences – may attempt to trim their constituency and thus ensure regime survival via the large scale elimination of citizens. We formalize this idea in a simple model and use it to examine Stalin’s three large scale terror campaigns with data from the NKVD state archives that are accessible after more than 60 years of secrecy. Our model traces the stylized facts of Stalin’s terror and identifies parameters such as the ability to correctly identify regime enemies, the actual or perceived number of enemies in the population, and how secure the dictators power base is, as crucial for the patterns and scale of repression. Keywords: Dictatorial systems, Stalinism, Soviet State and Party archives, NKVD, OPGU, Repression. JEL: P00, -
The Great Purge of Stalinist Russia Guided History
4/29/2017 The Great Purge of Stalinist Russia | Guided History Guided History History Research Guides by Boston University Students ABOUT GUIDED HISTORY FOR STUDENTS JEWISH HISTORY EUROPEAN HISTORY RUSSIAN HISTORY LAW AND RELIGION OTHER TOPICS DIGITAL ARCHIVES The Great Purge of Stalinist Russia SEARCH GUIDED HISTORY Search Compiled by Laura Hill HI102 The Emergence of Modern Europe Spring ’13 Stalin and Yezhov picture via Wikipedia Introduction The Great Purge, also known as the Great Terror, marks a period of extreme persecution and oppression in the Soviet Union during the late 1930s. While previous purges under Stalin involved the persecutions of kulaks (wealthy peasants), Nepmen (people who engaged in private enterprise during the New Economic Policy of the 1920s), clergymen, and former oppositionists, the Great Purge is characterized by imprisonments and executions not only of these usual http://blogs.bu.edu/guidedhistory/moderneurope/laurahill/ 1/13 4/29/2017 The Great Purge of Stalinist Russia | Guided History suspects but of Communists leaders and party members, members of the Red Army, and the Intelligentsia in great numbers. The Great Purge instituted a new type of terror in which the boundaries of those oppressed were practically nonexistent – any stain on the record, including mere association with a perceived enemy, brought one under suspicion of the NKVD, the Soviet secret police. So called enemies of the people were charged with treason, wrecking, espionage and more. There were strong antielitist attitudes and persecution against those who practiced favoritism, bullied subordinates, developed their own “cults of personality,” and inappropriately used state funds. The Great Purge began with the assassination of Sergei Kirov, whose 1935 murder by Leonid Nikolayev is suspected to have been ordered by Stalin. -
Re-Thinking U.S.-Soviet Relations in 1956: Nikita Khrushchev's Secret Speech, the Poznán Revolt, the Return of Władysław Gomułka, and the Hungarian Revolt
Trinity College Trinity College Digital Repository Senior Theses and Projects Student Scholarship Spring 2014 Re-Thinking U.S.-Soviet Relations in 1956: Nikita Khrushchev's Secret Speech, the Poznán Revolt, the Return of Władysław Gomułka, and the Hungarian Revolt Emily Parsons Trinity College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalrepository.trincoll.edu/theses Part of the Diplomatic History Commons, Political History Commons, and the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Parsons, Emily, "Re-Thinking U.S.-Soviet Relations in 1956: Nikita Khrushchev's Secret Speech, the Poznán Revolt, the Return of Władysław Gomułka, and the Hungarian Revolt". Senior Theses, Trinity College, Hartford, CT 2014. Trinity College Digital Repository, https://digitalrepository.trincoll.edu/theses/365 1 Re-Thinking U.S.-Soviet Relations in 1956: Nikita Khrushchev’s Secret Speech, the Poznań Revolt, the Return of Władysław Gomułka, and the Hungarian Revolt Emily Parsons History Department Senior Thesis Advisor: Samuel Kassow Trinity College 2013-2014 2 Table of Contents: Acknowledgements 3 Introduction 4 Part One: The Chronology of the Events of the Cold War in 1956 12 Chapter 1: Do As I Say Not As I Do: Nikita Khrushchev’s Secret Speech 13 Chapter 2: The Eastern Bloc Begins to Crack: Poznań Revolt and Polish October 21 Chapter 3: Khrushchev Goes Back on His Word: The Hungarian Revolt of 1956 39 Part Two: The United States Reactions and Understanding of the Events of 1956 60 Chapter 4: Can Someone Please Turn on the Lights? It’s Dark in Here: United States Reactions to the Khrushchev’s Secret Speech 61 Chapter 5: “When They Begin to Crack, They Can Crack Fast.