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ACTA UNIVERSITATIS UPSALIENSIS Studia Iranica Upsaliensia 22 ACTA UNIVERSITATIS UPSALIENSIS Studia Iranica Upsaliensia 22 On the Edge The Concept of Progress in Bukhara during the Rule of the Later Manghits Franz Wennberg Dissertation presented at Uppsala University to be publicly examined in Ihresalen, engelska Parken, Thunbergsvägen 3, Uppsala, Saturday, 14 December 2013 at 10:15 for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. The examination will be conducted in English. Faculty examiner: professor emeritus Bert Fragner (Institute for Iranian Studies at the Austrian Academy of Sciences). Abstract Wennberg, F. 2013. On the Edge. The Concept of Progress in Bukhara during the Rule of the Later Manghits. Studia Iranica Upsaliensia 22. 215 pp. Uppsala: Acta Universitatis Upsalien- sis. ISBN 978-91-554-8805-5. This work is a study of the concept of progress in Bukhara between approximately 1860 and 1920. It is based on unpublished and published sources from this period. The study suggests that not only the technological and social developments that took place on a global scale between 1860 and 1920 affected the conceptualization of progress in Bukhara, but that globa- lized narratives on progress did so as well. Cosmographical concepts and explanations that previously were more common were notably absent in what during the 1910s became a disco- urse on progress, but the concept of progress still had an important eschatological dimension and was closely related to apocalypticism. Chapter One presents the context of the study. The second chapter discusses the theoreti- cal framework and the analytical concepts. The next chapter continues by outlining the politi- cal, economic and cultural conditions in Bukhara during this period as well as providing a short historiographical discussion. The fourth chapter discusses the concept of geography and how it affected metaphorical constructions of time. Chapter Five is a study of how Bukharan travellers conceived of novelties. The following chapter discusses the direction of discontinui- ty and its eschatological implications. Chapter Seven studies how knowledge was temporali- zed and affected by a shift in the direction of discontinuity. Chapter Eight discusses the lexe- me taraqqī, in which the concept of progress later was embedded, as well as various synchro- nic and diachronic orders. Chapter Nine discusses the eschatological and apocalyptic discour- se in Bukhara during the 1910s. The last chapter contains general conclusions in the form of a discussion of the operational environment of progress in Bukhara between approximately 1860 and 1920. Keywords: Bukhara, Manghits, Islam, Jadidism, Qadimism, Conceptual History, Progress, Apocalypticism, Eschatology Franz Wennberg, Department of Linguistics and Philology, Box 635, Uppsala University, SE-75126 Uppsala, Sweden. © Franz Wennberg 2013 ISSN 1100-326X ISBN 978-91-554-8805-5 urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-210083 (http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-210083) Contents Acknowledgements......................................................................................... 8 Technical Notes .............................................................................................. 9 Transliteration ............................................................................................ 9 Abbreviations................................................................................................ 10 Sources..................................................................................................... 10 Others....................................................................................................... 10 1. Introduction............................................................................................... 11 1.1 The locus of the research ................................................................... 11 1.2 A short historical overview................................................................ 12 1.3 Previous research ............................................................................... 13 1.4 Main authors ...................................................................................... 18 1.5 Empirical constraints.......................................................................... 22 1.6 The structure of the work................................................................... 23 2. A conceptual history of progress .............................................................. 25 2.1 Progress and concepts ........................................................................ 25 2.2 Temporal boundaries.......................................................................... 28 2.3 Spatial boundaries.............................................................................. 34 2.4 Eschatological scenarios .................................................................... 37 3. Bukhara during the rule of the later Manghits.......................................... 47 3.1 The second industrial revolution........................................................ 47 3.2 The Russians ...................................................................................... 48 3.2.1 Colonial administration .............................................................. 48 3.2.2 Economy and trade..................................................................... 51 3.3 The elite in the fiscal administration.................................................. 54 3.3.1 The central power....................................................................... 54 3.3.2 Russification............................................................................... 57 3.4 The Muslim scholars.......................................................................... 59 3.4.1 Economy..................................................................................... 59 3.4.2 Education.................................................................................... 62 3.5 Historiography ................................................................................... 65 3.6 Conclusion ......................................................................................... 69 4. Place and space......................................................................................... 71 4.1 Cosmography ..................................................................................... 71 4.2 Geography.......................................................................................... 74 4.3 Cartography........................................................................................ 76 4.4 Administrative aspects ....................................................................... 77 4.5 Mediating a polity .............................................................................. 80 4.6 Geographical terminology.................................................................. 85 4.7 Home.................................................................................................. 87 4.8 Conclusion ......................................................................................... 89 5. A progressive perspective......................................................................... 90 5.1 Marvels and novelties ........................................................................ 90 5.2 Travel accounts .................................................................................. 94 5.2.1 Samarqandi................................................................................. 95 5.2.2 Vazih .......................................................................................... 96 5.3 The polarization of the new and the old............................................. 99 5.3.1 Museums .................................................................................. 101 5.3.2 War Industry............................................................................. 103 5.3.3 Architecture and city planning ................................................. 104 5.4 Conclusion ....................................................................................... 107 6. The signs of discontinuity....................................................................... 109 6.1 Chronology and history.................................................................... 109 6.2 Discontinuity in the paradigm of progress....................................... 112 6.2.1 Speed and discontinuity............................................................ 113 6.3 Chronological markers..................................................................... 118 6.4 Divination......................................................................................... 120 6.5 Predicting the end of time ................................................................ 123 6.6 Conclusion ....................................................................................... 125 7. The temporalization of knowledge ......................................................... 127 7.1 Imitation........................................................................................... 127 7.2 New and old science ........................................................................ 131 7.3 Preservation...................................................................................... 134 7.4 Relevance......................................................................................... 136 7.4.1 Speed in education.................................................................... 140 7.5 Conclusion ......................................................................................
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