DOCSLIB.ORG

The Craftsmanship of the Emirate of Bukhara at the Second Half of the XIX Century - the Beginning of the XX Century

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

The American Journal of Interdisciplinary Innovations and Research IMPACT FACTOR – (ISSN 2642-7478) 2020: 5. 498 Published: November 14, 2020 | Pages: 33-38 Doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/tajiir/Volume02Issue11-07 OCLC - 1091588944 The Craftsmanship Of The Emirate Of Bukhara At The Second Half Of The XIX Century - The Beginning Of The XX Century Ochildiev Fayzulla Associate Professor, Candidate Of Historical Sciences, Department Of Archaeology Of Uzbekistan, National University Of Uzbekistan Journal Website: http://usajournalshub.c om/index,php/tajiir Copyright: Original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. ABSTRACT This article describes the development of handicrafts in the second half of the XIX century and the beginning of the XX century in the Emirate of Bukhara. In the Emirate of Bukhara from ancient times developed weaving, embroidery, tanning, carpet weaving, pottery, blacksmithing, coppersmithing, carving, jewelry, painting and other crafts. KEYWORDS Weaving, embroidery, tanning, carpet weaving, pottery, blacksmithing, coppersmithing, carving, jewelry. INTRODUCTION The people of the Bukhara Emirate have long 1. The specialization of handicrafts was been engaged in handicrafts. Depending on strong in urban and densely populated the level of dealing with the craftsmanship, the villages. following can be specified in the emirate: The USA Journals Volume 02 Issue 11-2020 33 The American Journal of Interdisciplinary Innovations and Research IMPACT FACTOR – (ISSN 2642-7478) 2020: 5. 498 Published: November 14, 2020 | Pages: 33-38 Doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/tajiir/Volume02Issue11-07 OCLC - 1091588944 2. In the upper and middle reaches of the separate about two pounds of cotton from the rivers, household handicrafts are well seeds during the week. In many households, established. during the winter, the whole family manually 3. In mountainous areas, pre-steppe and wide separates the cotton from the seeds and steppe areas, the population has prepares it for spinning. The spun yarn was developed forms of housing, that is spun, in some places the people cleaned and production for themselves. sold the cotton in the markets, and in some places it was spun into yarn and then sold in the From ancient times in the Emirate of Bukhara markets. there were favorable conditions for the development of several types of economy, in S. Mazov notes that at the end of the 19th particular, agriculture, animal husbandry and century, more than 100,000 handicrafts were handicrafts. The sources of raw materials woven in the Bukhara Emirate. O.A. Sukhareva needed for the development of handicrafts in noted that masters were engaged in weaving the emirate are provided by agriculture, in more than 12,000 workshops in and around livestock and mineral resources. In the Emirate Bukhara. There are 9 large weaving workshops of Bukhara from ancient times developed in Bukhara, each of which has 50-60 looms. weaving, embroidery, tanning, carpet weaving, One of the most common cotton fabrics in the pottery, blacksmithing, coppersmithing, Emirate of Bukhara is “karbos”, which is gray, carving, jewelry, painting and other crafts. and its production continues to this day. This THE MAIN RESULTS AND FINDINGS fabric is divided into several types depending on the thickness and color. It is warm in winter In Central Asia, including the Emirate of and cool in summer. This fabric was produced Bukhara, cotton, wool, silk and hemp yarns by both urban and rural residents not only for have long been woven at home and leather their own needs but also for sale. garments have been made at home. The raw materials needed for textiles, namely cotton, Olacha fabric has also been widely produced in silk, hemp, wool and leather, were grown the Emirate of Bukhara since ancient times. The mainly from the emirate itself. One of the best variety of Olacha is called zibak. The road necessary raw materials in textiles is cotton, is woven in Bukhara, Gissar, Sariosiyo, Denau, and in the early XIX-XX centuries in the Emirate Karshi, Shakhrisabz, Kitab and other cities. The of Bukhara, a local variety of cotton was production of textiles is a complex process. planted. Each weaver-craftsman specializes in the production of only one type of fabric. As soon as the cotton crop was harvested, Accordingly, they have different names: velvet- each household separated the cotton it velvet weavers, silk weavers - silkworms, futa needed from the seeds and prepared it for weavers - futabaf, chit weavers - chitgar, olacha weaving fabrics and other handicrafts. In weavers - olachabof and so on. Textiles home conditions , cotton was separated from produced in Central Asia, including the Emirate the seeds by spinning and preparing before of Bukhara, were of a commodity nature and making the fabric. One weaver was able to were also used in part as a medium of The USA Journals Volume 02 Issue 11-2020 34 The American Journal of Interdisciplinary Innovations and Research IMPACT FACTOR – (ISSN 2642-7478) 2020: 5. 498 Published: November 14, 2020 | Pages: 33-38 Doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/tajiir/Volume02Issue11-07 OCLC - 1091588944 exchange in the Middle Ages. By the second engaged in handicrafts. The main occupation half of the nineteenth century, silkworm of the urban and rural population was the breeding and silk weaving in Central Asia had preparation of food and handicrafts for their reached its peak of development. During this daily needs. Crafts such as cotton, silk, leather period, silk fabrics and garments produced by processing, metal and ceramics, saddles, the local population not only competed with footwear, tanning, fabric dyeing and floral Russian factory goods, but were also popular printing, cast iron and iron processing, and in demand in European markets. The coppersmithing, jewelry and milling are well handicraft-based textile craft has developed developed. not only through ancient traditions, but also By the second half of the XIX-beginning of the through the skill of master craftsmen over XX century, Sherabad, Denau, Termez, Boysun, time. Yurchi and other cities became the centers of The fabrics are woven in craft associations and handicrafts of the emirate. In these cities all artisan homes. There are mainly two types of branches of handicrafts were well developed. textile production - for domestic needs and In the production of handicrafts, each city was custom-made products for the market at distinguished by its own products. For home. Merchants were mainly engaged in the example, the city of Bukhara was famous for its sale of finished textiles. By the second half of fabrics woven from cotton and other products, the 19th century, sewing in the emirate was gold embroidery and jewelry, and the city of much more developed, and clothes were sewn Denau was famous for its fabrics woven from for centuries with a certain taste, taking into silk. account age, gender, height. At the end of the 19th century, as a result of the In the Bukhara Emirate, embroidery was expansion and development of cotton fields developed on the basis of silk. It is one of the throughout the emirate, the demand for labor most developed handicrafts in Bukhara tools in agriculture increased. For this reason, emirate. Embroidery, which has been passed many blacksmithing and casting workshops down from generation to generation for were built in Sariosiya, Boysun, Denau and centuries, has demonstrated the creative other cities, and the population's demand for abilities of women, their dreams, hopes, love agricultural weapons was regularly met. for nature and beauty. The range of Gradually, several towns and villages became embroidery items includes: “suzana, zardevol, major centers for the production of joynomoz, bogjoma, oynakhalta, zardevor, handicrafts. naprach, sheets, palak, doppi” and others. In the cities of Boysun, Termez, Sherabad, Leather handicrafts are developed in the Sariosiya, Denau, Yurchi, a lot of cotton and silk emirate. Craftsmen have produced various fabrics are made. The quality of the woolen household products such as telpaks, boots , cloth woven from cotton was quite mature. makhsi , mokki, sandals, stockings, popush. Therefore, it was taken to Samarkand, Residents of the Surkhandarya oasis, which is Tashkent, Bukhara, Afghanistan and India. part of the Bukhara Emirate, have also been The USA Journals Volume 02 Issue 11-2020 35 The American Journal of Interdisciplinary Innovations and Research IMPACT FACTOR – (ISSN 2642-7478) 2020: 5. 498 Published: November 14, 2020 | Pages: 33-38 Doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/tajiir/Volume02Issue11-07 OCLC - 1091588944 Carpet weaving was of special importance in Blacksmiths, in turn, are divided into separate oasis handicrafts. The carpet was mostly specialties: blacksmiths-steelworkers, woven by women. In the field of carpet plumbers-household workers. The blacksmiths weaving, it is worth mentioning the cities of were engaged in making things from iron. They Termez and Sherabad. According to K. are divided into degreasers - cast irons, Khakimova, the carpets woven here are coppersmiths and others. popular not only in Central Asia, but also in At the beginning of the XIX-XX centuries, Russia and the whole of Western Europe, and handicrafts were developed in Karshi, are sold at high prices. Several types of carpets Shakhrisabz, Kitab, Guzar, Yakkabog and were exhibited in Paris and received high Chirakchi Bukhara emirates, which were praise. Quality carpets are mostly woven in among the largest trade cities. In the Sherabad principality. Separate well-woven Kashkadarya oasis, textiles, embroidery, carpet carpets were sold by traders to markets in weaving, pottery, coppersmithing, jewelry, Karshi, Karki, and Shakhrisabz, and even across blacksmithing, carpentry, tanning and other the Amu Darya to Afghanistan and India. types of handicrafts have been developed In addition to Uzbeks, Turkmen and Afghans since ancient times. were also famous for carpet weaving in the Among the fabrics made in the cities of the Sherabad principality. In addition to carpets, oasis, the production of gray was of particular Turkmens also weave koshma (a type of importance.
Recommended publications
  • The Politics of Memory in Samarkand in Post-Soviet Period

    The Politics of Memory in Samarkand in Post-Soviet Period

    127 International Journal of Modern Anthropology Int. J. Mod. Anthrop. (2018) Vol: 2, Issue No: 11, pp: 127 - 145 Available online at: www.ata.org.tn ; DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijma.v2i11.6 Research Report The politics of memory in Samarkand in post-Soviet period Azim Malikov Azim Malikov is a Senior research fellow affiliated to the Department of Anthropology and Ethnology of Institute of History, Academy of Sciences of Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent. From 2004 to 2005, he directed the Centre for Study of History of Uzbekistan at Samarkand State University. His research interests are focused in the areas of Identity, ethnicity, memory, Islamic shrines and sacred lineages in Central Asia, social and cultural transformation, and history of Samarkand. The Institute of History of The Academy of Sciences of The Republic of Uzbekistan.100060, Tashkent, Shahrisabzstreet 1, dom 5. E-mail: [email protected] (Received 17 March 2018; Accepted 20 April 2018; Published 5 May 2018) Abstract - In this paper the author explores the strategy of politics of memory in Samarkand, the hometown of the First President of Uzbekistan I.A. Karimov, in the post-Soviet period. The analysis concerns the traditions of Samarkand's memory culture chosen, invented or forgotten in independent Uzbekistan, to form ideas about the past using historical figures, monuments, holy places and renamed streets in Samarkand as examples. In this complex process it is important to take into consideration how the central authorities interacted with the local cultural elite of Samarkand. President Sh.Mirziyoyev formulated new trends in Uzbekistan's foreign policy, which was reflected in the politics of memory in Samarkand.
  • ACTA UNIVERSITATIS UPSALIENSIS Studia Iranica Upsaliensia 22

    ACTA UNIVERSITATIS UPSALIENSIS Studia Iranica Upsaliensia 22

    ACTA UNIVERSITATIS UPSALIENSIS Studia Iranica Upsaliensia 22 On the Edge The Concept of Progress in Bukhara during the Rule of the Later Manghits Franz Wennberg Dissertation presented at Uppsala University to be publicly examined in Ihresalen, engelska Parken, Thunbergsvägen 3, Uppsala, Saturday, 14 December 2013 at 10:15 for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. The examination will be conducted in English. Faculty examiner: professor emeritus Bert Fragner (Institute for Iranian Studies at the Austrian Academy of Sciences). Abstract Wennberg, F. 2013. On the Edge. The Concept of Progress in Bukhara during the Rule of the Later Manghits. Studia Iranica Upsaliensia 22. 215 pp. Uppsala: Acta Universitatis Upsalien- sis. ISBN 978-91-554-8805-5. This work is a study of the concept of progress in Bukhara between approximately 1860 and 1920. It is based on unpublished and published sources from this period. The study suggests that not only the technological and social developments that took place on a global scale between 1860 and 1920 affected the conceptualization of progress in Bukhara, but that globa- lized narratives on progress did so as well. Cosmographical concepts and explanations that previously were more common were notably absent in what during the 1910s became a disco- urse on progress, but the concept of progress still had an important eschatological dimension and was closely related to apocalypticism. Chapter One presents the context of the study. The second chapter discusses the theoreti- cal framework and the analytical concepts. The next chapter continues by outlining the politi- cal, economic and cultural conditions in Bukhara during this period as well as providing a short historiographical discussion.
  • 1 Dār Al-Islām Under Russian Rule As Understood by Turkestani Muslim

    1 Dār Al-Islām Under Russian Rule As Understood by Turkestani Muslim

    1 KOMATSU Hisao Dār al‐Islām under Russian Rule As Understood by Turkestani Muslim Intellectuals Since the Perestroika period, studies in the modern history of Turkestan have made great progress. Most of them, with critical attitudes to Soviet historiography, have been distinguished by their new interpretation and approaches. While the creation of national histories has advanced in the newly independent republics of Central Asia, researchers abroad, mak- ing use of a great amount of newly obtained source materials, have be- gun to explore various aspects of political, social, and intellectual history of modern Turkestan.1 Among these research trends, studies of the intellectual history during the Tsarist period have great significance and possibilities. They will enable us to understand the historical dynamism of modern Turkestan from within; in other words, through the various discourses of Muslim intellectuals. Faced with a series of great changes following the Russian invasion in the second half of the nineteenth century, they played a leading role in directing their Muslim communities and sometimes in social and cultural reform movements such as Jadidism.2 At the same 1 Stéphane A. Dudoignon and KOMATSU Hisao, eds., Research Trends in Modern Central Eurasian Studies (18th–20th Centuries): A Selective and Critical Bibliography of Works Published between 1985 and 2000, pts. 1–2 (Tokyo: The Toyo Bunko, 2003–2006). 2 For the details see Adeeb Khalid, The Politics of Muslim Cultural Reform: Jadidism in 3 KOMATSU Hisao time, studies of intellectual history will contribute to examining con- temporary issues such as Islamic resurgence and politics in post-Soviet Central Asia in a historical perspective.3 This paper aims to present some preliminary observations as well as prospects for further research in this field.
  • Not for Distribution

    Not for Distribution

    Asiatic Russia Although the Russian Empire has traditionally been viewed as a European borderland, most of its territory was actually situated in Asia. Imperial power was huge but often suffered from a lack of enough information and resources to rule its culturally diverse subjects, and asymmetric relations between state and society combined with flexible strategies of local actors sometimes produced unexpected results. In Asiatic Russia, an international team of scholars explores the interactions between power and people in Central Asia, Siberia, the Volga-Urals, and the Caucasus from the 18th to the early 20th centuries, drawing on a wealth of Russian archival materials and Turkic, Persian, and Tibetan sources. The variety of top- ics discussed in the book includes the Russian idea of a “civilizing mission,” the system of governor-generalships, imperial geography and demography, roles of Muslim and Buddhist networks in imperial rule and foreign policy, social change in the Russian Protectorate of Bukhara, Muslim reformist and national movements. The book is essential reading for students and scholars of Russian, Central Eur- asian, and comparative imperial history, as well as imperial and colonial studies and nationalism studies. It may also provide some hints for understanding today’s world, where “empire” has again become a key word in international and domestic power relations. UYAMA Tomohiko is professor at the Slavic Research Center, Hokkaido Univer- sity. He specializes in the history of the Russian Empire and contemporary politics in Central Asia, and is the editor of Empire, Islam, and Politics in Central Eurasia (2007) andNot co-editor of Japan’sfor Silk Distribution Road Diplomacy (2008).