DOCSLIB.ORG

Dietary Effect of Squalene and Farnesol on the Lipid Metabolism of Obese/Diabetes KK-Ay Mice and Wild-Type Title C57BL/6J Mice

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Dietary Effect of Squalene and Farnesol on the Lipid Metabolism of Obese/Diabetes KK-Ay Mice and Wild-Type Title C57BL/6J Mice Dietary Effect of Squalene and Farnesol on the Lipid Metabolism of Obese/diabetes KK-Ay Mice and Wild-type Title C57BL/6J Mice Author(s) 劉, 少凱 Citation 北海道大学. 博士(水産科学) 甲第13538号 Issue Date 2019-03-25 DOI 10.14943/doctoral.k13538 Doc URL http://hdl.handle.net/2115/74280 Type theses (doctoral) File Information Shaokai_Liu.pdf Instructions for use Hokkaido University Collection of Scholarly and Academic Papers : HUSCAP Dietary Effect of Squalene and Farnesol on the Lipid Metabolism of Obese/diabetes KK-Ay Mice and Wild-type C57BL/6J Mice （肥満/糖尿病 KK-Ay マウスと野生型 C57BL/6J マウスの脂質代謝 に及ぼすスクワレンとファルネソールの効果） 北海道大学大学院水産科学院 海洋応用生命科学専攻 Graduate School of Fisheries Sciences Division of Marine Life Science 劉 少凱 Shaokai Liu 2019（平成 31 年） Acknowledgement My deepest gratitude goes first and foremost to Professor Kazuo Miyashita, my supervisor, for his constant encouragement and guidance. He has walked me through all the stages of the writing of this thesis. Without his consistent and illuminating instruction, this thesis could not have reached its present form. Second, I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to Professor Masashi Hosokawa, who has instructed me the animal experiment in the past three years. I am also greatly indebted to the teachers, affairs staff and students of our laboratory who helped me a lot in the past three years, not only with the experiment, but also with the life in Hakodate. I would also like to thank Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology for their generous scholarship. Without their generous support, I would not have harvested so much in Hokkaido University. I should like to express my gratitude to Makiko Muraki who always treated me kindly and helped me a lot with student affairs. Last my thanks would go to my beloved family for their loving considerations and great confidence in me all through these years. I also owe my sincere gratitude to my friends who gave me their help and time in listening to me and helping me work out my problems during the difficult course of the thesis. 皆様、ありがとうございました。 Shaokai Liu 2019.01.15 Content List of abbreviations and acronyms ................................................................. 1 General introduction ............................................................................................. 4 Chapter 1 Dietary Effect of Squalene on the Lipid Metabolism of Obese/diabetes KK-Ay Mice .............................................................................. 11 1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 12 1.2 Material and Methods ............................................................................................ 14 1.2.1 Material ........................................................................................................ 14 1.2.2 Animals and diets ......................................................................................... 15 1.2.3 Ethics............................................................................................................ 16 1.2.4 Sample collection ......................................................................................... 16 1.2.5 Blood lipid analysis...................................................................................... 16 1.2.6 Hepatic lipid analysis ................................................................................... 17 1.2.7 Quantitative real-time PCR .......................................................................... 17 1.2.8 HMG-CoA reductase analysis ..................................................................... 18 1.2.9 Statistic analysis ........................................................................................... 19 1.3 Results .................................................................................................................... 19 1.3.1 Initial weight, weight gain, final body weight on day 28 and water intake. 19 1.3.2 Blood glucose levels and plasma lipid parameters. ..................................... 19 1.3.3 Tissue weights .............................................................................................. 20 1.3.4 Hepatic lipid parameters .............................................................................. 20 1.3.5 FA levels of liver lipids ................................................................................ 20 1.3.6 Gene expressions related to lipid metabolism and HMG-CoA reductase activity................................................................................................................... 21 1.4 Discussion .............................................................................................................. 45 Chapter 2 Dietary Effect of Squalene on the Lipid Metabolism of C57BL/6J Mice ...................................................................................................... 48 2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 49 2.2 Material and Methods ............................................................................................ 50 2.2.1 Material ........................................................................................................ 50 2.2.2 Animals and diets ......................................................................................... 50 2.2.3 Ethics............................................................................................................ 50 2.2.4 Sample collection ......................................................................................... 51 2.2.5 Blood lipid analysis...................................................................................... 51 2.2.6 Hepatic lipid analysis ................................................................................... 51 2.2.7 Quantitative real-time PCR .......................................................................... 51 2.2.8 HMG-CoA reductase analysis ..................................................................... 52 2.2.9 Statistic analysis ........................................................................................... 52 2.3 Results .................................................................................................................... 52 2.3.1 Initial weight, weight gain, final body weight on day 28 and water intake . 52 2.3.2 Blood glucose levels and plasma lipid parameters ...................................... 52 2.3.3 Tissue weights .............................................................................................. 53 2.3.4 Hepatic lipid parameters .............................................................................. 53 2.3.5 FA levels of liver lipids ................................................................................ 53 2.3.6 Gene expressions related to lipid metabolism and HMG-CoA reductase activity................................................................................................................... 54 2.4 Discussion .............................................................................................................. 75 Chapter 3 Dietary Effect of Farnesol and Sphingomyelin on the Lipid Metabolism of Obese/diabetes KK-Ay Mice ................................................ 78 3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 79 3.2 Material and Methods ............................................................................................ 80 3.2.1 Material ........................................................................................................ 80 3.2.2 Animals and diets ......................................................................................... 82 3.2.3 Ethics............................................................................................................ 83 3.2.4 Sample collection ......................................................................................... 83 3.2.5 Blood lipid analysis...................................................................................... 83 3.2.6 Hepatic lipid analysis ................................................................................... 84 3.2.7 Brain lipid analysis ...................................................................................... 84 3.2.8 Kidney lipid analysis.................................................................................... 84 3.2.9 Feces lipid analysis ...................................................................................... 84 3.2.10 Quantitative real-time PCR ........................................................................ 84 3.2.11 Endogenous antioxidant status ................................................................... 85 3.2.12 Statistic analysis ......................................................................................... 85 3.3 Results .................................................................................................................... 86 3.3.1 Initial weight, weight gain, final body weight on day 28 and water intake . 86 3.3.2 Plasma lipid parameters ............................................................................... 86 3.3.3 FA levels of plasma TL ................................................................................ 86 3.3.4 Tissue weights .............................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Download File
    Combined Biosynthetic and Synthetic Production of Valuable Molecules: A Hybrid Approach to Vitamin E and Novel Ambroxan Derivatives Bertrand T. Adanve Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2015 © 2015 Bertrand T. Adanve All Rights Reserved ABSTRACT Combined Biosynthetic and Synthetic Production of Valuable Molecules: A Hybrid Approach to Vitamin E and Novel Ambroxan Derivatives Bertrand T. Adanve Chapter 1. Introduction Synthetic chemistry has played a pivotal role in the evolution of modern life. More recently, the emerging field of synthetic biology holds the promise to bring about a paradigm shift with designer microbes to renewably synthesize complex molecules in a fraction of the time and cost. Still, given nature’s virtuosity at stitching a staggering palette of carbon frameworks with ease and synthetic chemistry’s superior parsing powers to access a greater number of unnatural end products, a hybrid approach that leverages the respective strengths of the two fields could prove advantageous for the efficient production of valuable natural molecules and their analogs. To demonstrate this approach, from biosynthetic Z,E-farnesol, we produced a library of novel analogs of the commercially important amber fragrance Ambrox®, including the first synthetic patchouli scent. Likewise, we produced the valuable tocotrienols from yeast-produced geranylgeraniol in a single step, the first such process of its kind. The novel acid catalyst system that allowed for this unique regioselective cyclization holds promise as an asymmetric proton transfer tool and could open the door to facile asymmetric synthesis of vitamin E and other molecules.
    [Show full text]
  • Natural Isoprenoids Are Able to Reduce Inflammation in a Mouse
    0031-3998/08/6402-0177 Vol. 64, No. 2, 2008 PEDIATRIC RESEARCH Printed in U.S.A. Copyright © 2008 International Pediatric Research Foundation, Inc. Natural Isoprenoids are Able to Reduce Inflammation in a Mouse Model of Mevalonate Kinase Deficiency ANNALISA MARCUZZI, ALESSANDRA PONTILLO, LUIGINA DE LEO, ALBERTO TOMMASINI, GIULIANA DECORTI, TARCISIO NOT, AND ALESSANDRO VENTURA Department of Reproductive and Developmental Sciences [A.M., L.L., A.T., TN, A.V.], Department of Biomedical Sciences [G.D.], University of Trieste, 34137 Trieste, Italy; Paediatric Division [A.P., A.T., T.N., A.V.], Institute of Child Health IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, 34137 Trieste, Italy ABSTRACT: Mevalonate kinase deficiency (MKD) is a rare ataxia, cerebellar atrophy, psychomotor retardation, and may disorder characterized by recurrent inflammatory episodes and, in die in early childhood (1). most severe cases, by psychomotor delay. Defective synthesis of HIDS patients usually are treated with anti-inflammatory isoprenoids has been associated with the inflammatory phenotype drugs and in particular corticosteroids; thalidomide is also in these patients, but the molecular mechanisms involved are still used but its effect is limited (2). In most severe cases, patients poorly understood, and, so far, no specific therapy is available for may benefit from treatment with biologic agents such as this disorder. Drugs like aminobisphosphonates, which inhibit the etanercept and anakinra (1,3–5). No treatment has been mevalonate pathway causing a relative defect in isoprenoids proven effective in curing the neurological symptoms in se- synthesis, have been also associated to an inflammatory pheno- type. Recent data asserted that cell inflammation could be reversed vere cases of MKD.
    [Show full text]
  • Mevalonate Kinase Deficiency: Therapeutic Targets, Treatments, and Outcomes
    Expert Opinion on Orphan Drugs ISSN: (Print) 2167-8707 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/ieod20 Mevalonate kinase deficiency: therapeutic targets, treatments, and outcomes Annalisa Marcuzzi, Elisa Piscianz, Liza Vecchi Brumatti & Alberto Tommasini To cite this article: Annalisa Marcuzzi, Elisa Piscianz, Liza Vecchi Brumatti & Alberto Tommasini (2017): Mevalonate kinase deficiency: therapeutic targets, treatments, and outcomes, Expert Opinion on Orphan Drugs, DOI: 10.1080/21678707.2017.1328308 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21678707.2017.1328308 Accepted author version posted online: 08 May 2017. Submit your article to this journal View related articles View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=ieod20 Download by: [The UC San Diego Library] Date: 12 May 2017, At: 02:40 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Journal: Expert Opinion on Orphan Drugs DOI: 10.1080/21678707.2017.1328308 Mevalonate kinase deficiency: therapeutic targets, treatments, and outcomes Annalisa Marcuzzi1, Piscianz Elisa1, Liza Vecchi Brumatti2, Alberto Tommasini2 1 Department of Medicine, Surgery, and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Strada di Fiume, 447 Trieste, Italy. 34128 Trieste, Italy; 2 Institute for Maternal and Child Health – IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", via dell’Istria, 65/1, 34137 Trieste, Italy. Annalisa Marcuzzi: BSc, PhD, Piscianz Elisa: BSc, PhD, Liza Vecchi Brumatti: MSc Alberto Tommasini: MD, PhD, Author to whom correspondence should be addressed: E-Mail: [email protected] Tel.: +39 040 3785422. Article highlights. • Mevalonate Kinase Deficiency (MKD) is a neglected disease with onset in infancy. • MKD clinical picture is characterized by recurrent fever attacks, abdominal pain arthralgia, lymphadenopathy and, in the most severe case, neurological involvement.
    [Show full text]
  • Escherichia Coli
    Zada et al. Biotechnol Biofuels (2018) 11:210 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13068-018-1210-0 Biotechnology for Biofuels RESEARCH Open Access Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli for production of mixed isoprenoid alcohols and their derivatives Bakht Zada1†, Chonglong Wang2†, Ji‑Bin Park1, Seong‑Hee Jeong1, Ju‑Eon Park1, Hawaibam Birla Singh1 and Seon‑Won Kim1* Abstract Background: Current petroleum-derived fuels such as gasoline ­(C5–C12) and diesel ­(C15–C22) are complex mixtures of hydrocarbons with diferent chain lengths and chemical structures. Isoprenoids are hydrocarbon-based compounds with diferent carbon chain lengths and diverse chemical structures, similar to petroleum. Thus, isoprenoid alcohols such as isopentenol ­(C5), geraniol ­(C10), and farnesol ­(C15) have been considered to be ideal biofuel candidates. NudB, a native phosphatase of Escherichia coli, is reported to dephosphorylate isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) and dimethy‑ lallyl diphosphate (DMAPP) into isopentenol. However, no attention has been paid to its promiscuous activity toward longer chain length ­(C10–C15) prenyl diphosphates. Results: In this study, the promiscuous activity of NudB toward geranyl diphosphate (GPP) and farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) was applied for the production of isoprenoid alcohol mixtures, including isopentenol, geraniol, and farnesol, and their derivatives. E. coli was engineered to produce a mixture of ­C5 and ­C15 alcohols by overexpressing NudB (dihy‑ droneopterin triphosphate diphosphohydrolase) and IspA (FPP synthase) along with a heterologous MVA pathway, which resulted in a total of up to 1652 mg/L mixture of ­C5 and ­C15 alcohols and their derivatives. The production was further increased to 2027 mg/L by overexpression of another endogenous phosphatase, AphA, in addition to NudB.
    [Show full text]
  • Wöhler Synthesis of Urea
    Wöhler synthesis of urea Wöhler, 1928 – – + + NH Cl + K N C O 4 NH4 N C O O H2N NH2 Friedrich Wöhler Annalen der Physik und Chemie 1828, 88, 253–256 Significance: Wöhler was the first to make an organic substance from an inorganic substance. This was the beginning of the end of the theory of vitalism: the idea that organic and inorganic materials differed essentially by the presence of the “vital force”– present only in organic material. To his mentor Berzelius:“I can make urea without thereby needing to have kidneys, or anyhow, an animal, be it human or dog" Friedrich Wöhler, 1880-1882 Polytechnic School in Berlin Support for vitalism remained until 1845, when Kolbe synthesized acetic acid Polytechnic School at Kassel from carbon disulfide University of Göttingen Fischer synthesis of glucose PhHN N O N O NHPh Br aq. HCl Δ PhNH2NH2 HO H HO H O Br "α−acrose" H OH H OH H OH H OH CH2OH CH2OH α−acrosazone α−acrosone an “osazone” (osazone test for reducing sugars) Zn/AcOH OH OH CO2H CHO O HO H HO H OH Br2 HO H HO H Na-Hg HO H HNO3 HO H H OH H OH H OH H OH then resolve H O+ H OH via strychnine H OH H OH 3 H OH CH2OH salts CH2OH CH OH CH2OH 2 D-Mannonic acid DL-Mannose DL-Mannitol DL-Fructose quinoline • Established stereochemical relationship CO2H CHO H OH H OH between mannose and glucose Na-Hg HO H HO H (part of Fischer proof) H OH + H OH H3O • work mechanisms from acrosazone on H OH H OH Emil Fischer, 1852-1919 CH2OH CH2OH University of Munich (1875-81) D-Gluconic acid D-Glucose University of Erlangen (1881-88) University of Würzburg (1888-92) University of Berlin (1892-1919) Fischer, E.
    [Show full text]
  • Prenol Nomenclature Recommendations 1986
    Eur. J. Biochem. 167,181 -184 (1987) 0 FEBS 1987 EJB - 870270 IUPAC-IUB Joint Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature (JCBN) Prenol nomenclature Recommendations 1986 CONTENTS The carbon atoms along the main chain are numbered Introduction ................................. 181 from C-1, the atom that carries the hydroxyl group (C-15.11 General terms ................................ 181 of ref. 8). The methyl group carried by atom C-3 contains Pr-1. Prenol. .............................. 181 atom C-3l, that carried by atom C-7 contains atom C-7l, etc. Pr-2. Polyprenol ........................... 181 Pr-3. Esters and their derivatives . 181 Note Pr-4. Number of residues ....... 181 Stereochemistry ................. 181 This use of superscript numbers is based on section TP-2.1 Pr-5. Double bonds. ............ 181 of the recommendations for the nomenclature of tetrapyrroles Pr-6. Order of stereochemical prefixes. ............ 182 [9]. In the printing of these recommendations in the European Pr-7. Multiplicative prefixes ................... 182 Journal of Biochemistry the relevant paragraph was acci- Spec fie compounds ............................. 182 dentally transposed to the caption of Table 2. Pr-8. Trivial names ......................... 182 The repeating CsHs unit (inside the brackets of structure Pr-9. Isopentenyl diphosphate .................. 184 Pr-10. Relationship between polyprenols and isoprenoids 184 Z) is termed an isoprene unit or an isoprene residue. Prenols Pr-1 1. Juvenile hormones ...................... 184 and their esters are precursors of a variety of compounds, Pr-12. Dolichols ............................ 184 including terpenes and steroids, that have much of the carbon References ............... .............. 184 skeleton intact. Such compounds are known as isoprenoids. INTRODUCTION Pr-2. Polyprenol. Polyprenols represent a subgroup of pre- nols. The term polyprenol, already widely used (e.
    [Show full text]
  • Yeast Metabolic Engineering for Production of Farnesol and Geranylgeraniol
    Yeast Metabolic Engineering for Production of Farnesol and Geranylgeraniol Bio-Technical Resources (BTR) www.biotechresources.com 1035 S 7th Street, Manitowoc, WI 54220 Phone: (920) 684-5518 Fax: (920) 684-5519 Email: [email protected] Isoprenoids Pathways v Isoprenoids: • Most diverse group of naturally occurring compounds • Derived from 5-carbon molecule isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) v Two distinct pathways for IPP synthesis: • Acetyl-CoA to mevalonate, to IPP • Non-mevalonate pathway: Glyceraladehyde-3-P and pyruvate to deoxyxylolose-5-P, to IPP • S. cerevisiae, mevalonate-dependent pathway v IPP monomers are condensed to form isoprenoids of different lengths: including valuable molecules such as carotenoids, ubiquinones, steroids, precursors for vitamin synthesis, and pharmaceuticals (CoQ10) v BTR’s focus: production farnesol and geranylgeraniol 2 Generation of Squalene Synthase Mutants Using Classical Mutagenesis and Screening ATCC 28383, haploid wild type strain. Mutagenize with nitrous acid v Yeast normally cannot take up exogenous sterols unless grown under anaerobic conditions. Plate on YPD +cholesterol +nystatin. Incubate at 28o C v Isolated ergosterol-dependent mutants o Replica plate survivors to YPD. Incubate at 36 C • Mutation in ERG9 (coding for squalene synthase) Isolate mutants that do not grow in the absence of cholesterol. Screen • Uncharacterized mutation(s) that for isoprenoid accumulation using tube cultures confer the ability to take up sterols under aerobic conditions, referred as sue (Sterol Uptake Identified three strains that exhibited significant Enhancement) farnesol accumulation under aerobic conditions 3 ERG9 Mutants: MBNA1-1, 1-9, 1-13 3 Wild type and erg9 Mutant in Fed Batch Fermentations 4 MBNA1-13 in Fed Batch Fermentation v Farnesol accumulated rapidly during the growth phases and accumulation continued during the non-growth phase.
    [Show full text]
  • Isoprene Rule Revisited 242:2 R9–R22 Endocrinology REVIEW Terpenes, Hormones and Life: Isoprene Rule Revisited
    242 2 Journal of S G Hillier and R Lathe Isoprene rule revisited 242:2 R9–R22 Endocrinology REVIEW Terpenes, hormones and life: isoprene rule revisited Stephen G Hillier1 and Richard Lathe2 1Medical Research Council Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK 2Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, UK Correspondence should be addressed to S G Hillier or R Lathe: [email protected] or [email protected] Abstract The year 2019 marks the 80th anniversary of the 1939 Nobel Prize in Chemistry awarded Key Words to Leopold Ruzicka (1887–1976) for work on higher terpene molecular structures, including f isoprene the first chemical synthesis of male sex hormones. Arguably his crowning achievement f terpene was the ‘biogenetic isoprene rule’, which helped to unravel the complexities of terpenoid f steroid biosynthesis. The rule declares terpenoids to be enzymatically cyclized products of f evolution substrate alkene chains containing a characteristic number of linear, head-to-tail f great oxidation event condensed, C5 isoprene units. The number of repeat isoprene units dictates the type of f Ruzicka terpene produced (i.e., 2, monoterpene; 3, sesquiterpene; 4, diterpene, etc.). In the case of triterpenes, six C5 isoprene units combine into C30 squalene, which is cyclized into one of the signature carbon skeletons from which myriad downstream triterpenoid structures are derived, including sterols and steroids. Ruzicka also had a keen interest in the origin of life, but the pivotal role of terpenoids has generally been overshadowed by nucleobases, amino acids, and sugars.
    [Show full text]
  • Functional Characterisation of New Sesquiterpene Synthase from the Malaysian Herbal Plant, Polygonum Minus
    molecules Article Functional Characterisation of New Sesquiterpene Synthase from the Malaysian Herbal Plant, Polygonum Minus Nor Azizun Rusdi 1,2, Hoe-Han Goh 1 ID , Suriana Sabri 3,4 ID , Ahmad Bazli Ramzi 1, Normah Mohd Noor 1 and Syarul Nataqain Baharum 1,* ID 1 Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600 UKM, Selangor, Malaysia; [email protected] (N.A.R.); [email protected] (H-H.G.); [email protected] (A.B.R.); [email protected] (N.M.N.) 2 Institutes for Tropical Biology and Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia 3 Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Center, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang 43400, Malaysia; [email protected] 4 Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang 43400, Malaysia * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +603-892-145-50; Fax: +603-892-133-98 Received: 23 March 2018; Accepted: 31 May 2018; Published: 4 June 2018 Abstract: Polygonum minus (syn. Persicaria minor) is a herbal plant that is well known for producing sesquiterpenes, which contribute to its flavour and fragrance. This study describes the cloning and functional characterisation of PmSTPS1 and PmSTPS2, two sesquiterpene synthase genes that were identified from P. minus transcriptome data mining. The full-length sequences of the PmSTPS1 and PmSTPS2 genes were expressed in the E. coli pQE-2 expression vector. The sizes of PmSTPS1 and PmSTPS2 were 1098 bp and 1967 bp, respectively,with open reading frames (ORF) of 1047 and 1695 bp and encoding polypeptides of 348 and 564 amino acids, respectively.
    [Show full text]
  • Essential Oils As Antiviral Agents. Potential of Essential Oils to Treat SARS−Cov−2 Infection: an In−Silico Investigation
    Article Essential Oils as Antiviral Agents. Potential of Essential Oils to Treat SARS−CoV−2 Infection: An In−Silico Investigation Joyce Kelly R. da Silva 1, Pablo Luis Baia Figueiredo 2, Kendall G. Byler 3 and William N. Setzer 4,5,* 1 Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Enzimas e Biotransformações, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA 66075−900, Brazil; [email protected] 2 Departamento de Ciências Naturais, Centro de Ciências Sociais e Educação, Universidade do Estado do Pará, Belém, PA 66050−540, Brazil; [email protected] 3 Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA; [email protected] 4 Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA; [email protected] 5 Aromatic Plant Research Center, 230 N 1200 E, Suite 100, Lehi, UT 84043, USA * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1−256−824−6519 Received: 23 April 2020; Accepted: 08 May 2020; Published: 12 May 2020 Abstract: Essential oils have shown promise as antiviral agents against several pathogenic viruses. In this work we hypothesized that essential oil components may interact with key protein targets of the 2019 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS−CoV−2). A molecular docking analysis was carried out using 171 essential oil components with SARS−CoV−2 main protease (SARS−CoV−2 Mpro), SARS−CoV−2 endoribonucleoase (SARS−CoV−2 Nsp15/NendoU), SARS−CoV−2 ADP−ribose−1″−phosphatase (SARS−CoV−2 ADRP), SARS−CoV−2 RNA−dependent RNA polymerase (SARS−CoV−2 RdRp), the binding domain of the SARS−CoV−2 spike protein (SARS−CoV−2 rS), and human angiotensin−converting enzyme (hACE2).
    [Show full text]
  • • Terpenes: Isoprene Units, Classification, Variations
    Lipids • Terpenes: isoprene units, classification, variations • Isopentenyl pyrophosphate biosynthesis from acetate general reactivity • C-C bond formation in terpene biosynthesis carbocation intermediate, extension, synthesis higher terpenes, synthesis cyclic structures • Cholesterol configuration, structure, biosynthesis, intermediate for: vitamin D, bile acids, corticosteroids, sex hormones • Carotenoids Steroids C D A B H H H HO cholesterol From diet, but can also synthesize from… acetate!! Terpenes: The Isoprene Rule Terpenes and terpenoids are the most important constituents in essential oils Terpenes are built from C5 isoprene units CH3 C CH2 = H2C C H Isoprene (2-methyl-1,3-butadiene) Isoprene units are linked head-to-tail tail head Terpenes are repeating isoprene units Classified according to the number of isoprene units they contain Class # Isoprene units # C atoms Monoterpene 2 10 Sesquiterpene 3 15 Diterpene 4 20 Sesterpene 5 25 Triterpene 6 30 Tetraterpene 8 40 Terpenes may be substituted, cyclic, or linked tail-to-tail OH Farnesol (terpenoid) OH Limonene Menthol (from lemon or orange oil) (from peppermint) OH Selinene Vitamin A (from celery oil) tail tail Squalene (from shark liver oil) Isopentenyl pyrophosphate Isoprenoid compounds are synthesized from acetate!! Early steps are analogous to fatty acid biosynthesis except no ACP O O O + SCoA -O SCoA Acetyl Malonyl coenzyme A coenzyme A O O + CO2 SCoA + CoASH Acetoacetyl coenzyme A O O O + SCoA SCoA Acetoacetyl Acetyl coenzyme A coenzyme A OH O SCoA OH + CoASH O 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl
    [Show full text]
  • Farnesol Is Utilized for Isoprenoid Biosynthesis in Plant Cells Via Farnesyl Pyrophosphate Formed by Successive Monophosphorylation Reactions
    Farnesol is utilized for isoprenoid biosynthesis in plant cells via farnesyl pyrophosphate formed by successive monophosphorylation reactions Long Thai*, Jeffrey S. Rush*, Jude E. Maul†, Timothy Devarenne†, Dana L. Rodgers*, Joseph Chappell†‡, and Charles J. Waechter*‡ *Department of Biochemistry, Medical Center, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536; and †Agronomy Department, College of Agriculture, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546-0091 Edited by Rodney B. Croteau, Washington State University, Pullman, WA and approved September 23, 1999 (received for review August 17, 1999) The ability of Nicotiana tabacum cell cultures to utilize farnesol investigations implicated F-OH as the putative nonsterol regu- (F-OH) for sterol and sesquiterpene biosynthesis was investigated. lator (12, 13). Exogenous F-OH also has been shown to affect [3H]F-OH was readily incorporated into sterols by rapidly growing several other physiological processes including: inhibition of cell cultures. However, the incorporation rate into sterols was phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis (14), progression through the reduced by greater than 70% in elicitor-treated cell cultures cell cycle (15), and induction of biochemical changes associated whereas a substantial proportion of the radioactivity was redi- with an apoptotic program (16). The recent discovery of a rected into capsidiol, an extracellular sesquiterpene phytoalexin. nuclear farnesol receptor, FXR, is consistent with a regulatory The incorporation of [3H]F-OH into sterols was inhibited by squal- role for F-OH in controlling diverse metabolic processes (17). estatin 1, suggesting that [3H]F-OH was incorporated via farnesyl Work in our laboratories has focused on the metabolic shifts pyrophosphate (F-P-P). Consistent with this possibility, N.
    [Show full text]