Celebration of the Strange : Youyang Zazu and Its Horror Stories
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CELEBRATION OF THE STRANGE: YOUYANG ZAZU AND ITS HORROR STORIES by LIN WANG (Under the Direction of Karin Myhre) ABSTRACT This dissertation seeks to uncover the artistic appeal and significance of horror tales in Youyang zazu with the assistance of Western concepts and theories. The study begins with an examination of the Youyang zazu collection in its textual and cultural context and argues that it is assembled according to the aesthetic principle of qi which rejects the normal and the familiar, and embraces the unusual, the special, the unique, the odd and the particularized. The study continues with a close analysis of selected horror tales in Youyang zazu using three different approaches—fantastic horror, monster horror and cosmic horror. By analyzing themes, structures and narrative techniques of these horror stories, I argue that these horror stories are integral components of the Youyang zazu collection. They add vitality and tension to the representation of the strange and advance the collection in its aesthetic pursuit of qi. These three approaches each emphasize a different aspect in the representation of the strange. From the literary mechanism that generates strangeness, to the very entity that embodies the strange and to the atmosphere that highlights the incomprehensibility and uncontrollability of the strange, each approach offers a unique perspective on how the effect of strangeness is conveyed and amplified. By investigating the aesthetic issues at play in the medium of horror and in the context of zhiguai through the lens of Western concepts, my study also explores the possibility of examining zhiguai tales from new literary perspectives and provides fresh critical insights on the poetics of Chinese horror narrative in general. INDEX WORDS: Zhiguai, Youyang zazu, Horror, Fantastic, Monster, and Cosmic CELEBRATION OF THE STRANGE: YOUYANG ZAZU AND ITS HORROR STORIES by LIN WANG B.A., Peking University, China, 2002 M.A., Peking University, China, 2005 A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the University of Georgia in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY ATHENS, GEORGIA 2012 © 2012 LIN WANG All Rights Reserved CELEBRATION OF THE STRANGE: YOUYANG ZAZU AND ITS HORROR STORIES by LIN WANG Major Professor: Karin Myhre Committee: James H.S. McGregor Thomas Cerbu Ari Daniel Levine Keith Nathaniel Knapp Electronic Version Approved: Maureen Grasso Dean of the Graduate School The University of Georgia May 2012 iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my advisor Professor Karin Myhre for her guidance, understanding, and most importantly, her mentorship during my graduate study at UGA. I would also like to thank my committee members: Professor Thomas Cerbu, Ari Levine, James McGregor, and Keith Knapp. Without their patience and support, this dissertation would never have been completed. I am also indebted to Garrison Bickerstaff who read through these pages and provided valuable insight into this work. My friends John Fowler, Lu Lingmiao and Qian Yue also have lent me moral support throughout this process. Last but not least, I would like to thank my parents and my husband for their unconditional love, support and encouragement and my beloved daughter Claire for being my source of motivation and inspiration. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................... iv LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................... vi INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................................................1 CHAPTER ONE THE YOUYANG ZAZU COLLECTION………………………………...25 TWO QI THROUGH ARGUMENT: YOUYANG ZAZU’S PREFACES….......59 THREE QI THROUGH AMBIGUITY: FANTASTIC HORROR .........................75 FOUR QI THROUGH BOUNDARY-CROSSING: MONSTER HORROR.....118 FIVE QI THROUGH COSMOLOGY: COSMIC HORROR ...........................162 SIX CONCLUSION ...................................................................................... 208 APPENDIX…. .................................................................................................................219 BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................240 vi LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 1: The closed invasion narrative ...........................................................................143 Figure 2: The open invasion narrative .............................................................................143 Figure 3: Combination of the closed invasion narrative and the open invasion narrative ..................................................................................................................148 Figure 4: The reversed invasion narrative ...................................................................... 152 1 INTRODUCTION Zhiguai 志怪, also known as “accounts of the anomalies” or “record of the strange” is a genre devoted to the representation of the anomalous and the supernatural. Flourishing during the period of the Six Dynasties (220-589), zhiguai can be traced back to the Warring States period (475 BC-221 BC) and is associated with many of the earliest collections and works in the tradition of Chinese narrative such as Zhuangzi 莊子 and Shiji 史記. Zhiguai has received an increasing amount of critical attention since the turn of the century. Chinese scholars have completed comprehensive surveys on the development of the genre and identified zhiguai of the Six Dynasties as the source for modern Chinese fiction.1 This argument goes back to Lu Xun 魯迅 who in his A Brief History of Chinese Fiction provides a panoramic overview and a detailed delineation of the development of Chinese fiction from the early myths and legends through the zhiguai stories of the Six Dynasties, the chuanqi stories of the Tang and Song, the vernacular short stories of subsequent dynasties, and to the novels of the late Qing period. Later scholars often adopt Lu Xun’s view on the significance of the zhiguai genre in the development of traditional Chinese narratives and elaborate upon his view in their studies.2 The “birth of fiction” theory has been supported by Western scholars, such as 1 See Li Jianguo 李劍國, Tangqian zhiguai xiaoshuoshi 唐前志怪小說史 (Tianjin: Nankai daxue chubanshe, 1984); Zhou Ciji 周次吉, Liuchao zhiguai xiaoshuo yanjiu 六朝志怪小說研究 (Taibei: Wenjin chubanshe, 1986); Wang Guoliang 王國良, “Liuchao zhiguai xiaoshuo jianlun” 六朝志怪小說簡論, Gudianwenxue 古典文學 vol. 4, ed. Zhongguo gudian wenxue yanjiuhui 中國古典文學研究會 (Taibei: Xuesheng shuju 1982), 241-285. 2 See Guo Zhenyi 郭箴一, Zhongguo xiaoshuo shi 中國小說史 (Hong Kong: Taixing shuju, 1961) and Liu Yeqiu 劉葉秋 Gudain xiaoshuo luncong 古典小說論叢 (Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1959). Also see 2 Kenneth J. Dewoskin. In his article “On Narrative Revolution,” he contradicts Victor Mair’s claim that Chinese drama and fiction would not have arisen without intellectual stimulus from Indian philosophy and thematic borrowing from Indian sources.3 He argues that traditional Chinese narrative has never suffered from a lack of aesthetic consciousness; in fact, zhiguai resides at the center of this conscious pursuit because an early divergence from official historiography freed it from the burden of fact reporting and gave zhiguai writers the space to develop plots and indulge in fictionalization. More recent scholarship, however, approaches zhiguai from the other end of the spectrum and focuses on the genre’s relationship with historiography. Robert Ford Campany in his monograph, Strange Writing: Anomaly Accounts in Early Medieval China, counters the “birth of fiction” theory by arguing that zhiguai, in its formative stage from the Warring States period to the Six Dynasties, was practiced as an extension of the ancient cosmographic tradition, in which the strange was collected from the periphery and reported to the center as a way of ordering the world.4 Campany further explains how various groups with different religious and cultural perspectives—including Daoists, Buddhists, Confucians, and others—used the genre differently for their own purposes. Campany’s approach is shared by other scholars such as Glen Dudbridge who in his study of medieval zhiguai tales regards these texts as reliable historical records of the religious experience of the time. Alister David Inglis’s Hong Mai’s “Record of the Listener” and Its Song Dynasty Context builds upon the work of Robert Ford Campany Shimura Ryoji, “Shōsetsu no hatsusei” in Chúgoku bunka sōsho 5: Bungakushi, ed. Suzuki Shōji et.al (Tokyo: Taishukan shoten, 1967), 97-107; Takeda Akira, “Shikai, denki” in Chúgoku bunka sōsho 4: Bungaku gairon, ed. Suzuki Shōji et.al (Tokyo: Taishukan shoten, 1967), 217-28; and Chúgoku setsuwa to kōshōsetsu (Tokyo: Daizō shōin, 1992). 3 Kenneth Dewoskin, “On Narrative Revolutions,” Chinese Literature: Essays, Articles, Reviews 5 (1983), 29-35. 4 Robert Ford Campany, Strange Writing: Anomaly Accounts in Early Medieval China (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1996), 162. 3 and others to argue that the zhiguai tradition from which the Record stems is more closely related to the genre of history—constructed as the factual reporting of what people actually experienced and believed—than to fiction. Leo Tak-hung Chan in The Discourse on Foxes and Ghosts: Ji Yun and Eighteenth-Century Literati Storytelling takes a similar stance and demonstrates how