I. Introduction
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Cataloguing Chinese Art in the Middle and Late Imperial Eras
University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations Spring 2010 Tradition and Transformation: Cataloguing Chinese Art in the Middle and Late Imperial Eras YEN-WEN CHENG University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations Part of the Asian Art and Architecture Commons, Asian History Commons, and the Cultural History Commons Recommended Citation CHENG, YEN-WEN, "Tradition and Transformation: Cataloguing Chinese Art in the Middle and Late Imperial Eras" (2010). Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations. 98. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/98 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/98 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Tradition and Transformation: Cataloguing Chinese Art in the Middle and Late Imperial Eras Abstract After obtaining sovereignty, a new emperor of China often gathers the imperial collections of previous dynasties and uses them as evidence of the legitimacy of the new regime. Some emperors go further, commissioning the compilation projects of bibliographies of books and catalogues of artistic works in their imperial collections not only as inventories but also for proclaiming their imperial power. The imperial collections of art symbolize political and cultural predominance, present contemporary attitudes toward art and connoisseurship, and reflect emperors’ personal taste for art. The attempt of this research project is to explore the practice of art cataloguing during two of the most important reign periods in imperial China: Emperor Huizong of the Northern Song Dynasty (r. 1101-1125) and Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty (r. 1736-1795). Through examining the format and content of the selected painting, calligraphy, and bronze catalogues compiled by both emperors, features of each catalogue reveal the development of cataloguing imperial artistic collections. -
Inhabiting Literary Beijing on the Eve of the Manchu Conquest
THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO CITY ON EDGE: INHABITING LITERARY BEIJING ON THE EVE OF THE MANCHU CONQUEST A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE DIVISION OF THE HUMANITIES IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF EAST ASIAN LANGUAGES AND CIVILIZATIONS BY NAIXI FENG CHICAGO, ILLINOIS DECEMBER 2019 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................................... iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .............................................................................................................v ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................. viii 1 A SKETCH OF THE NORTHERN CAPITAL...................................................................1 1.1 The Book ........................................................................................................................4 1.2 The Methodology .........................................................................................................25 1.3 The Structure ................................................................................................................36 2 THE HAUNTED FRONTIER: COMMEMORATING DEATH IN THE ACCOUNTS OF THE STRANGE .................39 2.1 The Nunnery in Honor of the ImperiaL Sister ..............................................................41 2.2 Ant Mounds, a Speaking SkulL, and the Southern ImperiaL Park ................................50 -
Celebration of the Strange : Youyang Zazu and Its Horror Stories
CELEBRATION OF THE STRANGE: YOUYANG ZAZU AND ITS HORROR STORIES by LIN WANG (Under the Direction of Karin Myhre) ABSTRACT This dissertation seeks to uncover the artistic appeal and significance of horror tales in Youyang zazu with the assistance of Western concepts and theories. The study begins with an examination of the Youyang zazu collection in its textual and cultural context and argues that it is assembled according to the aesthetic principle of qi which rejects the normal and the familiar, and embraces the unusual, the special, the unique, the odd and the particularized. The study continues with a close analysis of selected horror tales in Youyang zazu using three different approaches—fantastic horror, monster horror and cosmic horror. By analyzing themes, structures and narrative techniques of these horror stories, I argue that these horror stories are integral components of the Youyang zazu collection. They add vitality and tension to the representation of the strange and advance the collection in its aesthetic pursuit of qi. These three approaches each emphasize a different aspect in the representation of the strange. From the literary mechanism that generates strangeness, to the very entity that embodies the strange and to the atmosphere that highlights the incomprehensibility and uncontrollability of the strange, each approach offers a unique perspective on how the effect of strangeness is conveyed and amplified. By investigating the aesthetic issues at play in the medium of horror and in the context of zhiguai through the lens of Western concepts, my study also explores the possibility of examining zhiguai tales from new literary perspectives and provides fresh critical insights on the poetics of Chinese horror narrative in general. -
Whose Xinjiang?The Transition in Chinese Intellectuals'imagination Of
2011 WHOSE XINJIANG? THE TRANSITION IN HARVARD-YENCHING CHINESE INTELLECTUALS’ IMAGINATION INSTITUTE WORKING OF THE “NEW DOMINION” DURING THE PAPER SERIES QING DYNASTY Jia Jianfei | Chinese Academy of Social Sciences Whose Xinjiang? The Transition in Chinese intellectuals’ imagination of the “New Dominion” during the Qing dynasty Jia Jianfei Abstract: Though Xinjiang (literarily the ―New Dominion‖) was incorporated into China’s territory permanently in the mid-18th century during Emperor Qianlong’s reign, Jiayu Guan (嘉 峪关) still marked a boundary between Xinjiang and China proper, much like Yang Guan (阳关) and Yumen Guan (玉门关) in the Han and Tang dynasties. Such a boundary was infused with cultural meaning since ancient times: it separated different cultures, and territories beyond the pass were accordingly not be regarded as part of China. This understanding of cultural boundaries deeply influenced Han Chinese officials and intellectuals; no wonder few Han Chinese supported the Qing emperors’ military plans in Xinjiang during the conquest. Even after the Qing conquest of Xinjiang, such conceptions remained relevant and fueled controversy over Xinjiang, lasting to the end of Qing dynasty and even into the Republic. However, these ideas gradually weakened over time, resulting in the re-conquest of Xinjiang during the 1860s and 1870s by Zuo Zongtang (左宗棠), a Han Chinese, the establishment of Xinjiang province in 1884, and the swift development of Xinjiang-studies during the Guangxu reign period (1875-1908). Indeed, the place of Xinjiang in Han Chinese intellectuals’ imagination had changed significantly, and this change played a key role in the crystallization of modern China’s boundaries. -
The Culture of War in China: Empire and the Military Under the Qing
The Culture of War in China The Culture of War in China Empire and the Military under the Qing Dynasty JOANNA WALEY-COHEN I.B.Tauris Publishers LONDON • NEW YORK Contents List of Illustrations vii List of Maps ix Preface xi 1 Military Culture and the Qing Empire 1 Wen and Wu 3 The New Qing History 5 The Militarization of Culture 13 The Phases of the Qing Imperial Project 17 The First Phase, 1636-1681 17 The Second Phase, 1681-1760 19 The Transition Years, 1749-1760 20 The Third Phase, 1760-1799 21 2 Commemorating War 23 Stelae Inscriptions 26 Rituals as Commemoration 38 War Illustrations, Portraits, and other Commemorative Paintings 41 The Documentary Record 45 Conclusion 46 3 Religion, War, and Empire-Building 48 Religion under the Qing 49 Qing Emperors and Tibetan-Buddhism 51 The Second Jinchuan War 55 Magic and War 57 After the War 61 Conclusion 65 vi THE CULTURE OF WAR IN CHINA 4 Military Ritual and the Qing Empire 66 Grand Inspections (DayueDayue) 71 Dispatching Generals Embarking on Campaign (MingjiangMingjiang) 75 Welcoming a Victorious Army upon Return (JiaolaoJiaolao) 77 The Presentation and Reception of Captives (xianfuxianfu, shoufu) 80 The Autumn Hunts at Mulan 83 Documenting and Disseminating Military Ritual 84 Conclusion 87 5 Changing Spaces of Empire 89 The Qing Promotion of Martial Values 90 Militarizing Government Culture and Institutions 93 The Eight Banners 97 Militarization of the Landscape 99 Conclusion 106 6 Conclusion 108 Notes 113 Bibliography 137 Index 149 List of Illustrations Cover The Qianlong emperor hunting, accompanied by a female attendant. -
The Tuntian System in Xinjiang Under the Qing Dynasty: a Perspective from Environmental History1
THE TUNTIAN SYSTEM IN XINJIANG UNDER THE QING DYNASTY: A PERSPECTIVE FROM ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY1 TS’UI-JUNG LIU Institute of Taiwan History, Academia Sinica I-CHUN FAN Institute of History and Philology, Academia Sinica Abstract The aim of this paper is not to reinvestigate the Tuntian system (屯田制度, the system of land tilled by colonists), but rather to explore its significance as it developed in Xinjiang during the Qing Dynasty (1644–1911) from the perspective of environmental history. This paper consists of four sections. First, it applies a Geographical Information System (GIS) technique to demonstrate spatial and temporal changes brought about by the Tuntian system in Xinjiang, based on available studies. Second, it analyses this land system from the viewpoint of property rights. Third, it discusses the landscape as shaped by colonists of various statuses, and finally, it traces the environmental changes in Xinjiang through the observations of Lin Zexu in 1842 and Xie Bin in 1917. Key words: Tuntian System, Xinjiang, property right, landscape, environmental changes Introduction The Tuntian system (屯田制度, the system of land tilled by colonists) in China was first set up in the Western Han Dynasty (206 BC – AD 8); its nature and scale varied in later periods. It is not necessary to trace all studies here; however, it should be noted that more than 20 years ago, Lanzhou University gathered 1 The Chinese version of this article is included in Chen Yung-fa 陳永發, ed., Ming Qing diguo jiqi jinxiandai zhuangxing 明清帝國及其近現代轉型 [The Ming-Qing Empire and its Modern Transformation] (Taipei: Yunchen wenhua, 2011), 203–65. -
Notes on Romanization
Notes on Romanization It is a difficult task to romanize the Chinese names and terms that are used in this book. Although it seems best to use the pinyin system, which has been adopted nationwide in mainland China as the official standard way to spell Chinese characters, one has to bear in mind that in the West much of the general public is familiar with spellings adopted from other systems. The only alternative seems to be to use the pinyin system for all Chinese proper names (including names of historical dynasties and various publications) except in those cases in which a different spelling seems more likely to be recognized. In direct quotations, of course, the spelling originally used is kept unchanged. Regardless of how a name is romanized, the text follows the Chinese rule by which the family name precedes given names-for example, Ruan Fang Fu rather than Fang Fu Ruan. Even within these rules, a name spelled with the pinyin system might be written in a number of ways. For example, the author's name might appear in a number of forms, including all those shown below, all of which are equivalent: Fang Fu Ruan Fang F. Ruan Fangfu Ruan Fang-fu Ruan Fang-Fu Ruan Ruan Fangfu Ruan, Fang Fu Ruan Fang-fu Ruan Fang-Fu In some instances, Westerners do follow the Chinese rule of writing the family name first. For example, Westerners write "Mao Tse-tung," and not "Tse-tung Mao," and "Deng Xiaoping," rather than "Xiaoping Deng." In this book, the rule will be followed in most cases. -
Scanned Using Book Scancenter 5033
APPENDIXES A. Songshi Biographies of Zhongyi Men {SS 446-55). SS Loyalists (1273-1300) Other Loyal Men Total 446 0 20 20 447 0 14 14 448 0 25 25 449 0 38 38 450 16 1 17 451 11 0 11 452 7 43 50 453 0 45 45 454 41 5 46 455 2 10 12 Total 77 201 278 % 28 72 100 Note that the 77 loyalists at the end of the Song appear in random order among loyal men of other periods in the Song. B. Zhongyi Biographies Throughout the Dynasties. The figures are tabulated from Chen Menglei et al., Gujin tushu jicheng, juan 706-763, vols. 311-316. Chen and his associates gleaned from various official and local sources the following numbers of biographical sketches of loyal men grouped according to the dynasties to which they directed their Shang 2 Liang 18 Zhou 77 Chen 7 Qin 4 Northern Wei 29 Former Han 23 Southern Qi 18 Latter Han 87 Northern Qi 9 Wei 19 Northern Zhou 9 Shu-Han 0 Sui 41 Wu 14 Tang 181 Tsin 154 Latter Liang 5 Liu-Song 27 Latter Thng 5 265 Appendixes Latter Tsin 9 Song 684 Hou Han 2 Jin 179 Latter Zhou 27 Yuan 322 Liao 15 Ming 5074 C. Wen Tianxiang's Career Before the Resistance (SS 418). Year Position 1256 ranked first in list of jinshi 1259 chengshi lang prestigious title) 8A 1260 supervisor of Jianchang jun 1263 assistant staff author 8A 1264 judicial intendant of Jiangxi 1267 secretary of the right (rev. -
Changing Spaces of Empire in Eighteenth-Century Qing
CHANGING SPACES OF EMPIRE foreign relations, despite rigid Chinese assertions that their empire was the center of the world, and a determined insistence that others acknowledge its superiority, the reality was that Chinese foreign policy was highly pragmatic and often adapted to circumstances as necessary. As for commerce, despite professions of disdain CHANGING SPACES OF EMPIRE for trade, Chinese across the social spectrum have in fact always energetically and enthusiastically engaged in commercial exchange. In military conflicts, not- IN EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY withstanding much rhetoric about preferring peaceful solutions, China rarely QING CHINA1 hesitated to use force when necessary to achieve its political ends. Finally, scholars have begun to demonstrate that the traditional view of the perennially over- Joanna Waley-Cohen whelming predominance of the civil, or civilized (zoen) over the military, or martial (wu) is amply due for revi~ion.~ The Qing promotion of martial values Qing China is commonly characterized as the victim of Western imperialism, as A calculated but rarely discussed cultural metamorphosis took place in eighteenth- the result of its experiences in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Yet in the century China. A deliberate imperial policy infused political life, the physical two centuries before the advent of the West, the Qing itself pursued an ambi- landscape, and material culture with an assemblage of new meanings intended tious and sophisticated program of imperial expansion that in many respects was to draw -
Library of Congress Classification
PL LANGUAGES OF EASTERN ASIA, AFRICA, OCEANIA PL Languages of Eastern Asia, Africa, Oceania Ural-Altaic languages Including Altaic languages For Uralic languages see PH1+ 1-9.5 General (Table P-PZ8a) Samoyedic languages see PH3801+ Turkic languages 21-29.5 General (Table P-PZ8a) 31 Old Turkic (Kök-Türk) Including the Yenesei and Orkhon inscriptions Northeastern (Siberian) group 41 General works 43-43.95 Altai (Table P-PZ15a) 44-44.95 Kyrgyz (Table P-PZ15a modified) Literature 44.9.A-Z Individual authors or works, A-Z Subarrange individual authors by Table P-PZ40 unless otherwise specified Subarrange individual works by Table P-PZ43 unless otherwise specified e.g. 44.9.A365 Akiev, Kalyk, 1883-1953 (Table P-PZ40) 44.9.A477 Alykulov, Barpy (Table P-PZ40) 44.9.E69-.E693 Ėr Soltonoĭ (Table P-PZ43) 44.9.E7-.E73 Ėr Tȯshtu̇k (Table P-PZ43) 44.9.K416-.K4163 Kedeĭkan (Table P-PZ43) 44.9.K69-.K693 Kozhozhash (Table P-PZ43) 44.9.K869-.K8693 Kurmanbek (Table P-PZ43) 44.9.M37-.M373 Manas (Table P-PZ43) 44.9.S45-.S453 Seĭtek (Table P-PZ43) 44.9.S465-.S4653 Semeteĭ (Table P-PZ43) 44.9.T655-.T6553 Toltoĭ (Table P-PZ43) 44.9.Z474-.Z4743 Zhan͡gyl Myrza (Table P-PZ43) 44.9.Z476-.Z4763 Zhanysh, Baĭysh (Epic poem) (Table P-PZ43) 44.9.Z478 Zhen͡gizhok, 1860-1918 (Table P-PZ40) 45.A-Z Other languages, A-Z 45.C48-.C4895 Chulym (Table P-PZ16) 45.D65-.D6595 Dolgan (Table P-PZ16) Karagass see PL45.T63+ 45.K45-.K4595 Khakass (Table P-PZ16) 45.N67-.N6795 Northern Altai (Table P-PZ16) Oirot see PL43+ 45.S55-.S5595 Shor (Table P-PZ16) Soyot see PL45.T88+ 45.T63-.T6395 Tofa (Irkutskaia͡ oblastʹ, Russia) (Table P-PZ16) 45.T88-.T8895 Tuvinian (Table P-PZ16) Yakut see PL361+ 45.Y44-.Y4495 Yellow Uigur (Table P-PZ16) Southeastern (Chagatai) group 51 General works 53-53.95 Chagatai (Table P-PZ15a modified) Literature 53.9.A-Z Individual authors or works, A-Z Subarrange individual authors by Table P-PZ40 unless otherwise specified Subarrange individual works by Table P-PZ43 unless otherwise specified e.g. -
The Ghost of Liaozhai: Pu Songling’S Ghostlore and Its History of Reception
THE GHOST OF LIAOZHAI: PU SONGLING’S GHOSTLORE AND ITS HISTORY OF RECEPTION Luo Hui A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of East Asian Studies University of Toronto © Copyright by Hui Luo, 2009 ii The Ghost of Liaozhai: Pu Songling’s Ghostlore and Its History of Reception Luo Hui Doctor of Philosophy Department of East Asian Studies University of Toronto 2009 Abstract This dissertation looks beyond the prevailing view of Pu Songling’s (1640-1715) Liaozhai zhiyi as an undisputed classic of Chinese literature, positing that much of the work’s cultural relevance and popular appeal derives from its status as “minor discourse” rooted in the tradition of the ghost tale. The first half of the dissertation examines the ghosts depicted within Liaozhai, reconnecting their tamed and feminized images with their dark and anarchic origins. The second half studies the reception of Liaozhai, chronicling the book’s cultural ascension from xiaoshuo, in the original sense of a minor form of discourse fraught with generic and ideological tensions, to a major work of fiction (xiaoshuo in its modern sense). However, the book’s canonical status remains unsettled, haunted by its heterogeneous literary and cultural roots. The Introduction reviews current scholarship on Liaozhai, justifying the need to further investigate the relationship between popular perceptions of Liaozhai and the Chinese notion of ghosts. Chapter One delineates Pu Songling’s position in late imperial ghost discourse and examines how the ghost tale reflects his ambivalence toward being a Confucian literatus. Chapter Two reads Pu Songling’s “The Painted Skin” in conjunction iii with its literary antecedents, demonstrating that Pu’s uses of both zhiguai and chuanqi modes are essential for the exploration of the ghost’s critical and creative potential. -
Diplomacy, Intermediaries, and Governance at The
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles Fraught Collaboration: Diplomacy, Intermediaries, and Governance at the China-Vietnam Border, Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in History by Joshua C. Herr 2017 © Copyright by Joshua C. Herr 2017 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Fraught Collaboration: Diplomacy, Intermediaries, and Governance at the China-Vietnam Border, Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries by Joshua C. Herr Doctor of Philosophy in History University of California, Los Angeles, 2017 Professor Richard Von Glahn, Chair Scholarship and opinion on the history of international borders have tended to think of them as modern institutions that originated in Europe and were imposed globally through colonial expansion in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Historians, moreover, have focused predominantly on the process of border genesis. My study of the China-Vietnam border in the seventeenth and eighteenth century takes a different tack. The subject of my study is an international border in Asia that existed well before significant European involvement in the region and, in fact, well before the period covered in this study. Rather than border genesis, my interest is in the nature of a pre-European, pre-nineteenth century border in Asia and how this “old” border changes over time. ii This dissertation is structured chronologically as well as thematically. In my chapters, I trace the evolution of the China-Vietnam border in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries in three aspects: diplomatic relations, local society in the borderlands, and border governance. In varied measure, the chapters reflect three perspectives, namely the view from the two courts, the view from local and translocal society, and the view from state representatives on active service in diplomacy and the border.