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Notes on Romanization Notes on Romanization It is a difficult task to romanize the Chinese names and terms that are used in this book. Although it seems best to use the pinyin system, which has been adopted nationwide in mainland China as the official standard way to spell Chinese characters, one has to bear in mind that in the West much of the general public is familiar with spellings adopted from other systems. The only alternative seems to be to use the pinyin system for all Chinese proper names (including names of historical dynasties and various publications) except in those cases in which a different spelling seems more likely to be recognized. In direct quotations, of course, the spelling originally used is kept unchanged. Regardless of how a name is romanized, the text follows the Chinese rule by which the family name precedes given names-for example, Ruan Fang Fu rather than Fang Fu Ruan. Even within these rules, a name spelled with the pinyin system might be written in a number of ways. For example, the author's name might appear in a number of forms, including all those shown below, all of which are equivalent: Fang Fu Ruan Fang F. Ruan Fangfu Ruan Fang-fu Ruan Fang-Fu Ruan Ruan Fangfu Ruan, Fang Fu Ruan Fang-fu Ruan Fang-Fu In some instances, Westerners do follow the Chinese rule of writing the family name first. For example, Westerners write "Mao Tse-tung," and not "Tse-tung Mao," and "Deng Xiaoping," rather than "Xiaoping Deng." In this book, the rule will be followed in most cases. Since different persons prefer different ways of writing the same name, sometimes alternative spellings are listed parenthetically. This 181 182 Notes on Romanization should be helpful to readers who are familiar with some Chinese proper names from older translations, and might be surprised to meet "Confu­ cius, Tao, Taoist, Lu Hsun, U Po, Peking, and Canton" in the guise of "Kongzi, Dao, Daoist, Lu Xun, U Bo, Beijing, and Guangzhou." The fol­ lowing list includes many Chinese proper names which have already been translated in Western literature using the Wade-Giles System or other systems. Pinyin System Wade-Giles or Other Systems Anhui Anhwei Beijing Peking Chen Yun Ch'en Yun* Chengdu Chengtu Chongqing Chungking Cixi (Dowager Empress) Tz'u Hsi Dalian Dairen, Talien Daode Jing Tao-te-ching Daojia Tao-chia Daojiao Tao-chiao Daozang (Taoist Canon) Tao Tsang Deng Xixian Teng Hsi-hsien Deng Xiaoping (1904- ) Teng Hsiao-p'ing Deng Ymgchao (1903- ) Teng Ymg-ch' ao Duan Xiu Pian Tuan-hsiu-pien Fang zhong Fang chung Fujian Fukien Fuxi Fu Hsi Fuzhou Foochow Gansu Kansu Gaozi Kao-tzu Ge Hong (A.D. 281-341) Ko Hung, Pao Po Tzu Guan Zhong (?--645 B.C.) Kuang Chung, Kuan 1-wu Guangdong Kwangtung Guangzhou Canton, Kwangchow Guangxi Zhuangzu Zizhiqu Kwangsi Chuang Aut. Reg. Guilin Kweilin Guiyang Kweiyang Guizhou Kweichow Guo Moruo (1892-1978) Kuo Mo-jo Guomindang Kuomintang Hangzhou Hangchow, Hang-chau Hebei Hepei Heilongjiang Heilungkiang •In the Wade-Giles system the apostrophe (') is used to indicate the pronunciation. Notes on Romanization 183 Henan Honan, Hunan Hu Shi (1891-1962) Hu Shih Hu Yaobang (1915-1989) Hu Yao-pang Hua Guofeng (1921- ) Hua Kuo-feng Huang He Yellow River Hubei Hupei, Hupeh Ji Yun (A.D. 1724-1805) Chi Yun Jiangsu Kiangsu Jiangxi Kiangsi Jilin Kirin Jin (A.D. 1115-1234) Chin (Jurchen) Jinan Tsinan I<angxi (reigned A.D. 1661-1722) K'ang-hsi Kongzi (551-497 B.C.) K'ung-tzu, Confucius Kongjiao K'ung-chiao Lanzhou Lanchow Laozi Lao-tzu Lu Dongbin (A.D. 789-?) Lu Tung-pin Lu Xun (1881-1936) Lu Hsun Mao Zedong (1893-Sept. 6, 1976) Mao Tse-tung Mengzi (313?-289 B.C.) Meng-tzu, Mencius Nanjing Nanking Nei Mogol Zizhiqu Inner Mongolia Aut. Reg. Ningxia Huizu Zizhiqu Ningsia Hui Aut. Reg. Pan Ku (A.D. 32-92) BanGu Qi Ch'i Qin (221-206 B.C.) Ch'in Qing (A.D. 1644-1912) Ch'ing, Manchu Qingdao Tsingtao Qinghai Tsinghai Rujia Ju-chia Ruan Fangfu Juan, Fang-fu; Ruan, Fongfu Shaanxi Shensi Shandong Shantung Shanxi Shansi Shaoxing Shaohsing Shen Nong Shen Nung Shengni Niehai Seng-ni-nieh-hai Sichuan Szechuan Song (A.D. 96D-1279) Sung Sun I<aidi Sun I<aiti Suzhou Soochow Taibei Taipei Tang (A.D. 618--907) T'ang Tianjin Tientsin 184 Notes on Romanization Wang Chongyang (A.D. 1112-1170) Wang Chung-yang Wen Yidao Wen I-to Xia (about 21st-16th B.C.) Hsia Xi' an Sian Xiang Yan Cong Shu Hsiang-yen-ts'ung-shu Xinjiang Uygur Zizhiqu Sinkiang Uighur Aut. Reg. Xizang Zizhiqu Tibet Aut. Reg. Xun (about 22nd B.C.) Shun Yan'an Yenan Yi Jing !-Ching (Book of Changes) Yi Xin Fang 1-hsin-fang Yuewei Caotang Biji (A.D. 1800) Yueh Wei Tsao-Tung Pi-Chi Zhang Baiduan [Ziyang Zhenren] Chang Po-Tuan (A.D. 984-1082) Zhao Ziyang (1919- ) Chao Tzu-yang Zhejiang Chekiang Zhengzhou Chengchow Zhongguo Qingnian (Chinese Youth) Chung-kuo Ch'ing-nien Zhou (1111-249 B.C.) Chou Zhou Enlai (1898-Jan. 8, 1976) Chou En-lai Zhou Erfu (1914- ) Chou Erh-fu Zhou Jianren (1888-1984) Chou Chien-jen Zhou Shaoxian (1908- ) Chou Shao-hsien References with Selected Annotations References in English are not specially noted. References in Chinese give a Romanization of the publication's original Chinese title, followed by the English translation(s) of the title (by the author of this book and/ or by others) without any special notation that the original language is Chi­ nese. For example: A Chinese book Hsuan Wei Hshin In (Mental Images of the Mysteries and Subtleties of Sexual Techniques, or The Sacred Seal in the Heart). A Chinese article "Annotated Notes on Talks on the Super Tao in the World: Seven Hurts and Eight Advantages." Hunan Zhongyi Xueyuan Xuebao (Journal of Hunan Traditional Chinese Med­ ical College). 1980(1): 27-32. For references in languages other than English or Chinese, the title is given in English translation, followed by an italicized notation of the original language of publication. For example: A History of Traditional Chinese Medicine: Herbs, Acupuncture, and Regimen. In Japanese. Ban Gu (Ed.) [A.D. 32-92]. (1983).: Han Su (History of the Han). Reprint, Beijing: Zhong-hua Books Co. Beijing Public Security Bureau. (Ed.) (1988). Beijing Fengbi Jiyuan Jishi (The reports on closings of brothels in Beijing). Beijing: China Peace Press. Benjamin, H. (1966). The transsexual phenomenon. New York: Julian Press. Beurdeley, M., et al. (1%9). The clouds and the rain. London: Hammond and Hammond. Blofeld, J. (1978). Taoism: The road to immortality. Reprint, 1985. Boston: Shambhala. 185 186 References Bullough, V. L. (1976). Sexual variance in society and history. New York: Wiley. Bullough, V., & Bullough, Bonnie. (1987). India and China: Other views. In Women and prostitution: A social history. (Revised Edition of Prostitution: An illustrated social history, published by Crown Publishers in 1978), pp. 81-109. Buffalo, NY: Prometheus Books. Bullough, V. L., & Ruan, F. F. (1988). China's children. (Editorials). The Nation 246, 848-849. Bullough, V. L., & Ruan, F. F. (1990). Sex education in Mainland China. Health Education 21(2): 16-19. Burton, S. (1988). The sexual revolution hits China: Reform has brought a permissiveness that unsettles many. Time (September 12): 65. Burton, S. (1990). Straight talk on sex in China. Time (May 14): 82. Butterfield, F. (1980). Love and sex in China. New York Times Magazine, January 13, 1980. Butterfield, F. (1982). China: Alive in the bitter sea. Chapter 6: Sex without joy: Love and marriage, pp. 129-161. New York: Times Books. Chai, C., & Chai, W. (Trans. & Ed.) (1965). A treasury of Chinese literature. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts. Chan, Wing-tsit. (Trans. & comp.). (1963). A source book in Chinese philosophy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Chan, Wing-tsit. (1983). "Taoism." In Encyclopaedia Americana, Volume 26, pp. 276-277. Chang, J. S. [1888-1970]. (Trans. H. S. Levy) (1967). Sex histories: China's first modern treatise on sex education. Yokohama, Japan: Po-yuan Press. [Also published, New York: Paragon Book Gallery.] Chang, J. (1977). The Tao of love and sex: The ancient Chinese way to ecstasy. London: Wildwood House; New York: Dutton. Chang, J. (1980). Understanding the Tao of loving. British Journal of Sexual Medicine 7(67): 36-41. Chang, J. (1983). The Tao of the loving couple: True liberation through the Tao. New York: Dutton. Chang, K. C. (1977). The archaeology of ancient China, 3rd ed. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. Chang, S. T. (1985). The Tao of sex wisdom. In The Great Tao, pp. 295-327. San Francisco: Tao Publishing. Chang, S. T. (1986). The Tao of sexology: The book of infinite wisdom. San Francisco: Tao Pub­ lishing. Chen, T. Y. (1928). Zhongguo Funu Shenghuoshi (The story of the Chinese women). Shanghai: Commercial Press, Ltd. Chen Sen. (1849). Ping-hua Bao Jan (A mirror of theatrical life). The edition used for this book is an undated Ching Dynasty edition at the Beijing Library. There are a total of 20 volumes. Chen Xiyi [A.D. ?-989]. (1986). Fang Shu Hsuan Chi (The mysterious essence of bedchamber techniques). Reprint in Tan Ching (Ed.)(1986) .. Zhong-guo gu-yan xi-ping cong-kan (Chi­ nese Classical Erotic Rare Book Series), No. 13. Taipei, Taiwan: Tan-ch'ing Book Co. Cheng, L., Furth, C., & Yip, H. M. (1984). Women in China: Bibliography of available English language materials. Berkeley: Institute of East Asia Studies, University of California at Berkeley. Chia, Mantak, & Chia, Maneewan. (1986). Healing love through the Tao: Cultivative female sexual energy. Huntington, NY: Healing Tao Books.
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