APRIL 29, 2019 Serving the East Bay Catholic Community Since 1963 Copyright 2019 ‘Where Christ Is — Is Where We Want to Be’ by Most Rev
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Historical Background Italy, Due to the Threat There from Throw the Entire Balance Over in the Following the Defeat of Hasdrubal Barca Hannibal
• The numerical superiority they enjoyed with their new mercenaries; • The superior quality of their legions, probably the finest in the Roman army; and, • Overconfidence bred from seven years of campaigning without a serious defeat. Had the Scipios actually faced only 35,000 Carthaginians with over 50,000 legionnaires and mercenaries as they believed, their chances for success would have been good. But Hasdrubal Barca had two additional detachments: 3,000 Numidian cavalry under Masinissa and 7,500 warriors under Indibilis. And Hasdrubal Barca also were unable to obtain more troops from had a trick up his sleeve that was to Historical Background Italy, due to the threat there from throw the entire balance over in the Following the defeat of Hasdrubal Barca Hannibal. Instead, the Scipios hired on a favor of Carthage. at Dertosa (see issue Nr. 4 of C3i for large body of 20,000 Celt-Iberian Dertosa Battle Module) by the Scipio mercenaries. The Celt-Iberians were a While Hasdrubal Barca observed the brothers in 215 BC, Carthage responded mix of those two peoples, found mainly Romans from his position at Amtorgis, by sending reinforcements. Two armies in the wilds of central Spain. They had a he ordered the forces of Hasdrubal were dispatched, one under Hasdrubal's reputation for ferocity and fighting skill. Gisgo, Masinissa and Indibilis to younger brother Mago, and another Both sides confidently planned to take concentrate at Mago Barca's camp under a political rival of the Barca clan, the offensive in 211 BC. near Castulo. Once these forces were Hasdrubal Gisgo. For the next three united, it appears he intended to move years (214-212 BC), the three Publius and Gnaeus Scipio knew that north against the Romans with his Carthaginian armies battled the two Hasdrubal Barca was encamped north combined forces. -
Ceramica Romana Del Complejo Urbano Del Olivar De Castulo
CERAMICA ROMANA DEL COMPLEJO URBANO DEL OLIVAR DE CASTULO. LINARES VOLUMEN 1 Santiago Prado Toledano CERAMICA ROMANA DEL COMPLEJO URBANO DEL OLIVAR DE CASTULO. LINARES VOLUMEN ¡ Tesis doctoral dirigida por: Dr. D. José María Blázquez Martínez Ponente: Dra. D~. Aurea de ¡a Morena Departamento de Arte Facultad de Geografía e Historia Universidad Complutense de Madrid 1994 A María del Prado. INDICE INDICE VOLUMEN 1 PROLOGO INTRODUCCION 1 Capítulo 1: MARCO GEOGRAFICO E HISTORICO .6 1.1. Entorno geográfico .7 1.2. Entorno histórico 15 1.2.1. Cástulo en las fuentes 15 1.2.2. Síntesis histórica de Cástulo 18 1.2.3. Vías de comunicación de Cástulo 28 Capítulo II: ACTIVIDADES DE CAMPO 30 11.1. Excavación de 1971: generalidades 31 11.2. La excavación: registro y control 36 11.3. Estratigrafía y niveles 39 Capítulo III: CATALOGACION Y SISTEMATIZACION TIPOLOGICA DE LOS HALLAZGOS CERAMICOS .41 111.1. Criterios generales de atribución 42 111.2. Tipologías empleadas 46 111.3. Descripción general de los distintos grupos cerámicos . ... 48 INDICE Capítulo IV: CLASIFICACION Y ESTUDIO DE LOS MATERIALES POR CUADRICULAS 60 IV.1. Cuadrícula Al 61 IV.l.1. Tabla resumen de materiales . 63 IV.l .2. Consideraciones ceramológicas 64 IV.2. Cuadrícula A2 70 IV.2.1. Tabla resumen de materiales . 71 IV.2.2. Consideraciones ceramológicas 72 lV.3. Muro testigo A1-A2 84 IV.3.1. Tabla resumen de materiales . 85 IV.3.2. Consideraciones ceramológicas 86 IV.4. Cuadrícula A3 93 IV.4.1. Tabla resumen de materiales . 94 IV.4.2. Consideraciones ceramológicas 95 IV.5. -
THE FIRST CAMPAIGNS in SPAIN. by Mary Elizabeth Kerr B.A., U N I V E R S I T Y of B R I T I S N Columbia, 1966. a Thesis Submitt
THE FIRST CAMPAIGNS IN SPAIN. by Mary Elizabeth Kerr B.A., University of Britisn Columbia, 1966. A Thesis Submitted.in Partial Fulfilment of The Requirements for the degree of, Master of, Arts in the Department of Classics We accept this thesis as conforming to the I j required" standard. The University of British Columbia May, 1969. In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and Study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the Head of my Department or by his representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thes,is for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Department of The University of British Columbia Vancouver 8, Canada ABSTRACT This thesis considers one theatre of the Second Punic War for a limited number of years. The period of the Spanish theatre extends from the beginning of Hannibal's career in 221 B.C. until the deaths of Gnaeus and Publius Scipio in 211 B.C. The following chronology is adopted: 237 - Hamilcar begins the reconquest of Spain. 231 - A Roman embassy visits Hamilcar; an agreement is reached between Saguntum and Rome. 229 - Hamilcar dies; Hasdrubal acclaimed commander. 226 - The Ebro treaty. 222/221- Hasdrubal murdered; Hannibal new leader in Spain. 220 - Roman political intervention at Saguntum. 219 - Hannibal attacks and captures Saguntum. 218 - War declared between Rome and Carthage. -
The Carthaginians 6Th–2Nd Century BC
The Carthaginians 6th–2nd Century BC ANDREA SALIMBETI ILLUSTRATED BY GIUSEPPE RAVA & RAFFAELE D’AMATO © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com Elite • 201 The Carthaginians 6th–2nd Century BC ANDREA SALIMBETI ILLUSTRATED BY GIUSEPPE RAVA & RAFFAELE D’AMATO Series editor Martin Windrow © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 4 )JTUPSJDBMCBDLHSPVOE HISTORICAL REPUTATION 9 $SVFMFYFDVUJPOT )VNBOTBDSJGJDF CHRONOLOGY 12 ORGANIZATION 16 $PNNBOE $JUJ[FONJMJUJB -JCZP1IPFOJDJBOT .FSDFOBSJFTBMMJFTBEWBOUBHFTBOEEBOHFSTPG SFMJBODFPONFSDFOBSJFTo/PSUI"GSJDBOTo*CFSJBOTo$FMUT /POJOGBOUSZUSPPQT$BWBMSZo$IBSJPUTo&MFQIBOUTo"SUJMMFSZ TACTICS 28 )FBWZBOEMJHIUJOGBOUSZ &WPMVUJPOPGNFSDFOBSZUBDUJDTJO1VOJDTFSWJDF*CFSJBODBWBMSZo$FMUT ARMS & EQUIPMENT 32 $BSUIBHJOJBO-JCZP1IPFOJDJBOJOGBOUSZBOEDBWBMSZ"SNPVS Shields 8FBQPOT /PSUI "GSJDBODBWBMSZBOEJOGBOUSZo*CFSJBOTUIF1P[P.PSPCVSJBMo#BMFBSJDTMJOHFSTo$FMUTo*OTJHOJB standards CLOTHING & PHYSICAL APPEARANCE 46 THE NAVY 48 SELECTED CAMPAIGNS & BATTLES 52 5IFDPORVFTUPG4BSEJOJB oc.#$ 5IFCBUUMFPG)JNFSB #$ 5IFNFSDFOBSZSFWPMU #$ SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY 61 INDEX 64 © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com THE CARTHAGINIANS 6th–2nd CENTURIES BC INTRODUCTION 5FSSBDPUUBNBMFIFBEGSPN Carthage was the greatest military power in the western Mediterranean $BSUIBHF UIDFOUVSZ#$5IJT world during the centuries of the Greek and Roman expansions, and used its SFBMJTUJDQPSUSBJUJNBHFPGB mighty fleet to build a commercial and territorial empire in North Africa, the $BSUIBHJOJBOOPCMFNBOPS Iberian Peninsula -
Developing Identities Within Roman Iberia: Hybridity, Urbanism, and Economics in Southern Iberia in the Second and First Centuries Bc
DEVELOPING IDENTITIES WITHIN ROMAN IBERIA: HYBRIDITY, URBANISM, AND ECONOMICS IN SOUTHERN IBERIA IN THE SECOND AND FIRST CENTURIES BC BY PHILLIP JAMES MYERS A thesis submitted to the University of Birmingham for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department of Classics, Ancient History, and Archaeology School of History and Cultures College of Arts and Law University of Birmingham June 2016 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. ABSTRACT This thesis examines the development of identities within Iberia during the Roman conquest of the peninsula through the lens of cultural hybridism, urbanism and economic changes. The aim is to explore how local Iberian communities evolved culturally through centuries of pre-Roman contact, and how these interactions fuelled later adaptations to Roman rule. Iberian communities, within this context, did not simply ‘become Roman’ but many acculturation theories have struggled to create alternatives to the ‘Romanization’ model successfully. While ‘Romanization’ is clearly problematic, this thesis will challenge and adapt several acculturation models to explore the visibility of cultural hybridity within ‘Roman’ and Iberian communities, and alternatively suggest the emergence of a pan-Mediterranean cultural background. -
Iberians' Andalusia
Iberians’ Andalusia etween the VII and I centuries BC, in the area of southern Spain corresponding to the current provinces of Jaén, Cordoba and Granada, the Iberians left an extraordinary archaeological heritage, witness of a culture - partly still unknown - which lost its identity, customs, language and writing with the Roman conquest. This widespread heritage is the fil rouge of the Iberians’ Andalusia Smart Way, divided into three thematic tourist itineraries. Jaén – A journey to the time of the Iberians at the beginning of the IV century BC and consists of nine places in the province of Jaén, oriented to the east, towards the sunrise. including the fortified cities of Cástulo in During the spring equinox and the fall equinox, Linares, Puente Tablas in Jaén and Giribaile in that is, between March 20th and 25th and Vilches, the sanctuary of the Cueva de la Lobera between September 20th and 25th, the first in Castellar, the princely tombs of Toya and rays of dawn illuminates the figure of the Hornos in Peal de Becerro and the sculptural female divinity to whom a sanctuary near the sets Cerrillo Blanco de Porcuna and El Pajarillo door is dedicated. Next to it there is also a de Huelma. The latter is visible in the museums shrine built on terraces, where several caves of Jaén: the ideal starting point of the proposed stand out and that most likely were part of an itinerary. The Museo Ibero in Jaén offers a oracular rite. The urban layout of the city is thematic exhibition - The Lady, the Prince, the configured in a quadrangular grid designed by Hero, and the Goddess - discovering four parallel streets running along the entire length emblematic figures of the Iberian world and its of the oppidum. -
Romanization Ofspain; Socio-Political Aspect~)
Romanization ofSpain; socio-political aspect~) J. B. TSIRKIN SUMMARY.— Spain on tIte eve of tIte Rornanization process was far from a uniforrn whole. Phoenician and Greek colonies were srnall but very significant celis of a developed slaveowning society. In Southem Spain Tartessis existed for quite a long period and afier its desintegration on its remainder sprang up sorne petty kingdoms. Apart frorn these, in tIte South and Soutbeast of tbe Iberian Pe- ninsula and, as an exeption, in tIte East in one case, emerged primitive «forne sta- tes’>. city-states cosisting of a city centre plus an agricultural area. Besides there were also several communities that still retained a clan society. Sorne of these so- cieties were about change into states, each in its own specific way. Sorne Iberian tribes such as tIte Ilergetes and tIte Edetani ewere tunning into monarchies on a tribal baasis, whereas tIte Celtiberians were envolving as an aristocratic republie. Other clan and tribal arnalgamations in tbe Indo-Furopean and non-Indo- European zones of tIte Peninsula as weB were more retarded and backward, cadi to a dofferent extent. Ihe further evolution was to a great extent interrupted by tIte Roman conquest. PART 1 Romanization is a cornplex and manifoid process including four ma- jor aspects. The first is economic Romanization. j.c. tIte integration of a provincial economy into an imperial nne. Secondly. it is social Romaniza- tion. j.c. the spreading in tIte provinces of tIte social relations of antique slave-owning society in its Roman variety including classical slavery. TIte third aspect of Romanization is political. -
The Numismatic Chronicle 177 Offprint
The Numismatic Chronicle 177 Offprint The Iberian Coinages, 6th-1st century BC by PERE PAU RIPOLLÈS LONDON THE ROYAL NUMISMATIC SOCIETY 2 0 1 7 THE IBERIAN COINAGES, 6th-1st CENTURY BC 1 The Iberian Coinages, 6th-1st century BC1 PERE PAU RIPOLLÈS [PLATES 1-3] Map 1. Mints of the Iberian peninsula during the 6th to 1st centuries BC Geography and ethnics The Iberian Peninsula was inhabited by a remarkable variety of cultures with very different levels of social, political and economic development, depending on whether they were located on the coast, where contacts with traders and sailors allowed many advances and innovations to take place, or inland, where access was more difficult. Of the products which the first seafarers sought in Iberia, silver was one of the most in demand. Silver was soon integrated into the commercial life of the most important populations of the Spanish Mediterranean coast, becoming a form of currency. 1 Universitat de València. This paper is the lecture which I delivered to the RNS in London on 20 December 2016 at the time of receiving the Society’s Medal. 2 PERE PAU RIPOLLÈS Greek style coinages The first coinages of the Iberian Peninsula were minted at the Phocaean colony of Emporion, towards the late 6th century BC, following a model of minting similar to the one developed in Massalia, another Phocaean colony in southern France. The weight standard is Phocaean. At the beginning, Emporion struck heavy denominations (pl. 1, 1), but then, during the 5th and 4th centuries BC, its coinage was characterised by a reduced weight, most of the coins weighing less than 1g, and by a great diversity of types (pl. -
Late Punic Or Early Roman? a 2Nd Century BC Ceramic Assemblage from Gadir/Gades (Cadiz Bay, Spain) Antonio Sáez Romero, Max Luaces, Elena Moreno
Late Punic or Early Roman? A 2nd century BC ceramic assemblage from Gadir/Gades (Cadiz Bay, Spain) Antonio Sáez Romero, Max Luaces, Elena Moreno To cite this version: Antonio Sáez Romero, Max Luaces, Elena Moreno. Late Punic or Early Roman? A 2nd century BC ceramic assemblage from Gadir/Gades (Cadiz Bay, Spain). Herom, Leuven: Leuven University Press, 2016, 5 (1), pp.27-78. hal-01946633 HAL Id: hal-01946633 https://hal-univ-tlse2.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01946633 Submitted on 11 Dec 2018 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Reprint from HEROM, Volume 5.1, 2016 - © Leuven Univesity Press, 2016 HEROM Journal on Hellenistic and Roman Material Culture Volume 5 – Issue 1 – 2016 Edited by Jeroen Poblome Daniele Malfitana John Lund Reprint from HEROM, Volume 5.1, 2016 - © Leuven Univesity Press, 2016 From 2015 onward HEROM appears biannually in May and November. Online ISSN: 2294-4281 Print ISSN: 2294-4273 Subscription options: * Institutional online only * Institutional online & print * Individual online only * Individual online & print Non-subscribers options: * Pay-per-view online article * Print copy Journal available online at www.ingentaconnect.com/content/LUP/HEROM © 2016 by Leuven University Press / Presses Universitaires de Louvain / Universitaire Pers Leuven. -
The Iberian Peninsula Between 300 and 850
LATE ANTIQUE AND EARLY MEDIEVAL IBERIA & Tejerizo García Martínez Sastre Jiménez, Diego de The Iberian Peninsula between 300 and 850 and 300 between Peninsula Iberian The Javier Martínez Jiménez, Isaac Sastre de Diego, and Carlos Tejerizo García The Iberian Peninsula between 300 and 850 An Archaeological Perspective The Iberian Peninsula between 300 and 850 Late Antique and Early Medieval Iberia Scholarship on the Iberian Peninsula in late antiquity and the early Middle Ages is burgeoning across a variety of disciplines and time periods, yet the publication profile of the field remains disjointed. ‘Late Antique and Early Medieval Iberia’ (LAEMI) provides a publication hub for high-quality research on Iberian Studies from the fields of history, archaeology, theology and religious studies, numismatics, palaeography, music, and cognate disciplines. Another key aim of the series is to break down barriers between the excellent scholarship that takes place in Iberia and Latin America and the Anglophone world. Series Editor Jamie Wood, University of Lincoln, UK Editorial Board Andrew Fear, University of Manchester, UK Nicola Clarke, Newcastle University, UK Iñaki Martín Viso, University of Salamanca, Spain Glaire Anderson, University of North Carolina, USA Eleonora Dell’Elicine, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina The Iberian Peninsula between 300 and 850 An Archaeological Perspective Javier Martínez Jiménez, Isaac Sastre de Diego, and Carlos Tejerizo García Amsterdam University Press Cover illustration: The palatium of Reccopolis on the Cerro de la Oliva near Zorita de los Canes (Guadalajara) Photograph by the author Cover design: Coördesign, Leiden Lay-out: Crius Group, Hulshout isbn 978 90 8964 777 1 e-isbn 978 90 4852 574 4 (pdf) doi 10.5117/9789089647771 nur 682 / 684 © Javier Martínez Jiménez, Isaac Sastre de Diego & Carlos Tejerizo García / Amsterdam University Press B.V., Amsterdam 2018 All rights reserved. -
The Enslavement of War Captives by the Romans to 146 BC
The Enslavement of War Captives by the Romans to 146 BC Thesis submitted in accordance with the requirements of the University of Liverpool for the degree of Doctor in Philosophy by: Jason Paul Wickham May 2014 To L.W. Table of Contents Table of Contents ........................................................................................................................ i List of Figures .......................................................................................................................... iii Abstract ..................................................................................................................................... iv Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................... v Abbreviations ............................................................................................................................ vi Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 1 Methodology .......................................................................................................................... 6 Chapter 1 Capture, Captives and Commanders ...................................................................... 11 Terminology for Captives and Capture................................................................................ 11 Capture and Enslavement – Legality and Morality ............................................................ -
Nature and Impact of the Roman War Effort in Spain, 218/217–197 Bce
WAR IN OUTER SPACE: NATURE AND IMPACT OF THE ROMAN WAR EFFORT IN SPAIN, 218/217–197 BCE Frederik J. Vervaet and Tony Ñaco Del Hoyo Introduction In 219 bce, a Roman senatorial commission was sent to Carthage to hand over a threatening complaint about the recent conquest of Sagunt, Rome’s most faithful ally on the Iberian Peninsula.1 In consequence of the Carthaginian Senate’s decision to back Hannibal’s policy of aggression, a powerful consular army was sent to North-eastern Spain in 218, as a strategic response to thwart Hannibal’s march on Italy in what was rapidly evolving into a ‘global war’ all across the Western Mediterranean, comprising Italy, Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica, Illyria, Africa and, last but not least, the Iberian Peninsula. At the outbreak of the Second Punic War, large tracts of Spain already were an integral and important part of Carthage’s sphere of power, as the Barcids had \ rmly established Carthaginian control of the Southern part of the peninsula. From the Roman geopolitical point of view, however, the war against the Carthaginians and their sundry allies in Spain really was a kind of ‘war in outer space’. This paper will indeed argue that both the geographical conditions and the extent of the Spanish theatre of war would deeply affect the nature and impact of the Roman presence in Spain, and this not only during the Second Punic War and its immedi- ate aftermath, but also for the following two centuries. Both the tremendous strain the war in Italy and Sicily put on Rome’s limited number of regular of\ cials cum imperio and the importance of the ‘Spanish front’ impelled the Senate to have the People create a remark- able series of proconsulatus extraordinarii.