Historical Background Italy, Due to the Threat There from Throw the Entire Balance Over in the Following the Defeat of Hasdrubal Barca Hannibal

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Historical Background Italy, Due to the Threat There from Throw the Entire Balance Over in the Following the Defeat of Hasdrubal Barca Hannibal • The numerical superiority they enjoyed with their new mercenaries; • The superior quality of their legions, probably the finest in the Roman army; and, • Overconfidence bred from seven years of campaigning without a serious defeat. Had the Scipios actually faced only 35,000 Carthaginians with over 50,000 legionnaires and mercenaries as they believed, their chances for success would have been good. But Hasdrubal Barca had two additional detachments: 3,000 Numidian cavalry under Masinissa and 7,500 warriors under Indibilis. And Hasdrubal Barca also were unable to obtain more troops from had a trick up his sleeve that was to Historical Background Italy, due to the threat there from throw the entire balance over in the Following the defeat of Hasdrubal Barca Hannibal. Instead, the Scipios hired on a favor of Carthage. at Dertosa (see issue Nr. 4 of C3i for large body of 20,000 Celt-Iberian Dertosa Battle Module) by the Scipio mercenaries. The Celt-Iberians were a While Hasdrubal Barca observed the brothers in 215 BC, Carthage responded mix of those two peoples, found mainly Romans from his position at Amtorgis, by sending reinforcements. Two armies in the wilds of central Spain. They had a he ordered the forces of Hasdrubal were dispatched, one under Hasdrubal's reputation for ferocity and fighting skill. Gisgo, Masinissa and Indibilis to younger brother Mago, and another Both sides confidently planned to take concentrate at Mago Barca's camp under a political rival of the Barca clan, the offensive in 211 BC. near Castulo. Once these forces were Hasdrubal Gisgo. For the next three united, it appears he intended to move years (214-212 BC), the three Publius and Gnaeus Scipio knew that north against the Romans with his Carthaginian armies battled the two Hasdrubal Barca was encamped north combined forces. Roman armies under Publius and of New Carthage near Amtorgis with Gnaeus. The results were indecisive, about 15,000 men. Mago and Hasdrubal But the Romans struck first. Their entire especially as Carthage had to recall Gisgo, with about 10,000 troops each, force moved up to confront Hasdrubal troops to Africa to suppress a rebellion were some distance away in the Baetis Barca, and then Publius split off with his of the Numidian King Syphax and River valley. The Scipios decided to army to advance into the interior. Rome was unable to spare any rein- split their forces and defeat both Hasdrubal, through heavily outnum- forcements for the Scipios. Both sides Carthaginian bodies simultaneously. bered by Gnaeus' Romans and Celt- had reason to hope for more decisive Publius would take 20,000 men (two- Iberians, held his ground. Hasdrubal results in 211 BC. thirds of the original army) against Barca had been raised on the battlefields Mago Barca and Hasdrubal Gisgo. of Spain and he knew the Celt-Iberians Hasdrubal Barca could count on the Gnaeus would confront Hasdrubal very well. Having some of these return of his troops from Africa, as Barca with a double legion warriors in his own army, he was able Syphax's rebellion had been crushed. In (10,000 men) and the 20,000 Celt- to arrange secret conferences with the addition, the Numidian Prince Iberians. It was a bold plan, even rash. mercenary commanders from Gnaeus' Masinissa was bringing over a large Their motivation appears to have been army. For a large sum of silver, body of light cavalry. And an allied based on three factors: Hasdrubal Barca persuaded the Celt- Iberian Prince, Indibilis, was recruiting Iberians to abandon the Romans and forces from the Suessetani, an Iberian return to their homeland. The Romans, tribe of the interior. The Scipio brothers outnumbered two-to-one by their mercenaries, could do nothing to prevent their departure. With this bribe, Hasdrubal Barca eliminated two fifths of the Roman forces without striking a blow. Meanwhile, Publius Scipio had run into difficulty soon after separating from his brother. Hasdrubal Gisgo and Masinissa had already arrived at Castulo to join Mago Barca. Masinissa and his light cavalry were unleashed to harass the Roman column on the march. As Publius advanced towards Castulo, foragers were ambushed and stragglers were cut off. The Numidians struck without warning, by day and by night. As he neared Castulo, Publius feared that his column would soon be under a complete blockade. Then his scouts brought word that Indibilis with a band of Iberians was across his line of retreat and advancing on his rear. Publius realized that his entire command was in danger of annihilation. Roman flank just as the Iberians were the two Carthaginian armies arrived. about to break. Scipio still had the Leaving his tents standing and his fires The Battle of Castulo advantage in numbers, and was able to burning, Gnaeus led his forces in retreat Publius Scipio decided to take action change front to counter the Numidian after dark. But as his brother had before it was too late. He planned to attack. But his assault against the already discovered, a night's head start steal a night march on Masinissa and to Iberians slackened. Unable to come to was insufficient to outdistance crush Indibilis' detachment before the grips with the elusive Numidians, Numidian cavalry. other Carthaginian armies could react. If Scipio could not force a decision before successful, he could then retreat to join Mago Barca and then Hasdrubal Gisgo Masinissa's horsemen caught up with Gnaeus or engage Mago Barca and arrived with the two main Carthaginian the Romans on the following day. Hasdrubal Gisgo under more favorable armies. Constant attacks that continued into the circumstances. Scipio left some 2,000 night forced Gnaeus to halt on a small men, mostly his wounded, behind to The Romans, now completely sur- hill near llorca. The Romans struggled guard his camp under the legate rounded, fought on. But when Publius vainly to fortify their camp, but found Tiberius Fonteius. The Roman army Scipio was stabbed with a lance and fell the ground too stony and hard for departed in silence at midnight. dying from his horse, the Roman army digging and the hill barren of any Marching all night, the Romans collided broke. Small bands and individuals cut timber. Gnaeus finally had his men with Indibilis' men in the early morning. their way through the cordon of improvise a barricade from saddles and Neither side had time to deploy fully Carthaginian troops, but most were baggage as a new day dawned. into line, and a confused melee ensued. hunted down by the Numidians and Publius, with over twice as many troops light infantry. Only a handful of That morning, Hasdrubal Barca, Mago as Indibilis, began to gain the advan- survivors managed to join Fonteius at Barca and Hasdrubal Gisgo looked tage. However, the Iberians fought the Roman camp after darkness fell. scornfully upon the Roman "wall." surprisingly well. And they held on just Sending in their troops from all sides, long enough for help to arrive. The Battle of llorca the rampart was quickly torn down, and With one Roman general slain and his the legionnaires huddled together for a Masinissa had discovered the absence of army destroyed, Mago Barca and desperate last stand. Nearly the entire the Roman army from their camp Hasdrubal Gisgo paused only long Roman army was slaughtered. Gnaeus during the night. Pressing a vigorous enough to loot the dead. They then force was either killed on the hill with his pursuit, his horsemen crashed into the marched to join Hasdrubal Barca and army or, according to a different trap a second Roman army. Gnaeus version, broke out with a small body of Scipio, who had received no word of his troops and took refuge in a nearby brother's fate, assumed the worst when watch tower. The Carthaginian soldiers, unable to break into the tower, set it afire they arrive in succession. The separate (Proconsuls); i.e., they may attempt LCs and immolated the Roman general. rout levels for the Carthaginian armies/ outside the OC's range, extend the range detachments make it possible to win of the OC, and replace the OC if killed. Aftermath successive victories, but it won't be easy. Although the three Carthaginian The Carthaginian Army generals cooperated throughout this The Carthaginian player is in a more There is not "a" Carthaginian army. campaign, they fell to bickering once reactive role. He must block the Romans Instead, there are two armies and two they had achieved success. With the with the Iberians long enough for his detachments. The Carthaginian army Carthaginian forces paralyzed by cavalry to arrive. Then he must either commanders, Mago Barca and dissension, there was no immediate race to prevent a Roman withdrawal or Hasdrubal Gisgo, represented rival pursuit. Tiberius Fonteius led Publius' arrange his forces for a set piece battle. political factions and did not get along camp guard back to the Roman base Having four separate commands allows very well. To reflect this command north of the Ebro River at Tarraco. He great freedom of maneuver, but carries relationship, each army has its own OC was joined by the remnants of Gnaeus' the danger of separate defeats. Both who may give orders only to his own army under the command of a cavalry- players will have plenty of opportunity units. Each detachment also has an man, Marcius Septimus. By gathering in for offensive and defensive action. Have independent commander who may give garrisons, commissariat troops and naval fun, and watch your flanks! orders only to his own units. In addition, personnel, Fonteius and Marcius built up each army and detachments has its own a force of some 8,000 men.
Recommended publications
  • Princeton/Stanford Working Papers in Classics
    Princeton/Stanford Working Papers in Classics The eighth-century revolution Version 1.0 December 2005 Ian Morris Stanford University Abstract: Through most of the 20th century classicists saw the 8th century BC as a period of major changes, which they characterized as “revolutionary,” but in the 1990s critics proposed more gradualist interpretations. In this paper I argue that while 30 years of fieldwork and new analyses inevitably require us to modify the framework established by Snodgrass in the 1970s (a profound social and economic depression in the Aegean c. 1100-800 BC; major population growth in the 8th century; social and cultural transformations that established the parameters of classical society), it nevertheless remains the most convincing interpretation of the evidence, and that the idea of an 8th-century revolution remains useful © Ian Morris. [email protected] 1 THE EIGHTH-CENTURY REVOLUTION Ian Morris Introduction In the eighth century BC the communities of central Aegean Greece (see figure 1) and their colonies overseas laid the foundations of the economic, social, and cultural framework that constrained and enabled Greek achievements for the next five hundred years. Rapid population growth promoted warfare, trade, and political centralization all around the Mediterranean. In most regions, the outcome was a concentration of power in the hands of kings, but Aegean Greeks created a new form of identity, the equal male citizen, living freely within a small polis. This vision of the good society was intensely contested throughout the late eighth century, but by the end of the archaic period it had defeated all rival models in the central Aegean, and was spreading through other Greek communities.
    [Show full text]
  • Constructing Contemporary Nationhood in the Museums and Heritage Centres of Catalonia Colin Breen*, Wes Forsythe**, John Raven***
    170 Constructing Contemporary Nationhood in the Museums and Heritage Centres of Catalonia Colin Breen*, Wes Forsythe**, John Raven*** Abstract Geographically, Spain consists of a complex mosaic of cultural identities and regional aspirations for varying degrees of autonomy and independence. Following the end of violent conflict in the Basque country, Catalonia has emerged as the most vocal region pursuing independence from the central Spanish state. Within the Catalan separatist movement, cultural heritage sites and objects have been appropriated to play an intrinsic role in supporting political aims, with a variety of cultural institutions and state-sponsored monumentality playing an active part in the formation and dissemination of particular identity-based narratives. These are centred around the themes of a separate and culturally distinct Catalan nation which has been subject to extended periods of oppression by the varying manifestations of the Spanish state. This study addresses the increasing use of museums and heritage institutions to support the concept of a separate and distinctive Catalan nation over the past decade. At various levels, from the subtle to the blatant, heritage institutions are propagating a message of cultural difference and past injustice against the Catalan people, and perform a more consciously active, overt and supportive role in the independence movement. Key words: Catalonia, museums, heritage, identity, nationhood Across contemporary Europe a range of nationalist and separatist movements are again gaining momentum (Borgen 2010). From calls for independence in Scotland and the divisive politics of the Flemish and Walloon communities in Belgium, to the continually complicated political mosaic of the Balkan states, there are now a myriad of movements striving for either greater or full autonomy for their region or peoples.
    [Show full text]
  • 12. HELLENISATION in IBERIA?: the RECEPTION of GREEK PRODUCTS and INFLUENCES by the IBERIANS Adolfo J. Dominguez I . Introductio
    12. HELLENISATION IN IBERIA?: THE RECEPTION OF GREEK PRODUCTS AND INFLUENCES BY THE IBERIANS Adolfo J. Dominguez Eran los elegantes de Sagunto, j6venes ricos que imitaban las modas de la aristocracia de Atenas, exageradas por la distancia y la falta de gusto. Acte6n tambien ri6 con su fina sonrisa de ateniense al apreciar la torpeza con que aquellos j6venes copiaban a sus lejanos modelos. Vicente Blasco Ibanez, S6nica la Cortesana ( l 90 l ). I . Introduction In recent scholarly literature we read, perhaps too often, words such as 'Hellenisation', which can be interpreted in many different ways, according to the user and the message he wants to convey. The problem is not new. And it continues being a classic on Hellenisa­ tion Gallini's work (I 973, I 75-19 l ). I shall not deal here with a con­ ceptual analysis of this word, nor even make an exhaustive review of all the elements susceptible to being interpreted from the point of view of Hellenisation within Iberia; on the contrary, my main purpose is to put fmward some data related to how Hellenic influences penetrated the Peninsula. In the first place, I must mention some basic questions. Greek presence in Iberia can be traced perhaps from the second half of the 7th century B.C. in the Atlantic regions, especially in the Huelva area, which is undoubtedly related to the Tartessian world. At more or less the same time, or a little later, this Greek presence could be observed in competition with other elements (Etruscans, Phoenicians) in the north-eastern regions of Iberia.
    [Show full text]
  • Celts and the Castro Culture in the Iberian Peninsula – Issues of National Identity and Proto-Celtic Substratum
    Brathair 18 (1), 2018 ISSN 1519-9053 Celts and the Castro Culture in the Iberian Peninsula – issues of national identity and Proto-Celtic substratum Silvana Trombetta1 Laboratory of Provincial Roman Archeology (MAE/USP) [email protected] Received: 03/29/2018 Approved: 04/30/2018 Abstract : The object of this article is to discuss the presence of the Castro Culture and of Celtic people on the Iberian Peninsula. Currently there are two sides to this debate. On one hand, some consider the “Castro” people as one of the Celtic groups that inhabited this part of Europe, and see their peculiarity as a historically designed trait due to issues of national identity. On the other hand, there are archeologists who – despite not ignoring entirely the usage of the Castro culture for the affirmation of national identity during the nineteenth century (particularly in Portugal) – saw distinctive characteristics in the Northwest of Portugal and Spain which go beyond the use of the past for political reasons. We will examine these questions aiming to decide if there is a common Proto-Celtic substrate, and possible singularities in the Castro Culture. Keywords : Celts, Castro Culture, national identity, Proto-Celtic substrate http://ppg.revistas.uema.br/index.php/brathair 39 Brathair 18 (1), 2018 ISSN 1519-9053 There is marked controversy in the use of the term Celt and the matter of the presence of these people in Europe, especially in Spain. This controversy involves nationalism, debates on the possible existence of invading hordes (populations that would bring with them elements of the Urnfield, Hallstatt, and La Tène cultures), and the possible presence of a Proto-Celtic cultural substrate common to several areas of the Old Continent.
    [Show full text]
  • A Glimpse Into the Roman Finances of the Second Punic War Through
    Letter Geochemical Perspectives Letters the history of the western world. Carthage was a colony founded next to modern Tunis in the 8th century BC by Phoenician merchants. During the 3rd century BC its empire expanded westward into southern Spain and Sardinia, two major silver producers of the West Mediterranean. Meanwhile, Rome’s grip had tight- © 2016 European Association of Geochemistry ened over the central and southern Italian peninsula. The Punic Wars marked the beginning of Rome’s imperial expansion and ended the time of Carthage. A glimpse into the Roman finances The First Punic War (264 BC–241 BC), conducted by a network of alliances in Sicily, ended up with Rome prevailing over Carthage. A consequence of this of the Second Punic War conflict was the Mercenary War (240 BC–237 BC) between Carthage and its through silver isotopes unpaid mercenaries, which Rome helped to quell, again at great cost to Carthage. Hostilities between the two cities resumed in 219 BC when Hannibal seized the F. Albarède1,2*, J. Blichert-Toft1,2, M. Rivoal1, P. Telouk1 Spanish city of Saguntum, a Roman ally. At the outbreak of the Second Punic War, Hannibal crossed the Alps into the Po plain and inflicted devastating mili- tary defeats on the Roman legions in a quick sequence of major battles, the Trebia (December 218 BC), Lake Trasimene (June 217 BC), and Cannae (August 216 BC). As a measure of the extent of the disaster, it was claimed that more than 100,000 Abstract doi: 10.7185/geochemlet.1613 Roman soldiers and Italian allies lost their lives in these three battles, including The defeat of Hannibal’s armies at the culmination of the Second Punic War (218 BC–201 three consuls.
    [Show full text]
  • ROMA SURRECTA: Portrait of a Counterinsurgent Power, 216 BC - AD 72
    University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons CUREJ - College Undergraduate Research Electronic Journal College of Arts and Sciences 5-2011 ROMA SURRECTA: Portrait of a Counterinsurgent Power, 216 BC - AD 72 Emerson T. Brooking University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/curej Part of the Ancient History, Greek and Roman through Late Antiquity Commons, Comparative Politics Commons, Military History Commons, and the Other Political Science Commons Recommended Citation Brooking, Emerson T., "ROMA SURRECTA: Portrait of a Counterinsurgent Power, 216 BC - AD 72" 01 May 2011. CUREJ: College Undergraduate Research Electronic Journal, University of Pennsylvania, https://repository.upenn.edu/curej/145. This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/curej/145 For more information, please contact [email protected]. ROMA SURRECTA: Portrait of a Counterinsurgent Power, 216 BC - AD 72 Abstract This study evaluates the military history and practice of the Roman Empire in the context of contemporary counterinsurgency theory. It purports that the majority of Rome’s security challenges fulfill the criteria of insurgency, and that Rome’s responses demonstrate counterinsurgency proficiency. These assertions are proven by means of an extensive investigation of the grand strategic, military, and cultural aspects of the Roman state. Fourteen instances of likely insurgency are identified and examined, permitting the application of broad theoretical precepts
    [Show full text]
  • Carthaginian Mercenaries: Soldiers of Fortune, Allied Conscripts, and Multi-Ethnic Armies in Antiquity Kevin Patrick Emery Wofford College
    Wofford College Digital Commons @ Wofford Student Scholarship 5-2016 Carthaginian Mercenaries: Soldiers of Fortune, Allied Conscripts, and Multi-Ethnic Armies in Antiquity Kevin Patrick Emery Wofford College Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.wofford.edu/studentpubs Part of the Ancient History, Greek and Roman through Late Antiquity Commons, and the Military History Commons Recommended Citation Emery, Kevin Patrick, "Carthaginian Mercenaries: Soldiers of Fortune, Allied Conscripts, and Multi-Ethnic Armies in Antiquity" (2016). Student Scholarship. Paper 11. http://digitalcommons.wofford.edu/studentpubs/11 This Honors Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Digital Commons @ Wofford. It has been accepted for inclusion in Student Scholarship by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Wofford. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Wofford College Carthaginian Mercenaries: Soldiers of Fortune, Allied Conscripts, and Multi-Ethnic Armies in Antiquity An Honors Thesis Submitted to The Faculty of the Department of History In Candidacy For An Honors Degree in History By Kevin Patrick Emery Spartanburg, South Carolina May 2016 1 Introduction The story of the mercenary armies of Carthage is one of incompetence and disaster, followed by clever innovation. It is a story not just of battles and betrayal, but also of the interactions between dissimilar peoples in a multiethnic army trying to coordinate, fight, and win, while commanded by a Punic officer corps which may or may not have been competent. Carthaginian mercenaries are one piece of a larger narrative about the struggle between Carthage and Rome for dominance in the Western Mediterranean, and their history illustrates the evolution of the mercenary system employed by the Carthaginian Empire to extend her power and ensure her survival.
    [Show full text]
  • Ceramica Romana Del Complejo Urbano Del Olivar De Castulo
    CERAMICA ROMANA DEL COMPLEJO URBANO DEL OLIVAR DE CASTULO. LINARES VOLUMEN 1 Santiago Prado Toledano CERAMICA ROMANA DEL COMPLEJO URBANO DEL OLIVAR DE CASTULO. LINARES VOLUMEN ¡ Tesis doctoral dirigida por: Dr. D. José María Blázquez Martínez Ponente: Dra. D~. Aurea de ¡a Morena Departamento de Arte Facultad de Geografía e Historia Universidad Complutense de Madrid 1994 A María del Prado. INDICE INDICE VOLUMEN 1 PROLOGO INTRODUCCION 1 Capítulo 1: MARCO GEOGRAFICO E HISTORICO .6 1.1. Entorno geográfico .7 1.2. Entorno histórico 15 1.2.1. Cástulo en las fuentes 15 1.2.2. Síntesis histórica de Cástulo 18 1.2.3. Vías de comunicación de Cástulo 28 Capítulo II: ACTIVIDADES DE CAMPO 30 11.1. Excavación de 1971: generalidades 31 11.2. La excavación: registro y control 36 11.3. Estratigrafía y niveles 39 Capítulo III: CATALOGACION Y SISTEMATIZACION TIPOLOGICA DE LOS HALLAZGOS CERAMICOS .41 111.1. Criterios generales de atribución 42 111.2. Tipologías empleadas 46 111.3. Descripción general de los distintos grupos cerámicos . ... 48 INDICE Capítulo IV: CLASIFICACION Y ESTUDIO DE LOS MATERIALES POR CUADRICULAS 60 IV.1. Cuadrícula Al 61 IV.l.1. Tabla resumen de materiales . 63 IV.l .2. Consideraciones ceramológicas 64 IV.2. Cuadrícula A2 70 IV.2.1. Tabla resumen de materiales . 71 IV.2.2. Consideraciones ceramológicas 72 lV.3. Muro testigo A1-A2 84 IV.3.1. Tabla resumen de materiales . 85 IV.3.2. Consideraciones ceramológicas 86 IV.4. Cuadrícula A3 93 IV.4.1. Tabla resumen de materiales . 94 IV.4.2. Consideraciones ceramológicas 95 IV.5.
    [Show full text]
  • The Story of Carthage, Because One Has to Tell It Without Sympathy, and from the Standpoint of Her Enemies
    li^!*^'*,?*^','. K lA, ZT—iD v^^ )A Cfce ®tor? of tfte iSations. CARTHAGE THE STORY OF THE NATIONS. Large Crown 8vo, Cloth, Illustrated, ^s. 1. ROME. Arthur Oilman, M.A. 2. THE JEWS. Prof. J. K. Hosmer. 3. GERMANY. Rev. S. Baring-Gould, M.A. 4. CARTHAGE. Prof. A. J. Church. 5. ALEXANDER'S EMPIRE. Prof. J. P. Mahaffy. 6. THE MOORS IN SPAIN. Stanley Lane-Poole. 7. ANCIENT EGYPT. Canon Raw- LINSON. 8. HUNGARY. Prof. A. Vambery. 9. THE SARACENS. A. Oilman, M.A. 10. IRELAND. Hon. Emily Lawless. 11. THE GOTHS. Henry Bradley. 12. CHALD^A. Z. A. Ragozin. 13. THE TURKS. Stanley Lane-Poole. 14. ASSYRIA. Z. A. Ragozin. 15. HOLLAND. Prof. J. E. Thorold Rogers. 16. PERSIA. S.W.Benjamin. London ; T. PISHEE UNWIN, 2 6, Paternoster Square, E.G. CARTHAGE OR THE EMPIRE OF AFRICA ALFRED J. CHURCH, M.A. '* PROFESSOR OF LATIN IN UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, LONDON, AUTHOR OP STORIES FROM HOMER," ETC., ETC. WITH THE COLLABORA TION OF ARTHUR OILMAN, M.A. THIRD EDITION, gtrnhon T. FISHER UNWIN 26 PATERNOSTER SQUARE NEW YORK : O. P. PUTNAM'S SONS MDCCCLXXXVII SEEN BY PRESERVATION SERVICES M } 7 4Q«^ Entered at Stationers' Hall By T. fisher UNWIN. Copyright by G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1886 (For the United States of America), PREFACE. It is difficult to tell the story of Carthage, because one has to tell it without sympathy, and from the standpoint of her enemies. It is a great advantage, on the other hand, that the materials are of a manage- able amount, and that a fairly complete narrative may be given within a moderate compass.
    [Show full text]
  • Download PDF Datastream
    A Dividing Sea The Adriatic World from the Fourth to the First Centuries BC By Keith Robert Fairbank, Jr. B.A. Brigham Young University, 2010 M.A. Brigham Young University, 2012 Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Program in Ancient History at Brown University PROVIDENCE, RHODE ISLAND MAY 2018 © Copyright 2018 by Keith R. Fairbank, Jr. This dissertation by Keith R. Fairbank, Jr. is accepted in its present form by the Program in Ancient History as satisfying the dissertation requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Date _______________ ____________________________________ Graham Oliver, Advisor Recommended to the Graduate Council Date _______________ ____________________________________ Peter van Dommelen, Reader Date _______________ ____________________________________ Lisa Mignone, Reader Approved by the Graduate Council Date _______________ ____________________________________ Andrew G. Campbell, Dean of the Graduate School iii CURRICULUM VITAE Keith Robert Fairbank, Jr. hails from the great states of New York and Montana. He grew up feeding cattle under the Big Sky, serving as senior class president and continuing on to Brigham Young University in Utah for his BA in Humanities and Classics (2010). Keith worked as a volunteer missionary for two years in Brazil, where he learned Portuguese (2004–2006). Keith furthered his education at Brigham Young University, earning an MA in Classics (2012). While there he developed a curriculum for accelerated first year Latin focused on competency- based learning. He matriculated at Brown University in fall 2012 in the Program in Ancient History. While at Brown, Keith published an appendix in The Landmark Caesar. He also co- directed a Mellon Graduate Student Workshop on colonial entanglements.
    [Show full text]
  • History Timeline
    Stonehaven History Timeline 1st Grade - Ancient Civilizations (Creation – 476 AD) 1. 2600 BC – Completion of the Great Pyramid at Giza 2. 2100 BC – God Calls Abraham from Ur 3. 1800 BC – Code of Hammurabi 4. 1400 BC – The Exodus 5. 1000 BC – King David Rules Israel 6. 800 BC – Homer Composes The Iliad and The Odyssey 7. 776 BC – The First Olympics 8. 753 BC – Founding of Rome 9. 399 BC – Death of Socrates 10. 323 BC – Alexander the Great Conquers Land from Macedonia to India 11. 300 BC – Euclid’s Elements 12. 210 BC – Great Wall of China 13. 44 BC – Julius Caesar is Assassinated 14. 25 BC – Virgil Writes the Aeneid 15. 3 BC – Jesus is Born 16. 30 AD – Jesus is Crucified and Resurrected and Ascends into Heaven 17. 70 AD – Jerusalem is Destroyed by the Romans 18. 325 AD – Council of Nicaea 19. 386 AD - Augustine Converts to Christianity 20. 476 AD – Fall of the Roman Empire Stonehaven History Timeline 2nd Grade – Middle Ages/Medieval (476 – 1580) 1. 527 – Justinian the Great 2. 632 – Mohammed’s visions written down in The Quran 3. 790 – Viking Raids on Europe 4. 800 – Charlemagne Crowned Holy Roman Emperor 5. 871 – Alfred the Great 6. 1054 – East-West Schism of Church into Western Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy 7. 1066 – William of Normandy wins Battle of Hastings 8. 1096 – First Crusade 9. 1170 – Murder of Thomas a Becket 10. 1189 – Richard the Lionhearted 11. 1215 – The Magna Carta 12. 1271 – Travels of Marco Polo 13. 1300’s – Renaissance Begins in Italy 14.
    [Show full text]
  • Timeline of Ancient Greek Coins and Events Historical Events and Eras Numismatic Events Archaic Period (Prior to 500 BC)
    Timeline of Ancient Greek Coins and Events Historical Events and Eras Numismatic Events Archaic Period (prior to 500 BC) 2200 BC Earliest palaces of the Minoan civilization on Crete 1400 BC Earliest Mycenaean palaces 12th C. BC Trojan War, depicted in Homer’s Iliad 1200-900 Destruction of Mycenean BC civilization; the Dark Ages 900-800 BC Population and agriculture begin to revive; iron used for tools and weapons 776 BC First Olympic Games c. 750 BC Greek city-states begin to form 750-550 BC Greek colonies form all Colonies become future sites of around the Mediterranean: diverse coinages, each with its Western Turkey, North own “tipos” or design-type Africa, Italy and Sicily Late 7th C. First coins struck in electrum, BC (Perhaps probably in Lydia (west coast of 650-625) Turkey), from Temple of Artemis at Ephesos: striations, lion’s head, cocks By Early 6th Diverse early electrum coinages C. BC established in Asia Minor, from Cyzicus (Sea of Marmara) in the north to Halicarnassus in the south 560-546 BC Reign of King Croesus of Croesus abandons electrum in Lydia (“rich as Croesus”) favor of bimetallic coinage of gold and silver, with head of lion confronting bull (siglos, double- siglos), with gold:silver ratio of 1:13 1/3. First silver staters (“Turtles”) 575-550 BC minted on island of Aegina, Europe’s first mint, replacing currency of obelos (iron spits) and drax (a handful of six obelos), from which the terms “obol” and “drachma” are derived. Silver coinages appear at Athens (Gorgons, amphora, wheels, etc.; the “Wappenmünzen,” literally, “heraldic coins”), Corinth (Pegasus), and other island and mainland city-states At Athens, evolution towards double-sided coins 546 BC Oracle of Delphi tells In Lydia, Persians continue Croesus: “If you make war minting coins with lion and bull on the Persians, you will for about 30 years after Croesus’ destroy a mighty empire.” defeat Croesus attacks the Persians and his empire Electrum continues in use in the falls.
    [Show full text]