DOCSLIB.ORG

The Empire Strikes: the Growth of Roman Infrastructural Minting Power, 60 B.C

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Empire Strikes: the Growth of Roman Infrastructural Minting Power, 60 B.C The Empire Strikes: The Growth of Roman Infrastructural Minting Power, 60 B.C. – A.D. 68 A dissertation submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Cincinnati in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Classics of the College of Arts and Sciences by David Schwei M.A., University of Cincinnati, December 2012 B.A., Emory University, May 2009 Committee Chairs: Peter van Minnen, Ph.D Barbara Burrell, Ph.D. ABSTRACT Coins permeated the Roman Empire, and they offer a unique perspective into the ability of the Roman state to implement its decisions in Italy and the provinces. This dissertation examines how this ability changed and grew over time, between 60 B.C. and A.D. 68, as seen through coin production. Earlier scholars assumed that the mint at Rome always produced coinage for the entire empire, or they have focused on a sudden change under Augustus. Recent advances in catalogs, documentation of coin hoards, and metallurgical analyses allow a fuller picture to be painted. This dissertation integrates the previously overlooked coinages of Asia Minor, Syria, and Egypt with the denarius of the Latin West. In order to measure the development of the Roman state’s infrastructural power, this dissertation combines the anthropological ideal types of hegemonic and territorial empires with the numismatic method of detecting coordinated activity at multiple mints. The Roman state exercised its power over various regions to different extents, and it used its power differently over time. During the Republic, the Roman state had low infrastructural minting capacity. The Roman state’s infrastructural power over the European and African provinces grew as more regions began using the denarius and its bronze coin fractions. The Roman state’s minting infrastructural reach suddenly extended into Asia Minor, Syria, and Egypt during the reign of Nero and continued to increase thereafter. In the Imperial Period, the state’s infrastructural power was modest and limited to some extent, as it managed an empire-wide system of coordinated mints in which the mints also retained some autonomy. This diachronic sketch suggests that the state’s infrastructural minting capacity grew significantly about one hundred years into the Imperial Period, in part due to the development of an imperial ideology. ii Copyright © 2016 David Allen Garrett Schwei All Rights Reserved iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This dissertation could not have been possible without the help and guidance of many people. Foremost among them are my committee. I thank my co-advisers Peter van Minnen and Barbara Burrell, as well as Duncan MacRae the third reader. Their keen eyes and minds have strengthened this dissertation’s methodology and argument. They have helped me achieve one of my major scholarly goals: to move beyond narrow numismatic debates and engage with larger historical problems, all while still remaining faithful to the numismatic evidence and tradition. A dissertation so rooted in numismatics could not be possible without the magnificent collection available in the Burnam Classics Library. I thank Jacquelene Riley, Michael Braunlin, the late David Ball, Phoebe Acheson, Cade Stevens, and the many student workers for maintaining and making this collection available to us. I thank the staff and curators at the American Numismatic Society for introducing me to numismatics and its methods during the Eric P. Newman Graduate Summer Seminar in 2011. I owe a particular debt of gratitude to David Wigg-Wolf and the late Richard B. Witschonke for their guidance and introducing me to all aspects of numismatics. I am grateful to Oliver D. Hoover, Arthur Houghton, the late Getzel Cohen, Michael Braunlin, and Barbara Burrell for helping me maintain my interest in numismatics and find ways to use the skills I learned in New York. I also thank the University of Cincinnati Department of Classics and the Trustees of the Louise Taft Semple Fund for the generous financial support that has enabled me to study and conduct my doctoral research here. I am deeply indebted to the administrative staff who has kept the department running throughout my many years here: Carol Hershenson, John Wallrodt, iv Laura Deller, Kenneth Gottorf, Deema Maghathe, Patrick Tyler Haas, Kelsie Murray, Natalie Long, Kevin Newman, Joe Katenkamp, and Lindsay Gundler. This department has also given me a world class education and opportunities. I am grateful to Peter van Minnen, Barbara Burrell, the late Getzel Cohen, Harry Gotoff, Steven Ellis, Kathleen Lynch, Holt Parker, Eleni Hatzaki, Kathryn Gutzwiller, Susan Prince, Daniel Markovic, and Valeria Sergueenkova for training me in philology, archaeology, and history. I thank Steven Ellis for allowing me to join the Pompeii Archaeological Research Project: Porta Stabia in 2010 where I learned a great deal about archaeology and came to appreciate material culture even more. I am very grateful for the many teaching opportunities and experiences that I have had in Cincinnati. I thank the UC Classics Outreach Program, Susan Prince, Valeria Sergueenkova, the Graduate Association for Teaching Enhancement, Daniel Markovic, and Lauren Ginsberg for teaching me how to teach. Finally, I thank my students for the many lessons and the great joy that they have imparted to me. Last but certainly not least, I thank my family and friends for their unwavering support. My mom Kathy Schwei, my dad Steve Schwei, my sister Alison Ballou, her husband Matt and children Miranda, Madeleine CaiQun, and Atticus, and my brother Daniel and his fiancé Sharon Raya never stopped believing in me, offered advice and comfort, shared their homes, strategized with me, and brought much joy and amusement into my life. I am honored and forever grateful to be a part of this amazing clan. I thank Liz Hamilton, Hollyann Barry, Bea Hamilton, Matthew Barry, and Thane Thompson who have accepted me as one of their own, who have helped me get away to the relaxing countryside, and who have always recognized the need for a little touch of whimsy. My friends and colleagues in Cincinnati have offered me much needed support and jocularity. I especially thank Cat Baker, Taylor Coughlan, Meg Sneeringer, Kyle Helms, CJ Miller, Samantha Hudson, Kendall MacMahan-Kitchens, Elyce Moschella, Ryan v Huibregtse, David Kwasny, Mitch Brown, and Carina Moss for their encouragement and friendship. I also thank Amber Platt, Meghan Snyder, Emily Rose Merz, Andrew Connor, Heather Graybehl, John Ryan, Chris Cloke, Emily Egan, Allison Emmerson, Katie Swinford, Marcie Handler, Kristina Neumann, Alex Schaefer, Preeya Phadnis, Melissa Hartzell, Amit Bindra, Bea Perruzzi, Emilia Oddo, Sabrina Brown, Mohammed Bhatti, Andy Lund, Sabina Ion, Patrick Tyler Haas, Meredith White, Taylor Kleineick, Rachelanne Bolus, Katie Breyer, Justin Dale, Sarah Lima, Bill Weir, Simone Agrimonti, Sarah Beal, and Alice Crowe. This dissertation could not have been possible without the advice and support of all these people. For that I am thankful. All mistakes remain my own. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Abstract …………………………………………………………………………………. ii Acknowledgements ……………………………………………………………………... iv Table of Contents ……………………………………………………………………….. vii List of Tables ……………………………………………………………………………. xiv List of Charts ……………………………………………………………………………. xvii List of Figures …………………………………………………………………………… xviii Chapter One: Introduction 1.1. The Problem ………………………………………………………………………... 1 1.2. Theoretical Framework …………………………………………………………….. 2 1.3. Previous Scholarship ……………………………………………………………….. 12 1.4. Coordinated Decisions at Multiple Mints ………………………………………….. 16 1.5. Unknown Decision-Makers ………………………………………………………… 19 1.5.1. The Mint at Rome ………………………………………………………………… 20 1.5.2. Coin Legends ……………………………………………………………………... 21 1.5.3. Summary ………………………………………………………………………….. 23 1.6. Decisions About Coin Production and How to Detect Them ……………………… 24 1.6.1. Opening and Closing Mints ……………………………………………………… 26 1.6.2. Denominations, Weight Standards, and Metal Standards ………………………... 29 1.6.2.1. Weight Standards ………………………………………………………………. 29 1.6.2.2. Denominations of Bronze Coins ……………………………………………….. 31 vii 1.6.2.3. Metal Standards ………………………………………………………………… 32 1.6.3. Coin Types ………………………………………………………………………. 33 1.6.4. The Quantity of Coins Produced …………………………………………………. 35 1.6.5. Recoinages ………………………………………………………………………... 38 1.6.6. Data Management ………………………………………………………………… 40 1.7. Outline of the Dissertation ………………………………………………………….. 42 Chapter 2: The Late Republic (60 – c. 55 B.C.) 2.1. Introduction ………………………………………………………………………… 47 2.2. The Denarius in Italy, Sicily, Spain, and Africa …………………………………… 48 2.2.1. The Origin of the Denarius ………………………………………………………. 48 2.2.2. The End of Silver Coin Production on the Iberian Peninsula …………………….. 49 2.3. Greece and Macedonia ……………………………………………………………... 53 2.3.1. The Annexation of Greece ……………………………………………………….. 53 2.3.2. Greece ……………………………………………………………………………. 57 2.3.3. Macedonia ……………………………………………………………………….. 62 2.4. The Province of Asia ………………………………………………………………. 64 2.5. Syria ………………………………………………………………………………… 67 2.6. Roman Infrastructural Minting Power in the Late Republic (60 – c. 55 B.C.) …….. 69 Chapter 3: The Civil Wars (49 – 27 B.C.) 3.1. Introduction ………………………………………………………………………… 73 3.2. Imperatorial Mints During the Civil Wars …………………………………………. 74 viii 3.2.1. Caesar ……………………………………………………………………………. 75 3.2.2. Pompey and the Pompeians ……………………………………………………… 77 3.2.3. Brutus, Cassius, and the Liberators ……………………………………………….
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Distribution: Electronically Initiated By: ANM-300 CHANGE U.S
    U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION ORDER CHANGE NM 3930.11 FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION CHG 6 Effective Date: National Policy 09/12/17 SUBJ: Aviation Medical Examiner for FAA Employees and Applicants Requiring Medical Certification. 1. Purpose. This order transmits Aviation Medical Examiner – Employee Examiner (AME- EE) information to the following: Transport Airplane Directorate (ANM-120s, ANM-130s, ANM-140s, ANM-150s), Flight Standards (FSDOs, Alaska CMO, SWA-CMO, Seattle AEG) and the ATO Western Service Area with Enroute and Terminal employees assigned to facilities located in Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Oregon, Utah, Washington and Wyoming requiring Federal Aviation Administration Aerospace Medical Certification. 2. Who this change affects. Branch level and above in the following divisions in the Northwest Mountain Region: Aerospace Medicine, Flight Standards, Transport Airplane Directorate and the ATO Western Service Area (CO, ID, MT, OR, UT, WA and WY) - Enroute and Terminal. 3. Disposition of Transmittal Paragraph. Retain this transmittal sheet until the directive is cancelled by a new directive. PAGE CHANGE CONTROL CHART Remove Pages Dated Insert Pages Dated Appendix A 9/1/17 Appendix A 9/12/17 4. 5. Administrative Information. This order change is distributed to Branch level and above in the following divisions in the Northwest Mountain Region: Aerospace Medicine, Flight Standards, Transport Airplane Directorate and the ATO Western Service Area (CO, ID, MT, OR, UT, WA and WY) - Enroute and Terminal. Responsibility for Distribution: The above divisions are responsible for verifying that there have been no updates to this order prior to scheduling an employee exam. Brett A. Wyrick, D.O. Regional Flight Surgeon Northwest Mountain Region Distribution: Electronically Initiated By: ANM-300 U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Historical Background Italy, Due to the Threat There from Throw the Entire Balance Over in the Following the Defeat of Hasdrubal Barca Hannibal
    • The numerical superiority they enjoyed with their new mercenaries; • The superior quality of their legions, probably the finest in the Roman army; and, • Overconfidence bred from seven years of campaigning without a serious defeat. Had the Scipios actually faced only 35,000 Carthaginians with over 50,000 legionnaires and mercenaries as they believed, their chances for success would have been good. But Hasdrubal Barca had two additional detachments: 3,000 Numidian cavalry under Masinissa and 7,500 warriors under Indibilis. And Hasdrubal Barca also were unable to obtain more troops from had a trick up his sleeve that was to Historical Background Italy, due to the threat there from throw the entire balance over in the Following the defeat of Hasdrubal Barca Hannibal. Instead, the Scipios hired on a favor of Carthage. at Dertosa (see issue Nr. 4 of C3i for large body of 20,000 Celt-Iberian Dertosa Battle Module) by the Scipio mercenaries. The Celt-Iberians were a While Hasdrubal Barca observed the brothers in 215 BC, Carthage responded mix of those two peoples, found mainly Romans from his position at Amtorgis, by sending reinforcements. Two armies in the wilds of central Spain. They had a he ordered the forces of Hasdrubal were dispatched, one under Hasdrubal's reputation for ferocity and fighting skill. Gisgo, Masinissa and Indibilis to younger brother Mago, and another Both sides confidently planned to take concentrate at Mago Barca's camp under a political rival of the Barca clan, the offensive in 211 BC. near Castulo. Once these forces were Hasdrubal Gisgo. For the next three united, it appears he intended to move years (214-212 BC), the three Publius and Gnaeus Scipio knew that north against the Romans with his Carthaginian armies battled the two Hasdrubal Barca was encamped north combined forces.
    [Show full text]
  • A Glimpse Into the Roman Finances of the Second Punic War Through
    Letter Geochemical Perspectives Letters the history of the western world. Carthage was a colony founded next to modern Tunis in the 8th century BC by Phoenician merchants. During the 3rd century BC its empire expanded westward into southern Spain and Sardinia, two major silver producers of the West Mediterranean. Meanwhile, Rome’s grip had tight- © 2016 European Association of Geochemistry ened over the central and southern Italian peninsula. The Punic Wars marked the beginning of Rome’s imperial expansion and ended the time of Carthage. A glimpse into the Roman finances The First Punic War (264 BC–241 BC), conducted by a network of alliances in Sicily, ended up with Rome prevailing over Carthage. A consequence of this of the Second Punic War conflict was the Mercenary War (240 BC–237 BC) between Carthage and its through silver isotopes unpaid mercenaries, which Rome helped to quell, again at great cost to Carthage. Hostilities between the two cities resumed in 219 BC when Hannibal seized the F. Albarède1,2*, J. Blichert-Toft1,2, M. Rivoal1, P. Telouk1 Spanish city of Saguntum, a Roman ally. At the outbreak of the Second Punic War, Hannibal crossed the Alps into the Po plain and inflicted devastating mili- tary defeats on the Roman legions in a quick sequence of major battles, the Trebia (December 218 BC), Lake Trasimene (June 217 BC), and Cannae (August 216 BC). As a measure of the extent of the disaster, it was claimed that more than 100,000 Abstract doi: 10.7185/geochemlet.1613 Roman soldiers and Italian allies lost their lives in these three battles, including The defeat of Hannibal’s armies at the culmination of the Second Punic War (218 BC–201 three consuls.
    [Show full text]
  • The Late Republic in 5 Timelines (Teacher Guide and Notes)
    1 180 BC: lex Villia Annalis – a law regulating the minimum ages at which a individual could how political office at each stage of the cursus honorum (career path). This was a step to regularising a political career and enforcing limits. 146 BC: The fall of Carthage in North Africa and Corinth in Greece effectively brought an end to Rome’s large overseas campaigns for control of the Mediterranean. This is the point that the historian Sallust sees as the beginning of the decline of the Republic, as Rome had no rivals to compete with and so turn inwards, corrupted by greed. 139 BC: lex Gabinia tabelleria– the first of several laws introduced by tribunes to ensure secret ballots for for voting within the assembliess (this one applied to elections of magistrates). 133 BC – the tribunate of Tiberius Gracchus, who along with his younger brother, is seen as either a social reformer or a demagogue. He introduced an agrarian land that aimed to distribute Roman public land to the poorer elements within Roman society (although this act quite likely increased tensions between the Italian allies and Rome, because it was land on which the Italians lived that was be redistributed). He was killed in 132 BC by a band of senators led by the pontifex maximus (chief priest), because they saw have as a political threat, who was allegedly aiming at kingship. 2 123-121 BC – the younger brother of Tiberius Gracchus, Gaius Gracchus was tribune in 123 and 122 BC, passing a number of laws, which apparent to have aimed to address a number of socio-economic issues and inequalities.
    [Show full text]
  • Hugh Lindsay, Strabo and the Shape of His Historika Hypomnemata
    The Ancient History Bulletin VOLUME TWENTY-EIGHT: 2014 NUMBERS 1-2 Edited by: Edward Anson David Hollander Timothy Howe Joseph Roisman John Vanderspoel Pat Wheatley Sabine Müller ISSN 0835-3638 ANCIENT HISTORY BULLETIN Volume 28 (2014) Numbers 1-2 Edited by: Edward Anson, David Hollander, Sabine Müller, Joseph Roisman, John Vanderspoel, Pat Wheatley Senior Editor: Timothy Howe Editorial correspondents Elizabeth Baynham, Hugh Bowden, Franca Landucci Gattinoni, Alexander Meeus, Kurt Raaflaub, P.J. Rhodes, Robert Rollinger, Carol Thomas, Victor Alonso Troncoso Contents of volume twenty-eight Numbers 1-2 1 Hugh Lindsay, Strabo and the shape of his Historika Hypomnemata 20 Paul McKechnie, W.W. Tarn and the philosophers 37 Monica D’Agostini, The Shade of Andromache: Laodike of Sardis between Homer and Polybios 61 John Shannahan, Two Notes on the Battle of Cunaxa NOTES TO CONTRIBUTORS AND SUBSCRIBERS The Ancient History Bulletin was founded in 1987 by Waldemar Heckel, Brian Lavelle, and John Vanderspoel. The board of editorial correspondents consists of Elizabeth Baynham (University of Newcastle), Hugh Bowden (Kings College, London), Franca Landucci Gattinoni (Università Cattolica, Milan), Alexander Meeus (University of Leuven), Kurt Raaflaub (Brown University), P.J. Rhodes (Durham University), Robert Rollinger (Universität Innsbruck), Carol Thomas (University of Washington), Victor Alonso Troncoso (Universidade da Coruña) AHB is currently edited by: Timothy Howe (Senior Editor: [email protected]), Edward Anson, David Hollander, Sabine Müller, Joseph Roisman, John Vanderspoel and Pat Wheatley. AHB promotes scholarly discussion in Ancient History and ancillary fields (such as epigraphy, papyrology, and numismatics) by publishing articles and notes on any aspect of the ancient world from the Near East to Late Antiquity.
    [Show full text]
  • The Impact of the Roman Army (200 BC – AD 476)
    Impact of Empire 6 IMEM-6-deBlois_CS2.indd i 5-4-2007 8:35:52 Impact of Empire Editorial Board of the series Impact of Empire (= Management Team of the Network Impact of Empire) Lukas de Blois, Angelos Chaniotis Ségolène Demougin, Olivier Hekster, Gerda de Kleijn Luuk de Ligt, Elio Lo Cascio, Michael Peachin John Rich, and Christian Witschel Executive Secretariat of the Series and the Network Lukas de Blois, Olivier Hekster Gerda de Kleijn and John Rich Radboud University of Nijmegen, Erasmusplein 1, P.O. Box 9103, 6500 HD Nijmegen, The Netherlands E-mail addresses: [email protected] and [email protected] Academic Board of the International Network Impact of Empire geza alföldy – stéphane benoist – anthony birley christer bruun – john drinkwater – werner eck – peter funke andrea giardina – johannes hahn – fik meijer – onno van nijf marie-thérèse raepsaet-charlier – john richardson bert van der spek – richard talbert – willem zwalve VOLUME 6 IMEM-6-deBlois_CS2.indd ii 5-4-2007 8:35:52 The Impact of the Roman Army (200 BC – AD 476) Economic, Social, Political, Religious and Cultural Aspects Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop of the International Network Impact of Empire (Roman Empire, 200 B.C. – A.D. 476) Capri, March 29 – April 2, 2005 Edited by Lukas de Blois & Elio Lo Cascio With the Aid of Olivier Hekster & Gerda de Kleijn LEIDEN • BOSTON 2007 This is an open access title distributed under the terms of the CC-BY-NC 4.0 License, which permits any non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited.
    [Show full text]
  • CONTENTS Chapter Preface Introduction 1
    CONTENTS Chapter Preface Introduction 1. Sri Lanka 2. Prehistoric Lanka; Ravana abducts Princess Sita from India.(15) 3 The Mahawamsa; The discovery of the Mahawamsa; Turnour's contribution................................ ( 17) 4 Indo-Aryan Migrations; The coming of Vijaya...........(22) 5. The First Two Sinhala Kings: Consecration of Vijaya; Panduvasudeva, Second king of Lanka; Princess Citta..........................(27) 6 Prince Pandukabhaya; His birth; His escape from soldiers sent to kill him; His training from Guru Pandula; Battle of Kalahanagara; Pandukabhaya at war with his uncles; Battle of Labu Gamaka; Anuradhapura - Ancient capital of Lanka.........................(30) 7 King Pandukabhaya; Introduction of Municipal administration and Public Works; Pandukabhaya’s contribution to irrigation; Basawakulama Tank; King Mutasiva................................(36) 8 King Devanampiyatissa; gifts to Emporer Asoka: Asoka’s great gift of the Buddhist Doctrine...................................................(39) 9 Buddhism established in Lanka; First Buddhist Ordination in Lanka around 247 BC; Mahinda visits the Palace; The first Religious presentation to the clergy and the Ordination of the first Sinhala Bhikkhus; The Thuparama Dagoba............................ ......(42) 10 Theri Sanghamitta arrives with Bo sapling; Sri Maha Bodhi; Issurumuniya; Tissa Weva in Anuradhapura.....................(46) 11 A Kingdom in Ruhuna: Mahanaga leaves the City; Tissaweva in Ruhuna. ...............................................................................(52)
    [Show full text]
  • Durham E-Theses
    Durham E-Theses A study of the client kings in the early Roman period Everatt, J. D. How to cite: Everatt, J. D. (1972) A study of the client kings in the early Roman period, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/10140/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk .UNIVERSITY OF DURHAM Department of Classics .A STUDY OF THE CLIENT KINSS IN THE EARLY ROMAN EMPIRE J_. D. EVERATT M.A. Thesis, 1972. M.A. Thesis Abstract. J. D. Everatt, B.A. Hatfield College. A Study of the Client Kings in the early Roman Empire When the city-state of Rome began to exert her influence throughout the Mediterranean, the ruling classes developed friendships and alliances with the rulers of the various kingdoms with whom contact was made.
    [Show full text]
  • Title Page Echoes of the Salpinx: the Trumpet in Ancient Greek Culture
    Title Page Echoes of the salpinx: the trumpet in ancient Greek culture. Carolyn Susan Bowyer. Royal Holloway, University of London. MPhil. 1 Declaration of Authorship I Carolyn Susan Bowyer hereby declare that this thesis and the work presented in it is entirely my own. Where I have consulted the work of others, this is always clearly stated. Signed: ______________________ Date: ________________________ 2 Echoes of the salpinx : the trumpet in ancient Greek culture. Abstract The trumpet from the 5th century BC in ancient Greece, the salpinx, has been largely ignored in modern scholarship. My thesis begins with the origins and physical characteristics of the Greek trumpet, comparing trumpets from other ancient cultures. I then analyse the sounds made by the trumpet, and the emotions caused by these sounds, noting the growing sophistication of the language used by Greek authors. In particular, I highlight its distinctively Greek association with the human voice. I discuss the range of signals and instructions given by the trumpet on the battlefield, demonstrating a developing technical vocabulary in Greek historiography. In my final chapter, I examine the role of the trumpet in peacetime, playing its part in athletic competitions, sacrifice, ceremonies, entertainment and ritual. The thesis re-assesses and illustrates the significant and varied roles played by the trumpet in Greek culture. 3 Echoes of the salpinx : the trumpet in ancient Greek culture Title page page 1 Declaration of Authorship page 2 Abstract page 3 Table of Contents pages
    [Show full text]
  • Calendar of Roman Events
    Introduction Steve Worboys and I began this calendar in 1980 or 1981 when we discovered that the exact dates of many events survive from Roman antiquity, the most famous being the ides of March murder of Caesar. Flipping through a few books on Roman history revealed a handful of dates, and we believed that to fill every day of the year would certainly be impossible. From 1981 until 1989 I kept the calendar, adding dates as I ran across them. In 1989 I typed the list into the computer and we began again to plunder books and journals for dates, this time recording sources. Since then I have worked and reworked the Calendar, revising old entries and adding many, many more. The Roman Calendar The calendar was reformed twice, once by Caesar in 46 BC and later by Augustus in 8 BC. Each of these reforms is described in A. K. Michels’ book The Calendar of the Roman Republic. In an ordinary pre-Julian year, the number of days in each month was as follows: 29 January 31 May 29 September 28 February 29 June 31 October 31 March 31 Quintilis (July) 29 November 29 April 29 Sextilis (August) 29 December. The Romans did not number the days of the months consecutively. They reckoned backwards from three fixed points: The kalends, the nones, and the ides. The kalends is the first day of the month. For months with 31 days the nones fall on the 7th and the ides the 15th. For other months the nones fall on the 5th and the ides on the 13th.
    [Show full text]
  • Central Balkans Cradle of Aegean Culture
    ANTONIJE SHKOKLJEV SLAVE NIKOLOVSKI - KATIN PREHISTORY CENTRAL BALKANS CRADLE OF AEGEAN CULTURE Prehistory - Central Balkans Cradle of Aegean culture By Antonije Shkokljev Slave Nikolovski – Katin Translated from Macedonian to English and edited By Risto Stefov Prehistory - Central Balkans Cradle of Aegean culture Published by: Risto Stefov Publications [email protected] Toronto, Canada All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system without written consent from the author, except for the inclusion of brief and documented quotations in a review. Copyright 2013 by Antonije Shkokljev, Slave Nikolovski – Katin & Risto Stefov e-book edition 2 Index Index........................................................................................................3 COMMON HISTORY AND FUTURE ..................................................5 I - GEOGRAPHICAL CONFIGURATION OF THE BALKANS.........8 II - ARCHAEOLOGICAL DISCOVERIES .........................................10 III - EPISTEMOLOGY OF THE PANNONIAN ONOMASTICS.......11 IV - DEVELOPMENT OF PALEOGRAPHY IN THE BALKANS....33 V – THRACE ........................................................................................37 VI – PREHISTORIC MACEDONIA....................................................41 VII - THESSALY - PREHISTORIC AEOLIA.....................................62 VIII – EPIRUS – PELASGIAN TESPROTIA......................................69
    [Show full text]
  • The Impact of the Documentary Papyri from the Judaean Desert on the Study of Jewish History from 70 to 135 CE
    Hannah M. Cotton The Impact of the Documentary Papyri from the Judaean Desert on the Study of Jewish History from 70 to 135 CE We are now in possession of inventories of almost the entire corpus of documents discovered in the Judaean Desert1. Obviously the same cannot be said about the state of publication of the documents. We still lack a great many documents. I pro- pose to give here a short review of those finds which are relevant to the study of Jewish history between 70 and 135 CE. The survey will include the state of publi- cation of texts from each find2. After that an attempt will be made to draw some interim, and necessarily tentative, conclusions about the contribution that this fairly recent addition to the body of our evidence can make to the study of differ- ent aspects of Jewish history between 70 and 135 CE. This material can be divided into several groups: 1) The first documents came from the caves of Wadi Murabba'at in 1952. They were published without much delay in 19613. The collection consists of docu- ments written in Aramaic, Hebrew, Greek, Latin and Arabic, and contains, among 1 For a complete list till the Arab conquest see Hannah M. Cotton, Walter Cockle, Fergus Millar, The Papyrology of the Roman Near East: A Survey, in: JRS 85 (1995) 214-235, hence- forth Cotton, Cockle, Millar, Survey. A much shorter survey, restricted to the finds from the Judaean Desert, can be found in Hannah M. Cotton, s.v. Documentary Texts, in: Encyclo- pedia of the Dead Sea Scrolls, eds.
    [Show full text]