Developing Identities Within Roman Iberia: Hybridity, Urbanism, and Economics in Southern Iberia in the Second and First Centuries Bc
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DEVELOPING IDENTITIES WITHIN ROMAN IBERIA: HYBRIDITY, URBANISM, AND ECONOMICS IN SOUTHERN IBERIA IN THE SECOND AND FIRST CENTURIES BC BY PHILLIP JAMES MYERS A thesis submitted to the University of Birmingham for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department of Classics, Ancient History, and Archaeology School of History and Cultures College of Arts and Law University of Birmingham June 2016 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. ABSTRACT This thesis examines the development of identities within Iberia during the Roman conquest of the peninsula through the lens of cultural hybridism, urbanism and economic changes. The aim is to explore how local Iberian communities evolved culturally through centuries of pre-Roman contact, and how these interactions fuelled later adaptations to Roman rule. Iberian communities, within this context, did not simply ‘become Roman’ but many acculturation theories have struggled to create alternatives to the ‘Romanization’ model successfully. While ‘Romanization’ is clearly problematic, this thesis will challenge and adapt several acculturation models to explore the visibility of cultural hybridity within ‘Roman’ and Iberian communities, and alternatively suggest the emergence of a pan-Mediterranean cultural background. These theories will then be applied in four case studies of prominent cities in southern Iberia: Italica (Santiponce), Hispalis (Sevilla), Corduba (Cordoba), and Augusta Emerita (Merida). In each of these case studies the thesis will address aspects of acculturation seen in the urban and economic evidence at those sites. The conclusion of this thesis will indicate that, while further study should be conducted, a more flexible approach to cultural identity should be considered in light of the evidence presented in the case of the evidence seen in these four towns. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank the following individuals for their support during the writing of this thesis. First, to Dr. Gareth Sears, whose resolute support through difficult times empowered me through his sagely guidance to craft this thesis beyond that of what I could myself. Next, I would like to thank my partner, Amanda, for all her love and support that she selflessly gave, even though she herself had her own thesis to contend with. I would also like to thank the host of faculty who encouraged and supported me through the years: to Dr. Benedict Lowe, who first sparked my interest in Roman Spain and inspired me to pursue graduate studies; to Professor Mark Humphries of Swansea University, whose humour calmed frayed nerves and skill helped me to write elegantly; to Dr. Raymond Capra, whose conviviality opened doors to new opportunities; and to Christy Drake-Lowe for lending her skill in Latin to enhance my understanding of Roman life by evoking the colloquial and vivaciousness from literature; and above all these scholars have served as an exemplar of academic poise and professionalism befitting their position. To my colleagues at the Westmere, I owe a debt for your support and levity in dire times: Ruth Leger, Beth Spacey, Helen Coy, Bernadette McCooey, Ian Styler, Stephanie Appleton, Victoria Schuppert, Bob Brown, and Claire Chaucer. I also would thank Dante, who although is a cat, always listened when I tried to explain complex ideas, and without your relentless cuddles, no breaks would ever be had. Finally, I would give thanks to my parents, Rod and Joan, who supported me unwaveringly, when I moved to the other side of the world to pursue my doctorate, and neither questioned my ability, nor my determination. élite Table of Contents CHAPTER 1: IBERIA: THE LURE OF SILVER, LAND OF EXCHANGE .................................. 1 CHAPTER 2: ROMANIZATION AND HISTORIOGRAPHY ................................................... 22 2.1 DEFINING ‘ROMANIZATION’ .............................................................................................. 24 2.1.1 LITERARY BASIS OF ‘ROMANIZATION’ THEORY ....................................................... 27 2.1.2 FAILURES OF ‘ROMANIZATION’ THEORY .................................................................... 29 2.1.3 EVOLUTION OF ‘ROMANIZATION’ THEORY (1920-1960) .......................................... 30 2.1.4 REVOLUTION IN ‘ROMANIZATION’ THEORY (1970-1990) ........................................ 32 2.1.5 POST-COLONIALISM, NATIVISM, AND RESISTANCE: (1970 – 1990) ....................... 35 2.2 SURVIVING POST-COLONIALISM: EMERGENCE OF IDENTITY STUDIES: (1990- 2015) ................................................................................................................................................... 36 2.2.1 STRUCTURATION ................................................................................................................. 38 2.2.2 ‘DISCREPANT IDENTITY’.................................................................................................... 39 2.2.3 ‘CREOLIZATION’ .................................................................................................................. 41 2.2.4 BILINGUALISM ...................................................................................................................... 43 2.3 CONCEPTUAL CHALLENGES .............................................................................................. 45 2.3.1 ‘ROMANIZATION’ AND IDENTITY STUDIES IN SPAIN ............................................. 46 2.3.2 THE FUTURE OF ‘ROMANIZATION’ ............................................................................... 49 CHAPTER 3: PRE-ROMAN IBERIA ............................................................................................. 53 3.1 CHRONOLOGY OF IBERIAN INTERACTIONS ................................................................. 54 3.1.1 COLONIZATION VS. PRESENCE ....................................................................................... 56 3.2 THE GREEKS IN THE WEST ................................................................................................... 58 3.2.1 EMPORION ............................................................................................................................. 61 3.3 PHOENICIAN SETTLEMENT IN IBERIA ............................................................................. 68 3.3.1 GADIR ...................................................................................................................................... 71 3.3.2 TOSCANOS ............................................................................................................................. 84 3.3.3 CERRO DEL VILLAR ............................................................................................................. 88 3.3.4 CARTHAGE IN IBERIA: THE SIXTH CENTURY ‘CRISIS’ (C. 600-206) ........................ 91 3.4 IMPACT ON IBERIAN CULTURE .......................................................................................... 95 3.4.1 SCULPTURE .......................................................................................................................... 100 3.4.2 WRITING ............................................................................................................................... 105 CHAPTER 4: ROMAN IMPERIALISM ....................................................................................... 110 4.1 THE REPUBLICAN IMPERIUM ........................................................................................... 110 4.2 AN AGE OF EMPIRES: EARLY MODERN IMPERIALISM AND ROME ...................... 120 4.2.1 (R)EVOLUTIONS IN ROMAN IMPERIALISM STUDIES .............................................. 123 4.2.2 ‘ROMAN’ ECONOMICS ..................................................................................................... 128 PART II: THE CASE STUDIES ..................................................................................................... 138 CHAPTER 5: ITALICA (SANTIPONCE) & HISPALIS (SEVILLE) ......................................... 141 5.1 EARLY SETTLEMENT AT ITALICA .................................................................................... 144 5.1.1 THE ‘CAPITOLIUM’ ............................................................................................................ 147 5.1.2 TERRITORY OF ITALICA ................................................................................................... 153 5.1.3 ROMAN STATUS ................................................................................................................. 157 5.1.4 ROMAN PROPAGANDA AND COINAGE..................................................................... 159 5.2 ISPAL ......................................................................................................................................... 165 5.2.1 URBAN LANDSCAPE OF REPUBLICAN HISPALIS ..................................................... 175 5.2.2 REPUBLICAN HISPALIS: WALLS AND INTRAMURAL SPACE ............................... 176 5.3 ECONOMICS AND ACCULTURATION