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Leg n o TABLE OF CONTENTS o J r th itie Nigerian Pidgin and West African Pidgins: A Sociolinguistic Perspective SPECIAL EDITION 2012 Christine I.Ofulue…………….…………....…...................………..… 1 u of nal Human e s Edition Special 201 On the Origins of Locative for in West African Pidgin English: A Componential Approach Micah Corum ……………………………..........................………...….. 43 The Interaction of Declarative and Procedural Memory in the Process of Creolization:The Case of Sierra Leone Krio Malcolm Awadajin Finney……………………..................……...….. 83 L E G O N Establishing the Kromanti-Akan Link: Evidence from the Occurrence of Phonemic /r/ JOURNAL OF THE Audene S. Henry ……………………..........................…………...….119 H U M A N I T I E S A Question on the Superstrate and Substrate in Nigerian Pidgin Davidson U. Mbagwu and Cecilia A. Eme…..................................... 133 A Study of the History of Naijá Words David Oshorenoya Esizimetor ……...................................................... 149 .. Pidgin English in Ghanaian Churches George Frimpong Kodie……………..….........................……...…. 175 Pidgin, ‘Broken’ English and ‘Othering’ in Ghanaian Literature Kari Dako and Helen Yitah .................................................................. 200 A PUBLICATION OF THE FACULTY OF ARTS UNIVERSITY OF GHANA 2 Faculty of Arts, University of Ghana ISSN 0855—1502 LEGON JOURNAL OF THE HUMANITIES INFORMATION FOR CONTRIBUTORS SPECIAL EDITION 2012 CONTRIBUTORS Legon Journal of the Humanities is published once a year by the Faculty of Arts, University of Ghana. It publishes the following types of contributions: (1) general or technical articles in the fields Special Issue on Aspects of Creole and Pidgin Languages of research dealing with the humanities from scholars in all with Reference to West Africa, from Presentations at the countries and (2) review articles on new, particularly noteworthy SPCL Conference at the University of Ghana, Legon, books. The language of publication is English. August 2nd – 6 th 2011 MANUSCRIPT FORM Manuscripts should be typed double space (including endnotes, questions and reference list) on 8.5”x11” or A4 paper. An article GUEST EDITOR should not exceed 7,000 words. KARI DAKO SUBMISSION Articles should be submitted by email attachment to [email protected] addition, three copies of each article are to be submitted to: “The Editor, Legon Journal of theHumanities, EDITOR HELEN YITAH University of Ghana, Faculty of Arts, P.O. Box LG 69, Accra, Ghana.” ABSTRACT Each manuscript should be accompanied by an abstract of not more than 100 words. CITATIONS In the text, citation should take the following forms: (1) New Faculty of Arts, University of Ghana evidence can be found in Yeboah (1993); (2) Brown (1979) claims ISBN 0855-1502 that his theory marks a new era in social research; and (3) She argued for a new policy that will “promote the dignity of both men and women” (Agbo 1994: 17). Citations should be done in the text, not in the endnotes. ii | Legon Journal of the HUMANITIES Special Edition , 2012 NOTES EDITORIAL BOARD Notes commenting on or explaining points made in the text should Cephas Omenyo……………………… Chairman appear after the main text, not at the bottom of the page. They Helen A. Yitah………………………... Editor should be double-spaced. Nana Aba Amfo……………………..... Assistant Editor Joana Boampong................................... Member SYMBOLS Rosemary Amenga-Etego...................... Member Conventional, current type-faces are to be used. Special symbols G. N. Adam............................................ Member T. E. Andoh............................................ Member and diagrams should be avoided as much as possible. EDITORIAL ASSISTANT: Faustina Aba Koomson REFERENCES All works consulted should be listed at the end of each article INTERNATIONAL ADVISORY BOARD under the headline REFERENCES. Authors should be listed David Owusu-Ansah, James Madison University, U.S.A. alphabetically. The entries should consistently follow the Emmanuel K. Akyeampong, Harvard University, U.S.A. examples below: Laud Ato Quayson, University of Toronto, Canada Kachru, B.B. 1992. World Englishes: Approaches, issues and EDITORIAL CORRESPONDENCE resources. Language Teaching. 24: 1-14. Editorial correspondence should be addressed to: The Editor, Legon Journal of the Humanities, University of Ghana, Faculty of Sey, K.A. 1973. Ghanaian English. London: Macmillan. Arts, P. O. Box LG 69, Accra, Ghana. Email: [email protected] or [email protected] Yankah, K. 1995. Speaking for the Chief: The Politics of Akan Royal Oratory. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. SUBSCRIPTION INFORMATION Business correspondence should be addressed to: The Manager, AUTHOR IDENTIFICATION University Bookshop, P.O. Box LG 1, Accra, Ghana. Email: Each article should be accompanied by a separate sheet indicating [email protected] the title of the paper as well as the following information about the author: (1) full name (family name last), (2) institutional THE SUBSCRIPTION RATES ARE AS FOLLOWS: affiliation and (3) current status (e.g., Lecturer, Senior Lecturer, ? Professor, etc). Local…………………………………..... GH 5 Overseas For the purpose of blind reviews, the first page of each article Individuals…………………………….... US$ 30 (Airmail) should not bear the name of the author. Libraries & Institutions………………… US$ 40 (Airmail) Legon Journal of the HUMANITIES Special Edition , 2012 |iii iv| Legon Journal of the HUMANITIES Special Edition , 2012 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS PREFACE The editors would like to thank Professors John. F. Wiredu and This special issue of Legon Journal of the Humanities contains Dannabang Kuwabong as well as Ms Faustina Aba Koomson for papers presented at the SPCL (Society for Pidgin and Creole their help in making this special issue of Legon Journal of the Languages) conference held at the University of Ghana, Legon from 2nd to 6 th August 2011. We have selected papers that reflect Humanities possible. research into Pidgins and Creoles (PCs) with a focus on West Africa, and which reflect the spread of PC studies that pertain to this part of the world. We have arranged the articles into four broad subject areas, each with two submissions: The Common Features: Christine I. Ofulue; Micah Corum The Atlantic Connection: Malcolm Awadajin Finney; Audene S. Henry Nigeria: David Oshoenoya Esizimetor; D. Ugochukwu Mbagwu and Cecilia A. Eme Ghana: George Kodie Frimpong; Kari Dako and Helen Yitah To emphasize what the West African pidgins have in common, we have chosen to begin the volume with a sociolinguistic overview of the three major West African pidgins: the Ghanaian, the Nigerian and the Cameroonian, by Christine Ofulue. In our view this article sets the scene for the others in this volume. Ofulue’s is followed by Micah Corum’s study on the possible origins of the locative for in West African pidgins. The Atlantic connection is Legon Journal of the HUMANITIES Special Edition , 2012 |v vi| Legon Journal of the HUMANITIES Special Edition , 2012 demonstrated in Malcolm Awadajin Finney’s theoretical TABLE OF CONTENTS exposition on declarative and procedural memory in the process of creolization. This article is relevant as it deals with the Sierra Nigerian Pidgin and West African Pidgins: A Sociolinguistic Leone connection that brought the Atlantic creoles back to Africa Perspective whence they originated, and thus refertilized the West African Christine I. Ofulue…………….………….......…………..… 1 pidgins. Next is Audene Henry’s intriguing article on possible remaining traces of an Akan dialect among the Eastern Maroons in On the origins of locative for in West African Pidgin English: Jamaica. The next two articles deal with Nigerian pidgin. A componential approach Davidson Ugochuwu Mbagwu and Cecilia A. Eme’s collaborative Micah Corum ………………………...……………...….. 43 work is on the question of the superstrate and the substrate in Nigerian Pidgin, while David Oshorenoya Esizimetor’s article deals with the history of selected Naija words. Finally, in the two The interaction of declarative and procedural memory in the articles that deal with aspects of pidgin in Ghana, George Kodie process of creolization: The case of Sierra Leone Krio Frimpong looks at how gospel songs in Nigerian pidgin are Malcolm Awadajin Finney……………...……………...….. 83 finding their way into Ghanaian churches, while Kari Dako and Helen Yitah examine the way the pidgin speaker has been treated Establishing the Kromanti-Akan Link: Evidence from the in Ghanaian literature over the years. occurrence of phonemic /r/ Audene S. Henry ……………………....…………...….119 Kari Dako A question on the superstrate and substrate in Nigerian Pidgin Davidson U. Mbagwu and Cecilia A. Eme….............. 133 A study of the history of Naijá words David Oshorenoya Esizimetor ……............................. 149 .. Pidgin English in Ghanaian churches George Frimpong Kodie……………..…….....…...…. 175 Pidgin, ‘Broken’ English and ‘othering’ in Ghanaian literature Kari Dako and Helen Yitah ......................................... 200 Legon Journal of the HUMANITIES Special Edition , 2012 |vii viii| Legon Journal of the HUMANITIES Special Edition , 2012 Nigerian Pidgin and West African Pidgins: In West Africa, English pidgins and creoles are found from the A sociolinguistic perspective Gambia in the northwest to Cameroon in the southeast (Holm 1988: 406). The term ‘West African Pidgin English’ (WAPE) has 1 Christine I. Ofulue been used in the literature to refer to a variety of related pidgins ‘that range from rudimentary