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Map 14 Caesarodunum-Burdigala Compiled by R.W

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Map 14 Caesarodunum-Burdigala Compiled by R.W. Mathisen and H.S. Sivan, 1997 Introduction (also covering France on Map 25) A primary concern of both maps is to mark sites to which an ancient name attested up to the sixth century A.D. can justifiably be attached. Although there is evidence of commerce with the Greek and Etruscan worlds, the main focus here has to be on the Roman presence. For the earlier periods, very few place names are known, principally from Caesar, Strabo and Marcianus of Heraclea (in GGM I). For the Roman imperial period, many place names are provided by Pliny, ItAnt, TabPeut and inscriptions. It is not until the Late Roman period, however, that large numbers of them are attested, in sources ranging from the NotDig to church councils and Gregory of Tours. Indeed, from the sixth century onwards there is such a growth in the number of sources that only those of notable geographical importance–Gregory’s work in particular–can be reflected here. Saints’ lives and official documents could add quantities of further names. A great many of those attested only in the Late Roman period must in fact date back earlier too. No attempt has been made to re-create ancient names from modern ones, even though many modern place names ending in -iac, for example, clearly derive from Latin forerunners ending in -acum. The uneven pattern of identifiable ancient toponyms is balanced by a very extensive archaeological record. As a result, the number of sites marked with only modern names is considerable, comprising in particular settlements, villas for which a plan is available (or at least evidence of hypocausts), cemeteries and sanctuaries. Since the landscape in most areas offers so many archaeological sites, at this scale it is not possible to do more than create a representative picture encompassing what seems most significant. Hence there are many omissions of minor archaeological sites such as rural cemeteries, “working” villas, small isolated pagan sanctuaries and Christian churches, and lesser centers of pottery production. It should be recognized that many sites had multiple functions (road station and shrine, for example), even though they can only be marked with a single symbol here. Roads with courses that can be followed from itineraries and milestones are shown as major and certain. Others, whose existence is certain, but whose course remains to be accurately determined, are shown as approximate. Some changes to physical landscape cannot be shown at this scale, in particular the silting of the internal harbor of Bordeaux in the fifth and sixth centuries. It is not possible to do more than show the modern shoreline, although those stretches sure to have been different in antiquity are rendered as approximate. Although many river-names are known, it is seldom clear how far upstream a name applied. The ongoing CAG series is especially valuable for reference; unfortunately, not all the volumes cited in the Directory were available when the maps were being compiled. 200 MAP 14 CAESARODUNUM-BURDIGALA Directory All place names are in France Abbreviations BS Aquitaine Bilan Scientifique de la région Aquitaine,Paris BS Centre Bilan Scientifique de la région Centre,Paris BS Pays-Loire Bilan Scientifique de la région Pays de la Loire,Paris BS Midi-Pyrénées Bilan Scientifique de la région Midi-Pyrénées,Paris CAG 03 J. Corrocher, M. Piboule and M. Hilaire, Carte archéologique de la Gaule 03. L’Allier,Paris, 1989 CAG15 M.ProvostandP.Vallat,Carte archéologique de la Gaule 15. La Cantal,Paris,1996 CAG 16 C. Vernou, Carte archéologique de la Gaule 16. La Charente,Paris,1993 CAG 17/1 L. Maurin, Carte archéologique de la Gaule 17/1. La Charente-Maritime, Paris, 1999 CAG 18 J.-F. Chevrot and J. Troadec, Carte archéologique de la Gaule 18. Le Cher,Paris,1992 CAG 19 G. Lintz, Carte archéologique de la Gaule 19. La Corrèze, Paris, 1992 CAG 23 D. Dussot, Carte archéologique de la Gaule 23. La Creuse,Paris,1989 CAG 24/1 H. Gaillard, Carte archéologique de la Gaule 24/1. La Dordogne,Paris,1997 CAG 29 P. Galliou, Carte archéologique de la Gaule 29. Le Finistère,Paris,1989 CAG 33/1 H. Sion, Carte archéologique de la Gaule 33/1. La Gironde, Paris, 1994 CAG35 A.ProvostandG.Leroux,Carte archéologique de la Gaule 35. L’Ille-et-Vilaine,Paris,1990 CAG 36 G. Coulon and J. Holmgren, Carte archéologique de la Gaule 36. L’Indre, Paris, 1992 CAG 37 M. Provost, Carte archéologique de la Gaule 37. L’Indre-et-Loire,Paris,1988 CAG 40 B. Boyrie-Fénié, Carte archéologique de la Gaule 40. Les Landes,Paris,1994 CAG 41 M. Provost, Carte archéologique de la Gaule 41. Le Loir-et-Cher,Paris,1988 CAG 44 M. Provost, Carte archéologique de la Gaule 44. La Loire-Atlantique,Paris,1988 CAG 45 M. Provost, Carte archéologique de la Gaule 45. Le Loiret,Paris,1988 CAG 46 M. Labrousse and G. Mercadier, Carte archéologique de la Gaule 46. Le Lot,Paris,1990 CAG 47 B. Fages, Carte archéologique de la Gaule 47. Le Lot-et-Garonne,Paris,1995 CAG 48 D. Fabrié, Carte archéologique de la Gaule 48. La Lozère,Paris,1989 CAG 49 M. Provost, Carte archéologique de la Gaule 49. Le Maine-et-Loire,Paris,1988 CAG 53 J. Naveau, Carte archéologique de la Gaule 53. Le Mayenne,Paris,1992 CAG 58 H. Bigeard, Carte archéologique de la Gaule 58. La Nièvre,Paris,1996 CAG 63/1 M. Provost and C. Mennessier-Jouannet, Carte archéologique de la Gaule 63/1. Clermont-Ferrand,Paris,1994 CAG 63/2 M. Provost and C. Mennessier-Jouannet, Carte archéologique de la Gaule 63/2. Le Puy-de-Dôme,Paris,1994 CAG 79 J. Hiernard and D. Simon-Hiernard, Carte archéologique de la Gaule 79. Les Deux-Sèvres, Paris, 1996 CAG 81 Cm. départemental d’archéologie du Tarn, Carte archéologique de la Gaule 81. Le Tarn,Paris, 1995 CAG 85 M. Provost et al., Carte archéologique de la Gaule 85. La Vendée,Paris,1996 CAG 87 J. Perrier, Carte archéologique de la Gaule 87. La Haute-Vienne,Paris,1993 CAGR 9 M.E. Bonnet, Carte archéologique de la Gaule romaine, IX. Aveyron,Paris,1944 GAF Sanxay P. Aupert, Sanxay: un grand sanctuaire rural gallo-romain, Guide archéologique de la France 25, Sanxay, 1992 Indre-et-Loire C. Croubois, L’Indre-et-Loire. La Touraine des origines à nos jours, Saint-Jean d’Angély, 1982 MGH Concilia F. Maaßen (ed.), Concilia Aevi Merovingici, Monumenta Germaniae Historica: Leges III Concilia, vol. 1, Hannover, 1893. TIR Condate Tabula Imperii Romani M 30, Condate–Glevum–Londinium–Lutetia, London, 1983 TIR Lutetia Tabula Imperii Romani M 31, Lutetia–Atuatuca–Ulpia Noviomagus,Paris,1975 VDesiderii R. Poupardin (ed.), Vita Sancti Desiderii. La vie de Saint Didier évêque de Cahors (630-655), Paris, 1900 VEptadii B. Krusch (ed.), “Vita S. Eptadii presbyteri Cervidunensis,” in Scriptores Rerum Merovingicarum, vol. 3, Monumenta Germaniae Historica, pp. 186-94, Hannover, 1896. Villes Villes et agglomérations urbaines antiques du Sud-Ouest de la Gaule: histoire et archéologie. Deuxième colloque Aquitania, Bordeaux, 13-15 septembre, 1990, Aquitania suppl. 6, Bordeaux, 1992 MAP 14 CAESARODUNUM-BURDIGALA 201 Names Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference H2 Acitodunum RL Ahun CAG 23.1 I4 Ad Silanum RL Puech-Crémat-Bas, Cm. CAG 48.97 Nasbinals? F4 Aginnum RL Agen ItMiller 107; Baumont 1991, 12-29; Villes 9-11 G2 Alerta RL Ardentes CAG 36.10 F1 *Alingavia L Langeais? Weidemann 1982, 90, 92; CAG 37.158 E4 Alingo RL Langon CAG 33/1.255 G3 Ambaciacum RL Ambazac CAG 87.11 F1 *Ambiacum ACHRL Amboise Vieillard-Troiekouroff 1976.8; CAG 37.136 D1 Ambilatri? HR Duval 1955, 214 G2 Ambrault RL? Bedon 1984, 61; CAG 36.124 D2 Anagnutes HR Duval 1955, 214-15 G2 *Andecamulum RL Rancon CAG 87.47 E1 Andecavi HRL NPauly I4 Anderitum See Map 17 F3 Andone HRL Cm. Villejoubert CAG 16.308 G1 Anger? fl. L Indre RE; Moreau 1983, 131 G4 Anglares L Anglars? VDesiderii 9(17); CAG 46.214 D3 Antros? Ins. RL Phare-de-Courdouan Mela 3.22; Tassaux 1975, 31 H2 Aquae Neri/ HRL Néris-les-Bains Desnoyers 1978; CAG 03.311 *Neriomagus I2 Aquae Calidae RL Vichy CAG 03.306 F3 Aquitania HRL Aquitaine Etienne 1973; NPauly C2 Aquitanicus Sinus RL Bay of Biscay RE D2 Arbatilicum L Herbauge Weidemann 1982, 89 E3 Les Arènes RL Cm. Thénac PECS Thénac; CAG 17/1.444 G3 Argenta RL Longour, Cm. Argentat CAG 19.2 G2 *Argentomagus RL Argenton-St-Marcel ItMiller 116; CAG 36.22 H4 Aron RL Cm. Aurillac CAG 15, pp. 74-77 E1 Arouioi? H?R Ptol. 2.8.6 I2 Arthona HRL Artonne Weidemann 1982, 85; CAG 63/2.012 D1 Arthon-en-Retz RL CAG 44.48 H3 Arverni See Map 17 A3 Atlanticus Oceanus See Map 1 G3 Attanum RL St-Yrieix-la-Perche CAG 87.191 E2 Au(n)edonnacum RL Aulnay Villes 36-40; CAG 17/1.024 G4 Auciago L Auzac, Cm. St-Projet? VDesiderii 9(17) I3 Augustonemetum RL Clermont-Ferrand CAG 63/1 § Civitas Arvernorum § Augusta Arvernorum G3 Augustoritum RL Limoges CAG 87.80; Bedon 1995; NPauly F1 Aulerci Cenomani HRL TIR Lutetia 36; NPauly E3 Aumagne R?L CAG 17/1.025 I1 Autessiodurum RL Auxerre ItMiller 93; PECS; NPauly § Civitas Autissiodorensis H1 Avaricum/ HRL/ Bourges CAG 18.038 Biturigae R?L G4 Avario fl. L Aveyron Venantius Fortunatus, Vita Amantii 3(19) H1 Les Averdines RL? Bedon 1984, 61 H3 Avitacum L Aydat CAG 63/2.026 G2 Azat-le-Ris H?R CAG 87.50 F1 *Balatedinis? RL Ballan-Miré Weidemann 1982, 90; CAG 37.128 I4 Banassac RL CAG 48.22 I1 ‘Bandritum’ R?L Bassou ItMiller 92-93; RE H1 Baugy RL CAG 18.022 D2 Becciacum L Bessay? Vieillard-Troiekouroff 1976.33; Weidemann 1982, 89; CAG 85.023 202 MAP 14 CAESARODUNUM-BURDIGALA Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference H1 Belca RL Biauche, Cm.
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    A Genetic Signal of Central European Celtic Ancestry: Preliminary Research Concerning Y-Chromosomal Marker S28 (Part 2) Hallstatt Culture: 720 to 600 BC and 600 BC to 480 BC (Ha C and D) This interval represents a time of major changes in Europe, in the regions once characterized by the Pfyn and related cultures with roots extending back to the Neolithic, and the Urnfield groups which would morph into the peoples of the Hallstatt tradition with their characteristic elite burials. Artist rendition of typical rich Hallstatt inhumation burials Kristiansen (1998) proposes that the movement of Hallstatt C warrior elite spread across Central and Western Europe, at a time when trade routes to the north diminished. However those in the eastern tier maintained links to the Lusatian culture and the Baltic regions, with a continued emphasis on trade in amber and mining of salt in the immediate surrounds of Hallstatt in Austria. Hallstatt is actually at the southeastern tip of what was a very large oval shaped territory with the center of gravity northwest of the Alps. In Reinecke’s system of dating, this period is known as Hallstatt C and D. Hallstatt C (earliest phase) is characterized by rich horse and wagon burials (containing ornate horse tack) and includes the region from western Hungary to the Upper Danube. Hallstatt D is represented by a chiefdom zone and elite burials further to the west, with settlements concentrated near the headwaters of every major river from the Loire, to the Seine, Rhone, Rhine and Danube. The geographical re-alignment was likely a function of the establishment of a Greek (Phoecian) trading center in Massilia (Marseilles), circa 600 BC.
  • Kings of the World

    Kings of the World

    BITURIGES – Kings of the World ‘These men also he sent back, calling them friends, and ranking them as allies, only adding the remark that the Celts were braggarts’. (Arrianus. The Anabasis of Alexander (4) While many attributes have been associated with the Ancient Celts, modesty is certainly not one of them. From their very first appearance in recorded history classical authors note their tendency for exaggeration and boasting. In 335 BC a Celtic delegation met with Alexander the Great on the Danube during armistice and alliance negotiations. Of this encounter we are informed - ‘And Ptolemaeus, the son of Lagus, says that on this expedition the Celti who lived about the Adriatic joined Alexander for the sake of establishing friendship and hospitality, and that the king received them kindly and asked them when drinking what it was that they most feared, thinking they would say himself, but that they replied they feared no one, unless it were that Heaven might fall on them’ (Strabo vii, 3,8; see also Arrianus Anab. I, 4, 6-8). This supreme self-confidence is duly reflected in Celtic personal and tribal names, which tend to be particularly descriptive. Compare, for example, names such as Esumaro meaning 'He Who Is Great As (the God) Esus' (Ellis Evans (1967) = GPN – p. 449-450), Atepomarus - ‘He Who Has A Very Great Horse’ (GPN 52-53), Branogeni - ‘He Who Is Born of the Raven’ (McManus/1991:105), Cunorix = ‘The Hound-King’ (Wright/Jackson 1968), Sumeli (f.) – ‘Sweet as Honey’ (GPN:114-116; Matasovic 2009 = EDPC:163) or Catumarus (EDPC:195), whose name means ‘He Who Is Great in Battle’.