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From Morality to Medical Danger: Anti FROM MORALITY TO Abstract MEDICAL DANGER: ANTI- VIVISECTIONISM IN THE The trajectory of the ideological-literary NOVELS OF THREE LATE- anti-vivisection movement is traced across TH three successive English novels (by Wilkie VICTORIAN/EARLY 20 - Collins, Gertrude Colmore, and Walter 1 CENTURY WRITERS Hadwen) and shown first to be morality- centred and character-focussed in its 2 directionality, but increasingly moving Tony Page towards scientific exposure of the practice as methodologically flawed and dangerously misleading for the human patient. This movement of narrowing focus upon the medical perils of vivisection is shown to reach its culmination in the ก ( Wilkie Collins, medical historiography of novelist Hans Gertrude Colmore Walter Hadwen) ก Ruesch, who abjures formal novel-writing but retains rhetorical and literary styles กก and devices in his presentation of the กกกก vivisection issue. ก ก กก Introduction กก In the past two decades, much revealing research has been carried out on the theme of vivisection in Victorian and early 20th- กก century English literature. Studies have กก tackled such topics as the symbolic parallelism between the vivisected animal ก Hans Ruesch and the vilified female form3; the unease กก felt by Victorians towards their changing world and the symbolic expression of that ก ก unease through the pains engendered in กกก 3 Susan Hamilton perceptively writes: ‘… in the process of the sexualizing of vivisection, a conflation appears to take place between the act of vivisection itself and the object of vivisection: the vivisected animal body. As the result of this conflation, the vivisected body is simultaneously 1 กก:กก constructed as ‘sexual’ and ‘obscene’ ‘ Susan ก/ Hamilton, ‘ “Still Lives”: Gender and the Literature of the Victorian Vivisection 20 Controversy’ in Victorian Studies Association 2 ( ) Lecturer, School of Humanities, of Western Canada, Vol. 17, No. 2 (Winter Bangkok University, Bangkok, Thailand 1991), p.33. Downloaded from Brill.com09/25/2021 05:04:11PM via free access MANUSYA: Journal of Humanities Regular 18.1, 2015 the vivisection laboratory, and vivisection Heart and Science: The ‘as a metaphor for the human condition’ Predominantly Moral Focus (in the excellent Otis 2007: 47); the subtle re-enactment of a harmless form of The plot of Collins’s novel may very vivisection in the ‘tickling’ of the reader’s briefly be outlined as follows: a young, nerves in anti-vivisectionist ‘sensation’ overworked medical doctor named Ovid literature (Straley 2010); the familiarizing Vere—soon to leave England for a of the non-scientific general public with recuperative stay in Canada—meets and the reading of scientific journals in the falls in love with a distant relative of his, quest to expose the horrors of vivisection Carmina Graywell, who comes to stay at (Hamilton 2010); and how literature the London house of Ovid’s scheming and became used as a vehicle for the avaricious mother, Mrs. Gallilee. While mobilisation of an animal-defence agenda Ovid is away in Canada, Carmina is (Li 2006). treated badly by Mrs. Gallilee, falls ill and is deliberately rendered no genuine What has largely gone unexplored, medical assistance by a family however, is the changing focus of the acquaintance, Dr. Nathan Benjulia—a ideological literary struggle against keen vivisectionist who has been laboring vivisection as that struggle moved from for many years to understand brain disease almost total concern with moral issues and who now wishes to observe the towards a major critical questioning of the progress of Carmina’s illness in order to medico-scientific value and justification of write up in medical journals what he has the vivisection enterprise as a putative gleaned from such observation. Finally, means of understanding the aetiology and getting word from little Zo (Ovid’s treatment of human disease. charming young half-sister), Ovid returns to England with a cure for Carmina’s The present study seeks to trace the illness which he has discovered in Canada trajectory of literary engagement with without resorting to vivisectionist means. vivisection as perceived as first moral and Dr. Benjulia, disenchanted, releases his then increasingly medico-scientific laboratory animals and commits suicide. aberration, and exemplified in three major Ovid and Carmina marry. anti-vivisection novels by Victorian writers (although two of those authors th Collins’s subtitle for his anti-vivisection were writing into the early 20 century), novel runs: ‘A Story of the Present Time’. culminating in the renunciation of novel- th His work implicitly seeks to take a writing by the late-20 -century novelist, snapshot of what was occurring and being Hans Ruesch, in favour of a wholly discussed in relation to vivisection at the medical / scientific, yet rhetorically time of his novel’s composition framed, focus on the vivisection issue. (1882/1883). It is indeed symptomatic of that time that very little, if anything, was Our exploration begins with Wilkie said of the dangers for human physical Collins, one of the first celebrated health consequent upon the vivisection Victorian authors to tackle the vivisection methodology as a tool in medical research. question in novel form—in his ‘character Strictures against vivisection as a novel’, Heart and Science. collection of scientifically aberrant and potentially misleading medical 94 Downloaded from Brill.com09/25/2021 05:04:11PM via free access From Morality to Medical Danger investigative processes were to come later total abolition of the practice. She did not –and in incremental increase—in anti- base her opposition to vivisection on any vivisection literature, as shall be shown. claims of its unscientific nature, but on its cruelty, and the immorality and injustice it Collins’s bi-partite ‘Preface’ divides itself represented in man’s striving for improved neatly first into moral and then scientific health at the expense of suffering animals. concerns (the ‘Heart’ and ‘Science’ of the In 1891 she deploringly wrote: title). ‘Readers in general’ are told that the pre-eminent characteristics of novels The most portentous fact which find favour with the readership are concerning Vivisection is not that those centring upon character and humour, it is a cruel practice; but that it is a and which ‘enlarge the circle of [the justified cruelty … To contend reader’s] friends’ (Collins 1996: 37). This against Vivisection is, then, to is significant, as it indicates that within contend … against those besetting Collins’s moral purview, even so dark a sins of the age of which it is the character as his creation, the vivisector, outcome—selfishness, and Dr. Nathan Benjulia, should not be cowardice …’ (Cobbe 2004: 369 excluded from the circle of the reader’s and 371). ‘friends’: even such an animal experimenter is (or should be) within the It is in keeping with this prevailing tenor pale of the reader’s compassion, and of moral opposition to vivisection that should not be placed in a realm beyond Collins’s novel has little to say on the moral redemption. medical inutility of the practice. When he does address the scientific aspect in his The Preface then quotes Walter Scott Preface (directed now at ‘readers in (echoing Shakespeare’s Cymbeline) on the particular’), it is only to reassure his more ‘hardening of the heart’ that can ensue sceptical readership that his information from extreme scientific practice, and derives from scientific sources and is not further quotes Faraday on the need for the wilful product of his own imagination. man to display humility in the exercising He also mentions the ambiguity that can of his judgement. Both commentaries accompany certain vivisectional findings focus on the moral dimension of man’s in regard to the causes and results of brain engagement with the world, rather than on lesions, for instance—but this is little more the scientific efficacy of any techniques than a passing remark by Collins and is man might employ. This moral focus sets not expanded upon either in the Preface or the predominant tone for the whole of substantially in the novel itself. Collins’s Heart and Science in relation to the chief novelistic concern remains the subject of vivisection. delineation of character in relation to natural morality. It might be germane to advert briefly to the ideological context in which Collins The novel itself is launched with the was writing: for some years, the feminist, recurrent motifs of malady, malaise Frances Power Cobbe (with whom Collins (physical, mental and moral) and abuse of communicated on the vivisection nature: not only is the protagonist, Ovid question), had been Britain’s leading anti- Vere, one who has ‘cruelly wearied’ his vivisection campaigner, calling for the brain (Collins 1996: 45), one who has 95 Downloaded from Brill.com09/25/2021 05:04:11PM via free access MANUSYA: Journal of Humanities Regular 18.1, 2015 ‘overwrought Nature’ (ibid) and now How sweet his music! on my life, stands in need of inner restoration; not There’s more of wisdom in it. only is his restive mother, Mrs. Gallilee, (Wordsworth 2014: 107) ‘in a state of indescribable agitation’ (Collins 1996: 47), but the very century Animals can further teach the avoidance of itself is described as ‘weary’ and ‘old’ excessive, debilitating labour, and the (Collins 1996: 45). The impression is resultant happiness. As Ovid’s friend and generated of a people and time enfeebled colleague, Sir Richard, comments, echoing and in a state of enervated disharmony Wordsworth’s dictum of ‘Let nature be with nature. your teacher’ (Wordsworth 2014: 107): ‘Look at my wise dog here, on the front A subtle imagistic link is also established seat, and learn from him to be idle and between Ovid Vere, the seemingly moral happy.’ (Collins 1996: 47). Man has to and blameless hero of the novel, and the learn to open his heart to the lessons and later ‘villain’, Dr.
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