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The Regime Change Consensus: Iraq in American Politics, 1990-2003
THE REGIME CHANGE CONSENSUS: IRAQ IN AMERICAN POLITICS, 1990-2003 Joseph Stieb A dissertation submitted to the faculty at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of History in the College of Arts and Sciences. Chapel Hill 2019 Approved by: Wayne Lee Michael Morgan Benjamin Waterhouse Daniel Bolger Hal Brands ©2019 Joseph David Stieb ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT Joseph David Stieb: The Regime Change Consensus: Iraq in American Politics, 1990-2003 (Under the direction of Wayne Lee) This study examines the containment policy that the United States and its allies imposed on Iraq after the 1991 Gulf War and argues for a new understanding of why the United States invaded Iraq in 2003. At the core of this story is a political puzzle: Why did a largely successful policy that mostly stripped Iraq of its unconventional weapons lose support in American politics to the point that the policy itself became less effective? I argue that, within intellectual and policymaking circles, a claim steadily emerged that the only solution to the Iraqi threat was regime change and democratization. While this “regime change consensus” was not part of the original containment policy, a cohort of intellectuals and policymakers assembled political support for the idea that Saddam’s personality and the totalitarian nature of the Baathist regime made Iraq uniquely immune to “management” strategies like containment. The entrenchment of this consensus before 9/11 helps explain why so many politicians, policymakers, and intellectuals rejected containment after 9/11 and embraced regime change and invasion. -
The 1967 Arab-Israeli War Origins and Consequences
The 1967 Arab-Israeli War Origins and Consequences The June 1967 War was a watershed moment in the history of the mod- ern Middle East. In six days, the Israelis defeated the Arab armies of Egypt, Syria, and Jordan and seized large portions of territory includ- ing the West Bank, East Jerusalem, the Gaza Strip, the Sinai Peninsula, and the Golan Heights. With the hindsight of four decades and access to recently declassified documents, two veteran scholars of the Middle East bring together some of the most knowledgeable experts in their fields to reassess the origins of the war and its regional reverberations. Each chapter takes a different perspective from the vantage point of a different participant, those that actually took part in the war, and the world powers – the United States, Soviet Union, Britain, and France – that played important roles behind the scenes. Their conclusions make for sober reading. At the heart of the story was the incompetence of the Egyptian high command under the leadership of Gamal Abdel Nasser and the rivalry between various Arab players who were deeply suspi- cious of each other’s motives. Israel, on the other side, gained a resound- ing victory for which, despite previous assessments to the contrary, there was no master plan. Wm. Roger Louis is the Kerr Professor of English History and Cul- ture at the University of Texas at Austin and Honorary Fellow of St. Antony’s College, Oxford. A past President of the American His- torical Association, he is the editor-in-chief of The Oxford History of the British Empire. -
Guide to the Path To
TEACHER’S GUIDE TO ACCOMPANY THE HBO FILM PATH TO WAR DEVELOPED BY TIME LEARNING VENTURES How the U.S. In This Guide • Advising the Became Embroiled President • TIME Capsules: 1965 and 1968 • Resources for In the Vietnam War Further Exploration “They only advised you, Mr. President. You decided. Against all your natural instincts, against the whole Domestic vs. foreign priorities of your life experience, you decided.” What were President Johnson’s hopes and —Secretary of Defense Clark Clifford speaking to L.B.J. about dreams for the U.S. domestic agenda? U.S. policy on Vietnam, in a scene from Path To War Which of these did he achieve? Which were overshadowed by the war effort? Why? he Vietnam War was a turning Candidate and Reindeer Games), Path To L.B.J.’s handling of the war point in American history: it not War stars Michael Gambon as L.B.J., Donald How did L.B.J. “sell” the Vietnam conflict to only marked the first defeat for Sutherland as Clark Clifford and Alec Bald- the American people? To members of Con- the U.S. military, but it also win as Robert McNamara; its running time gress? To himself? What limits did L.B.J. signaled a transformation in the is 2 hours, 45 minutes. As students watch impose on U.S. troops in Vietnam? Why? relationship between citizens the film, encourage them to take notes in Tand government. In the HBO film Path To answer to the following questions: At what The anti-war movement War, students can witness firsthand the moments in the film does U.S. -
Tragedy Or Choice in Vietnam? Learning to Think Outside The
Tragedy or Choice in John Garofano Vietnam? Learning to Think Outside the Archival Box A Review Essay Lawrence Freedman, Kennedy’s Wars: Berlin, Cuba, Laos, and Vietnam. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000. David Kaiser, American Tragedy: Kennedy, Johnson, and the Origins ofthe Vietnam War. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2000. Fredrik Logevall, Choosing War: The Lost Chance for Peace and the Escalation of War in Vietnam. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999. In 1965, the United States launched a major air and ground war on behalf of a weak ally against an experienced and committed enemy. Policymakers understood that domestic support would not last forever and would likely decrease as casualties mounted. War games and simulations had suggested that Washington might end up isolated internationally. Yet the nation embarked on a war that reduced U.S. power and prestige, claimed the lives of some 58,000 of its citizens, and led to a skepticism of limited war that still shapes civil-military relations and foreignTragedy or Choice in Vietnam? policy today. Given the risks and uncertainties, why did the United States go to war in Vietnam? After three decades there still is no consensus on this or any number of other basic questions regarding U.S. policy. The exchanges that followed U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara’s conditional apologia in 1995 demonstrated that neither a central architect nor his critics could agree on 1 whether the war was inevitable or winnable. In 2001, on the thirtieth anniver- John Garofano is a Senior Fellow in the International Security Program at the Robert and Renée Belfer Cen- ter for Science and International Affairs, John F. -
Pernicious Parallels
book essay US war policy from Vietnam to Afghanistan Pernicious parallels The United States’ protracted fight against insurgencies in Iraq and Afghanistan have raised the spectre of the Vietnam war. Mariano Aguirre reviews recent literature on US wartime policies from Vietnam to Iraq and Afghanistan. here are remarkable parallels between the US • Washington Rules. America’s Path to Permanent War, by Andrew J. T government’s wartime policies over the past 40 years. Bacevich. Metropolitan Books, 2010, 304 pp. Leaders in Washington faced very different conflict • Lessons in Disaster. McGeorge Bundy and the Path to War in Vietnam, situations throughout that period, spanning US involvement by Gordon M. Goldstein. Times Books, 2008, 320 pp. in Vietnam, Iraq and Afghanistan. But ironically, they seem • War Without Fronts. The USA in Vietnam, by Bernard Greiner. Yale to be repeating their mistakes, based on similar ideological University Press, 2009, 518 pp. (Originally published in Germany as assumptions. The wars in Iraq and Afghanistan are dragging Krieg ohne Fronten: Die USA in Vietnam by Hamburger Edition). on, and massive military spending to fight what many argue • Obama’s Wars. The Inside Story, by Bob Woodward. Simon & Schuster, are unwinnable guerrilla insurgencies are undermining the 2010, 464 pp. legitimacy of the United States as a superpower and exposing the limits of its military might and economic affluence. Four recent books examine America’s ‘path to permanent the actors and their interests. Corporations have a profit war’, as Andrew J. Bacevich subtitles his 2010 book motive in selling weapons but have to persuade Congress to Washington Rules, and show how it has been a decisive factor free funds for that purpose. -
Congressional Record United States Th of America PROCEEDINGS and DEBATES of the 116 CONGRESS, SECOND SESSION
E PL UR UM IB N U U S Congressional Record United States th of America PROCEEDINGS AND DEBATES OF THE 116 CONGRESS, SECOND SESSION Vol. 166 WASHINGTON, WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 12, 2020 No. 29 Senate The Senate met at 9:30 a.m. and was I am dedicated to keeping weapons Army leadership to select Fort Knox called to order by the President pro from dangerous people. That is why I for this new corps headquarters, and, tempore (Mr. GRASSLEY). have introduced the EAGLES Act over obviously, we think they made a great f the past 2 years. This bipartisan, bi- choice. cameral bill reauthorizes and expands Now Fifth Corps will join the eight PRAYER the leading center in threat assessment commands already stationed there, in- The Chaplain, Dr. Barry C. Black, of- and prevention. This bill is a tribute to cluding the Army’s Human Resources, fered the following prayer: the victims and the families. Recruiting, and Cadet Commands. I Let us pray. Also, the Justice Department still have worked for years to help ensure O God, who sustains our universe by hasn’t provided to Congress its report that Fort Knox receives the national Your boundless power, preserve our on the shooting. I hope the Department attention that it deserves. Senators with Your goodness, and rule of Justice will get off the stick. It owes It is really great to see the Army them with Your justice. Lord, we cast it to the families to get this report agrees that its high-quality facilities ourselves entirely upon Your faithful- done. -
Congressional Record United States Th of America PROCEEDINGS and DEBATES of the 114 CONGRESS, FIRST SESSION
E PL UR UM IB N U U S Congressional Record United States th of America PROCEEDINGS AND DEBATES OF THE 114 CONGRESS, FIRST SESSION Vol. 161 WASHINGTON, THURSDAY, SEPTEMBER 10, 2015 No. 130 House of Representatives The House met at 10 a.m. and was It is hard to believe that so many WILDFIRES called to order by the Speaker pro tem- years have passed since the tragic The SPEAKER pro tempore. The pore (Mr. YOUNG of Iowa). events of 9/11, since the sadness and Chair recognizes the gentleman from f loss are so fresh for many throughout Oregon (Mr. BLUMENAUER) for 5 min- this Nation. DESIGNATION OF SPEAKER PRO utes. TEMPORE The attacks on the World Trade Cen- Mr. BLUMENAUER. Mr. Speaker, I ter, the Pentagon, and my home State concluded my summer tour of Oregon The SPEAKER pro tempore laid be- of Pennsylvania stand as the most cow- at the fire control center on the Warm fore the House the following commu- ardly and senseless acts of terrorism Springs Indian reservation. nication from the Speaker: ever perpetrated against the United Summer was an amazing time in my WASHINGTON, DC, States and its citizens. State. Smoke enveloped downtown September 10, 2015. My family and I continue to sol- Portland and drifted all the way for 270 I hereby appoint the Honorable DAVID emnly offer our thoughts and prayers miles to the south in Medford. As I YOUNG to act as Speaker pro tempore on this day. for those who were impacted that day. drove past, into central Oregon, the JOHN A. -
Fame, the Founding, and the Power to Declare War
Georgetown University Law Center Scholarship @ GEORGETOWN LAW 1997 Fame, the Founding, and the Power to Declare War William Michael Treanor Georgetown University Law Center, [email protected] This paper can be downloaded free of charge from: https://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/facpub/1044 82 Cornell L. Rev. 695-772 (1997) This open-access article is brought to you by the Georgetown Law Library. Posted with permission of the author. Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/facpub Part of the Constitutional Law Commons, International Law Commons, and the Military, War, and Peace Commons FAME, THE FOUNDING, AND THE POWER TO DECLARE WAR William Michael Treanor!" Almost without discussion, and essentially without opposition, the Framers and Ratifiers of the United States Constitution vested in Con gress the "Power ... To declare War, [and] grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal." 1 During the past fifty years, one of the fiercest contro versies in constitutional law has concerned what the Founders meant by this grant. It is a debate that has had, and that continues to have, dramatic importance. When Presidents committed troops or pre pared to commit ~oops in Korea, Vietnam, Grenada, Panama, Iraq, Somalia, Haiti, and, most recently, Bosnia, they claimed that the Con stitution did not require them to seek explicit congressional approval for their actions. In each instance, critics proclaimed the Presidents' actions unconstitutional.2 When Congress sought to control presiden tial warmaking by passing the War Powers Act of 1973,3 defenders of the statute declared that it simply tracked the War Powers Clause. -
Berlin & the Origins of Detente
Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 2010 Berlin & the Origins of Detente: multilateral & bilateral negotiations in the Berlin Crisis, 1958-1963 Richard Dean Williamson Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Williamson, Richard Dean, "Berlin & the Origins of Detente: multilateral & bilateral negotiations in the Berlin Crisis, 1958-1963" (2010). LSU Doctoral Dissertations. 3908. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations/3908 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please [email protected]. BERLIN & THE ORIGINS OF DETENTE: MULTILATERAL & BILATERAL NEGOTIATIONS IN THE BERLIN CRISIS, 1958-1963 A Dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of History by Richard D. Williamson B.A., University of New Orleans, 1990 M.F.A. University of New Orleans, 1993 M.A, University of New Orleans, 2006 December 2010 Preface I became interested in a longer range interpretation of the Berlin crisis while researching a seminar paper for Dr. Guenter Bischof at the University of New Orleans. I was familiar with the Wall and the Airlift, but hadn‟t understood that the crisis began in 1958 with Nikita Khrushchev‟s demands for a „free city‟ (without Western troops) and a German peace treaty. -
Lyndon Johnson: a Psychological Character Study Stephanie L
Union College Union | Digital Works Honors Theses Student Work 6-2011 Lyndon Johnson: A Psychological Character Study Stephanie L. Vacchio Union College - Schenectady, NY Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalworks.union.edu/theses Part of the American Politics Commons, Political History Commons, and the President/ Executive Department Commons Recommended Citation Vacchio, Stephanie L., "Lyndon Johnson: A Psychological Character Study" (2011). Honors Theses. 1083. https://digitalworks.union.edu/theses/1083 This Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Work at Union | Digital Works. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of Union | Digital Works. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Lyndon Johnson: A Psychological Character Study By Stephanie L. Vacchio * * * * * * * * * Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Honors in the Departme nt of Political Science UNION COLLE GE June, 2011 1 ABSTRACT VACCHIO, STEPHANIE Lyndon Johnson: A Psychological Character Study. Department of Political Science, March 2011. ADVISOR: Clifford Brown Thesis: Lyndon Johnson’s childhood had a direct and significant impact on his leadership style while President. This thesis centers on Lyndon Johnson and his character traits and how they are translated into his leadership abilities. The ways in which he handled issues as president, his personal relationships with others, and his own personality traits all define who Johnson was as a man. These aspects combined can be viewed as “character”, or the result of the environment someone has been exposed to for a prolonged period of time. In the case of Johnson, it is his childhood that has played the largest role in shaping his character and in turn his personality. -
Tragedy Or Choice in Vietnam? Learning to Think Outside The
Tragedy or Choice in John Garofano Vietnam? Learning to Think Outside the Archival Box A Review Essay Lawrence Freedman, Kennedy’s Wars: Berlin, Cuba, Laos, and Vietnam. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000. David Kaiser, American Tragedy: Kennedy, Johnson, and the Origins ofthe Vietnam War. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2000. Fredrik Logevall, Choosing War: The Lost Chance for Peace and the Escalation of War in Vietnam. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999. In 1965, the United States launched a major air and ground war on behalf of a weak ally against an experienced and committed enemy. Policymakers understood that domestic support would not last forever and would likely decrease as casualties mounted. War games and simulations had suggested that Washington might end up isolated internationally. Yet the nation embarked on a war that reduced U.S. power and prestige, claimed the lives of some 58,000 of its citizens, and led to a skepticism of limited war that still shapes civil-military relations and foreignTragedy or Choice in Vietnam? policy today. Given the risks and uncertainties, why did the United States go to war in Vietnam? After three decades there still is no consensus on this or any number of other basic questions regarding U.S. policy. The exchanges that followed U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara’s conditional apologia in 1995 demonstrated that neither a central architect nor his critics could agree on 1 whether the war was inevitable or winnable. In 2001, on the thirtieth anniver- John Garofano is a Senior Fellow in the International Security Program at the Robert and Renée Belfer Cen- ter for Science and International Affairs, John F. -
Why Congress Passed the Tonkin Gulfresolution Karen Elise Schwindt 9 June 2009 Politic
Schwindt, 1 The Obligation for Patriotism: Why Congress Passed the Tonkin GulfResolution Karen Elise Schwindt 9 June 2009 Political Science 479, Spring Tenn Professor Jane Cramer "The Resolution will pass, and the Senators who vote for it will live to regret it." - Senator Wayne Morse Schwindt, 2 Table of Contents 1. Timeline 1 2. Map: Military Map ofVietnam iii Includes cities ofHanoi, Haiphong (North Vietnam) and cities ofHue, Saigon (South Vietnam). Also, the 1i h Parallel and GulfofTonkin Incidents 3. Map: Incidents in the GulfofTonkin iv Includes August 2nd attack, "August 4th attack," as well as the route assigned to the USS Maddox by the Department ofDefense 4. The Truth ofTonkin: Historical Account ofthe Incidents in the Tonkin Gulf and the resulting Tonkin GulfResolution v 5. The Obligation/or Patriotism: Why Congress Passed the Tonkin Gulf Resolution p. 1 a. Two Competing Theories: Congress Was Tricked Hypothesis p. 3 i. Three Key Figures 1. LYNDON B. JOHNSON p. 4 2. SECRETARY OF DEFENSE ROBERT MCNAMARA p. 7 3. J. WILLIAM FULBRIGHT p. 10 ii. Personal Accounts ofMilitary Personnel 1. DEPUTY ASSISTANT FOR VIETNAM AL FRIEDMAN p. 12 2. U.S. NAVY COMMANDER JAMES STOCKDALE p. 12 3. U.S. NAVAL TASK GROUP COMMANDER CAPTAIN HERRICK .... p. 13 4. DOUBT OF AUGUST 4TH ATTACKS MADE PUBLIC p. 15 111. Political Disclaimers p. 17 b. The Obligation For Patriotism Hypothesis p. 18 i. The Perceived National Crisis 1. APPEARING UNANIMOUS p. 20 2. RALLY-ROUND-THE-FLAG p. 22 ii. The 1964 Election - -_ .. ----------- Schwindt, 3 1. THE PERCEIVED NATIONAL CRISIS p.