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The USSR and the Cold War J Access to History for the IB Diploma The Cold War David G. Williamson To Sue The material in this title has been developed independently of the International Baccalaureate®, which in no way endorses it. The Publishers would like to thank the following for permission to reproduce copyright material: Photo credits p.18 The Granger Collection, NYC/TopFoto/Cartoon by C. Berryman published in the Washington Star, 9 October 1939; p.34 © Hulton-Deutsch Collection/CORBIS; p.45 British Cartoon Archive, University of Kent/artwork © Alex Marengo; p.77 © dpa/Corbis; p.89 Press Office of the Government of Germany; p.111 Xinhua News Agency/Eyevine; p.114 TopFoto; p.115 © Bettmann/CORBIS; p.122 Xinhua News Agency/Eyevine; p.131 AFP/Getty Images; p.143 Press Office of the Government of Germany; p.155 Jack Esten/Picture Post/Getty Images; p.170 Press Office of the Government of Germany; p.180 TopFoto; p.189 © Bettmann/CORBIS; p.199 © Bettmann/CORBIS; p.208 © Bettmann/CORBIS; p.249 Keystone/Getty Images; p.261 Sahm Doherty/ Time Life Pictures/Getty Images; p.264 © Pascal Manoukian/Sygma/Corbis; p.289 culture-images/TopFoto. Acknowledgements Norman Davies: Table: Statistics of Poland’s trade balance from 1950–76 in millions of convertible zloty from God’s Playground – A History of Poland, Volume 2 (Oxford University Press, 2005), reproduced by permission of the publisher; C.S. Maier: Tables: ‘Numbers of visitors from the GDR to the FRG’ and ‘Total indebtedness to the West’ from Dissolution: The Crisis of Communism and the End of East Germany (Princeton University Press, 1997), © 1997 Princeton University Press, reprinted by permission of Princeton University Press; Christian Ostermann: ‘The United States and the East German Uprising of 1953 and the Limits of Rollback’ from Cold War International History Project (Woodrow Wilson Center for Scholars, 1994), reproduced by permission of the author; Richard Sakwa: Table: ‘Republics of the USSR’ from Soviet Politics in Perspective (Routledge, 1998), reproduced by permission of Taylor & Francis Books (UK); G. Swain and N. Swain: Tables: ‘State control of industrial output and trade in 1952’ and ‘Collectivization of agriculture in eastern Europe’ from Eastern Europe since 1945 (Palgrave Macmillan, 1993), reproduced by permission of the publisher; M. Walker: Table: ‘Numbers of US and Soviet nuclear launchers and warheads, 1962–80’ from The Cold War (Vintage, 1993). Every effort has been made to trace all copyright holders, but if any have been inadvertently overlooked the Publishers will be pleased to make the necessary arrangements at the first opportunity. Although every effort has been made to ensure that website addresses are correct at time of going to press, Hodder Education cannot be held responsible for the content of any website mentioned in this book. It is sometimes possible to find a relocated web page by typing in the address of the home page for a website in the URL window of your browser. Hachette UK’s policy is to use papers that are natural, renewable and recyclable products and made from wood grown in sustainable forests. The logging and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. Orders: please contact Bookpoint Ltd, 130 Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4SB. Telephone: +44 (0)1235 827720. Fax: +44 (0)1235 400454. Lines are open 9.00a.m.–5.00p.m., Monday to Saturday, with a 24-hour message answering service. Visit our website at www.hoddereducation.co.uk © David G. Williamson 2013 First published in 2013 by Hodder Education, An Hachette UK Company 338 Euston Road London NW1 3BH Impression number 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Year 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 All rights reserved. Apart from any use permitted under UK copyright law, no part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or held within any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher or under licence from the Copyright Licensing Agency Limited. Further details of such licences (for reprographic reproduction) may be obtained from the Copyright Licensing Agency Limited, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Cover photo © The Granger Collection/TopFoto Illustrations by Barking Dog Art Typeset in 10/13pt Palatino and produced by Integra Software Services Pvt. Ltd., Pondicherry, India Printed in Italy A catalogue record for this title is available from the British Library ISBN 978 14441 56478 Contents Introduction 4 1 What you will study 4 2 How you will be assessed 5 3 About this book 7 CHAPTER 1 The origins of the Cold War, 1917–45 10 1 The ideology of the Cold War 10 2 The Soviet Union and the Western powers, 1917–41 14 3 The Grand Alliance, 1941–45 20 4 The liberation of Europe, 1943–45 25 5 The Yalta Conference, February 1945 33 Examination advice 38 Examination practice 41 Activities 41 CHAPTER 2 From wartime allies to post-war enemies, 1945–47 42 1 Transition from war to fragile peace, 1945–46 42 2 Germany, June 1945–April 1947 50 3 The Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan 54 4 The ‘Iron Curtain’ 59 5 Key debate: Did the US or the USSR start the Cold War, 1945–47 67 Examination advice 70 Examination practice 73 Activities 73 CHAPTER 3 The division of Germany and Europe, 1948–52 74 1 The division of Germany 74 2 Western European rearmament 82 3 The consolidation of the rival blocs 90 Examination advice 98 Examination practice 101 Activities 101 CHAPTER 4 The spread of communism in Asia, 1945–54 102 1 Japan and the Cold War, 1945–52 102 2 The Chinese Civil War 107 3 The Korean War, 1950–53 117 4 Indochina, 1945–54 128 Examination advice 134 Examination practice 137 Activities 137 CHAPTER 5 From détente to the Berlin Wall, 1953–61 138 1 The thaw, 1953–55 138 2 The emergence of the Third World and the Non-Aligned Movement 148 3 1956: The year of crises 152 4 The aftermath of the Hungarian and Suez Crises, 1957–58 160 5 The Berlin Crisis, 1958–61 164 Examination advice 172 Examination practice 175 Activities 175 CHAPTER 6 The global Cold War, 1960–78 176 1 The Sino-Soviet split 176 2 The Congo Crisis, 1960–65 181 3 The Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962 186 4 Vietnam, 1954–75 194 5 The Cold War in the Middle East, 1957–79 209 6 The Cold War in Africa, 1964–79 218 Examination advice 228 Examination practice 231 Activities 231 CHAPTER 7 The politics of détente, 1963–79 232 1 US–Soviet relations, 1963–72 232 2 Détente in Europe, 1963–69 240 3 Ostpolitik 247 4 Helsinki Accords and SALT II, 1975–79 251 Examination advice 256 Examination practice 259 Activities 259 CHAPTER 8 The end of the Cold War 260 1 ‘New Cold War’, 1976–85 260 2 Mikhail Gorbachev and renewed détente, 1985–89 270 3 The collapse of communism in eastern Europe, 1989–90 279 4 Collapse of the USSR 292 Examination advice 302 Examination practice 305 Activities 305 Glossary 306 Timeline 312 Further reading 315 Internal assessment 319 Index 321 Dedication Dedicated to Keith Randell (1943–2002) The original Access to History series was conceived and developed by Keith, who created a series to ‘cater for students as they are, not as we might wish them to be’. He leaves a living legacy of a series that for over 20 years has provided a trusted, stimulating and well-loved accompaniment to post-16 study. Our aim with these new editions for the IB is to continue to offer students the best possible support for their studies. 3 Introduction This book has been written to support your study of Topic 5: The Cold War for IB History Diploma Route 2 Paper 2. This first chapter gives you an overview of: ✪ the content you will study for the Cold War ✪ how you will be assessed for Paper 2 ✪ the different features of this book and how these will aid your learning. 1 What you will study The late twentieth century witnessed the Cold War. The end of the Second World War brought two superpowers, the United States (US) and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), to the fore of international relations. Both states had vast territories, with large populations, tremendous national resources and major industrial complexes. They both fielded large militaries that had defeated Axis states in the Second World War and each represented a specific governing and economic structure. The US generally stood for democratically elected governments that espoused free trade or capitalism, while the USSR was a communist state in which there was only one political party, the Communist Party, and the economy was primarily directed by the state. These competing economic and government models, along with the need for each to create alliances for their security and the security of their allies, had worldwide consequences as each state attempted to gain further allies, spread their economic and governing systems and competed militarily, both in terms of quantity and technology. The Cold War is an interesting topic of study. The competition between the US and the USSR and their allies had economic consequences for Europe and many other parts of the world. Various wars, such as those in Korea, Vietnam and Afghanistan resulted, in part, from the desire to either limit or spread communism or capitalism. While the Cold War may often be seen as a period in which the world was often seemingly on the threshold of nuclear warfare, it may also be interpreted as an era in which the search for peace and security were paramount concerns for many nations’ leaders.
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