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Russia's Role in the Horn of Africa Russia Foreign Policy Papers “E O” R’ R H A SAMUEL RAMANI FOREIGN POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE • RUSSIA FOREIGN POLICY PAPERS 1 All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Author: Samuel Ramani The views expressed in this report are those of the author alone and do not necessarily reflect the position of the Foreign Policy Research Institute, a non-partisan organization that seeks to publish well-argued, policy- oriented articles on American foreign policy and national security priorities. Eurasia Program Leadership Director: Chris Miller Deputy Director: Maia Otarashvili Editing: Thomas J. Shattuck Design: Natalia Kopytnik © 2020 by the Foreign Policy Research Institute July 2020 OUR MISSION The Foreign Policy Research Institute is dedicated to producing the highest quality scholarship and nonpartisan policy analysis focused on crucial foreign policy and national security challenges facing the United States. We educate those who make and influence policy, as well as the public at large, through the lens of history, geography, and culture. Offering Ideas In an increasingly polarized world, we pride ourselves on our tradition of nonpartisan scholarship. We count among our ranks over 100 affiliated scholars located throughout the nation and the world who appear regularly in national and international media, testify on Capitol Hill, and are consulted by U.S. government agencies. Educating the American Public FPRI was founded on the premise that an informed and educated citizenry is paramount for the U.S. to conduct a coherent foreign policy. Through in-depth research and extensive public programming, FPRI offers insights to help the public understand our volatile world. Championing Civic Literacy We believe that a robust civic education is a national imperative. FPRI aims to provide teachers with the tools they need in developing civic literacy, and works to enrich young people’s understanding of the institutions and ideas that shape American political life and our role in the world. ForeignForeignForeign Policy Policy Policy Research Research Research Institute Institute Institute Russia Foreign Policy Papers “Engaged Opportunism” Russia’s Role in the Horn of Africa About the Author Samuel Ramani is a DPhil candidate at the Department of Politics and International Relations at St. Antony’s College, University of Oxford, specializing in post-1991 Russian foreign policy and the dynamics of protracted conflicts in the Middle East. He is a regular contributor to leading publications, such as Foreign Policy, the Washington Post and the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, and has briefed the U.S. Department of State, UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office, NATO Intelligence Fusion Center and France’s Ministry of Defense on Russian security policy. He can be followed on Twitter @samramani2. Executive Summary After spending nearly three decades as a marginal player in the Horn of Africa, the Russian Federation has made significant progress towards recapturing its great power status in the region. Russia has engaged with all countries in the Horn of Africa and refused to take sides in the region’s most polarizing conflicts, so Moscow can be best described as an “engaged opportunist” on the Horn of Africa. Russia is principally focused on establishing itself as the region’s leading arms vendor, but prospectively, has one eye on constructing a Red Sea base. Russia’s resurgence in the Horn of Africa has generally dovetailed with the People’s Republic of China’s regional aspirations, but has placed it increasingly at odds with France and the United States. Looking ahead, Russia’s ability to link its Horn of Africa strategy to its aspirations in the Middle East will shape the future trajectory of its involvement in the region. FOREIGN POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE • RUSSIA FOREIGN POLICY PAPERS 1 BACK TO THE HORN AFRICA IS IMPORTANT FOR WESTERN More than three decades after the Soviet- aligned Derg dictatorship in Ethiopia POLICYMAKERS TO collapsed in 1987, the Russian Federation’s geopolitical presence in the Horn of Africa CONSIDER, AS IT is experiencing a resurgence. In September 2019, Somali Ambassador to Russia Abdullahi ALLOWS MOSCOW TO Mohamud Warsame stated that the Somali people “would like to see the Russians come BOLSTER ITS PRESENCE back” to Somalia, and Somalia’s president, foreign minister, and defense minister ON THE RED SEA. traveled to Sochi for the Russia-Africa Summit in October 2019.1 Ethiopian Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed has also established strong ties with his Russian counterpart, Vladimir to consider, as it allows Moscow to bolster its Putin. Ethiopia formally requested Russia’s presence on the Red Sea. The United States 2 assistance in fighting COVID-19 on April 16, designated Ethiopia as a strategic partner in which followed its prior receipt of medical the Global War on Terrorism, operates the aid from the People’s Republic of China on Camp Lemonnier naval base near Djibouti 3 March 22. Ethiopia’s Ambassador to Russia City, and regularly carries out counterterrorism Alemayehu Tegenu Aargau reaffirmed this operations in Somalia, so Russia’s expanded request on June 18, and cited the need for security footprint in the Horn of Africa could “friendly countries,” like Russia, to supply clash with U.S. interests in the region. As material assistance to Addis Ababa’s France operates a naval base in Djibouti and 4 pandemic response. Russia has also is seeking to strengthen its partnership with assumed the role of a dialogue facilitator in Ethiopia, it shares similar concerns with the one of the region’s most important disputes, United States about Russian power projection the Egypt-Ethiopia-Sudan competition over on the Horn of Africa. Nile River access, and Somalia and Ethiopia are actively courting Russia as a security This report will outline the history of Russia’s partner. relationship with the Horn of Africa. It will argue that Russia’s involvement in the region Although Russia’s resurgence in Sub-Saharan has been inconsistent, but Moscow can be Africa has gained widespread attention best described as an “engaged opportunist” in recent years, Moscow’s rising profile in in regional affairs. It will then assess the the Horn of Africa often has been ignored. drivers of Russia’s “engaged opportunist” Russia’s growing influence in the Horn of security strategy in the Horn of Africa, Africa is important for Western policymakers including Russia’s desire to establish itself 1 “Somalia eyes ‘Strengthened Relationship’ with Russia,” Garowe Online, September 19, 2019, https://www.garoweonline.com/en/news/somalia/somalia-eyes-strengthened-relationship-with-russia. 2 “Ambassador says Ethiopia Requests Russia’s Assistance in Combatting Coronavirus,” TASS, April 16, 2020, https://tass.com/world/1145731. 3 Samuel Gebre, “China Expands Medical Aid to Africa with First Ethiopia Shipment,” Bloomberg, March 22, 2020, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-03-22/china-expands-medical-aid-to-africa-with-first-ethiopia-ship- ment. 4 “Ethiopia Looks Forward to Aid from Russia to Battle Pandemic, says Ambassador,” TASS, June 18, 2020, https://tass.com/world/1169257. FOREIGN POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE • RUSSIA FOREIGN POLICY PAPERS 2 Worker’s Party of Ethiopia monument extolling the virtues of communism. (Wikimedia Commons) Cuban artillery crew during the Ogaden War, 1982. (Wikimedia Commons) Tiglachin memorial in Addis Ababa, commemorating the Ethiopian and Cuban soldiers involved in the Ogaden War. (Francisco Anzola/Wikimedia Commons) Mengistu Haile Mariam with Derg members. (Wikimedia Commons) Ethiopian troops in Somalia, 2014. (AMISOM/Mahamud Hassan) FOREIGN POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE • RUSSIA FOREIGN POLICY PAPERS 3 as a reliable provider of arms and defense Djibouti’s independence in June 1977 infrastructure to regional powers and its and forged close relations with President aspirations to construct a military base on the Hassan Goulen Aptidan. The Soviet Union’s Red Sea. The report will then discuss patterns relationship with Somalia collapsed during of cooperation and contestation between the 1977-78 Ogaden War, as the USSR and the Russia and China in the Horn of Africa. It its ally, Cuba, openly supported the Ethiopian will conclude by assessing the potential for army. These tensions also affected the USSR’s future strategic competition between Russia, relationship with Djibouti, which provided France, and the United States in the region military intelligence to Somalia, and caused and underscore how Russia’s resurgence in Moscow to support the Afar clan against the the Middle East both augments its presence governing Issa as a means of undermining and restricts its freedom of action in the Horn Aptidan’s authority.5 of Africa. Although the Soviet Union’s opposition to Somalia’s destabilization of the Horn of Africa by annexing Ogaden precipitated this foreign HISTORICAL policy shift, the USSR saw the war as an opportunity to establish closer relations with CONTEXT Ethiopia. As one might extrapolate from this abrupt strategic shift, Radoslav Yordanov’s FOR RUSSIA’S archival research reveals that the Soviet Union sought to promote socialism on an ad GEOPOLITICAL hoc basis in the Horn of Africa and lacked a cohesive regional strategy.6 However, U.S. INVOLVEMENT policymakers viewed the USSR’s resurgence in the Horn of Africa with alarm and enabled IN THE HORN OF the transformation of the region into a zone of Cold War confrontation throughout the AFRICA 1970s and 1980s.7 Soviet influence in the Horn of Africa began Although Moscow has viewed the Horn to wane in the mid-1980s, as the USSR’s of Africa as a valuable theater for power new General Secretary, Mikhail Gorbachev, projection since 1930s, the Soviet Union tried unsuccessfully to encourage Ethiopian only emerged as a major player in the region dictator Mengistu Haile Mariam to embrace during the early 1960s when it established his brand of reformism.8 The aftershocks of the close relations with Somalia.
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