Northern Docks Renaissance Urban regeneration in the World Heritage Site of Liverpool
Fabián Andrés Lozano Palomino MA Urban Design Newcastle University
Northern Docks Renaissance Urban regeneration in the World Heritage Site of Liverpool
Fabián Andrés Lozano Palomino MA Urban Design Newcastle University
Beneficiario COLFUTURO 2017
Contents: Page
1. Introduction 1.1 Introduction 2 1.2 Aims and objectives 3
2. Literature Review 4 2.1 Introduction 5 2.2 The purpose of conservation 5 2.3 Historic development of urban conservation 6 2.4 Urban heritage: opportunity of confinement? 8 2.5 Tourism pressure and commodification of heritage 10 2.6 Case study: The historic centre of Vienna 12 2.7 Conclusion 14 16 3. Site Analysis 3.1 Context 17 3.2 Understanding the heritage of Liverpool 19 3.3 Character areas 27 3.4 Listed buildings and Landmarks 29 3.5 Land uses 31 3.6 Building form and figure - ground 32 3.7 Environmental quality 33 3.8 Movement and connections 34 3.9 Socioeconomics 36 37 4.Design principles 4.1 Vision 38 4.2 Principles 39 4.3 Concept diagram 41
Beneficiario COLFUTURO 2017
4.4 Precedents 42 4.4.1 Porto Maravilha, Rio de Janeiro 42 4.4.2 Inner Harbour, Baltimore 43 4.4.3 Camden Lock, London 43 4.4.4 Paddington Basin, London 44 4.4.5 Ijburg Floating Village, Amsterdam 44
5. Project description 45 5.1 Character areas 47 5.2 Key Buildings and Landmarks 48 5.3 Transport connections 49 5.4 Land uses 50 5.5 Phasing 51
List of references 52 List of figures 54
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1. Introduction
1 Beneficiario COLFUTURO 2017
1.1 Introduction reputation that the city wants to leave behind. In this context
is inscribed this design thesis, which seeks the regeneration “A city is a living, dynamic environment where cultural of the Northern Docks of the waterfront of Liverpool, in a heritage is part of a complexity of relationships.” sector that is part of the World Heritage Site of Maritime Orbasli, 2000 Mercantile City.
Most of the cities in the world have growth from different layers of history. Rome is the example par-excellence, where the ruins from the ancient empire are juxtaposed with the renaissance and baroque buildings, which have also witnessed the different changes of the urban fabric though the centuries.
Liverpool, although is not as old as Rome, has also experience important changes along its history, from the splendour of the Empire times, to the decline of the post- industrial era, which gave the to the city a not respectable
2 Beneficiario COLFUTURO 2017 1.2 Aims and objectives
The main objective of this Thesis is to project a proposal of ▪ To explore the opportunities of recovery that the site has,
urban regeneration for the northern area of the Maritime with the purpose of formulating a master plan that
Mercantile City of Liverpool, cataloged by UNESCO as rehabilitates and improves the urban conditions of the
World Heritage Site in 2004 and which has been at risk since place.
2012.
Other specific objectives are:
▪ To recognize the importance and significance of the
architectural and urban heritage of Liverpool,
understanding its relevance in the urban development of
the city.
▪ To analyze the risks and threats that the place is currently
facing, considering their causes and impact on the
conservation of heritage.
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2. Literature Review
4 Beneficiario COLFUTURO 2017 2.1 Introduction commodification of the past will be discussed, examining the
impact that they have on cities and especially on their The following literature review seeks to analyse the complex population. relationship between urban conservation ideas and contemporary development projects promoted in areas of 2.2 The purpose of conservation historical interest. In this framework, it will be examined first Historical areas constitute the representation of urban the question around the objective of urban conservation, memory of the cities. These places keep the material legacy which is considered as an important tool to preserve the of past times, which is manifested in buildings, monuments legacy of the past and transmit it to future generations. Then, and public spaces as symbols of a specific historical moment a briefly review about the historical development of in the urban development of cities (Wang, 2012). Defined in conservation policies emerged since the late nineteenth a similar way by UNESCO (2011): “historic urban areas are century, understanding the factors that led to its appearance among the most abundant and diverse manifestations of our and how they still influence today, analysing later the common cultural heritage, shaped by generations and benefits and difficulties that heritage protection tends to constituting a key testimony to humankind’s endeavours and generate in terms of urban development. Likewise, current aspirations through space and time…” global facts such as tourist overexploitation and
5 Beneficiario COLFUTURO 2017 Considering the importance of historical urban areas as modernization processes were having on the old city was the tangible testimonies of the development of societies over Austrian architect Camillo Sitte, who established that the time, urban conservation is an instrument that allows the aesthetic values of historic centres are determined by the protection of this heritage and its subsequent pass to future relationship between buildings, monuments and public generations (Orbasli, 2000), preserving in this way, the spaces, which can not be understood as separate elements evidence of those cultural and aesthetic values that were the but as a coherent set within the urban fabric (LeGates, R., & expression of a specific period and that are part of the urban Stout, F. 2011; Siravo, 2011). identity of the city (Boussaa, 2017). Cities evolve from these Complementing the work begun by Sitte, in the early traditions and their current appearance is the result of that twentieth century the Scottish planner Patrick Geddes, who overlap through history (Koller, 2013). opposed the developments that involved the demolition of
2.3 The historic development of urban historic urban areas and proposed detailed and analytical
studies of the pre-existing conditions of the site, involving all conservation affected stakeholders and seeking solutions through
The conservation of heritage on an urban scale has been a concertation that allow protection of the heritage (Siravo, theme that began its development since the late nineteenth 2011). This controversy between the preservation of the century. One of the first theorists to reflect on the impact that historical legacy and the needs for modernization was also
6 Beneficiario COLFUTURO 2017 addressed by Gustavo Giovannoni. In his publication
Vecchie città ed edilizia nuova (1913), this Italian architect considers that the historical city is in itself a monument, even proposing the protection of the vernacular architecture that is part of this heritage (Veldpaus, Pereira & Colenbrander,
2013).
The publication of the Athens Charter of 1931 marked an
important advance in the management of heritage, being the Figure 1. Edinburgh, Scotland. Principles of Patrick Geddes were applied to the conservation of the old town. first document of international applicability in setting After two world wars that left an unprecedented destruction specific guidelines in relation to the preservation and in Europe, the reconstruction processes took different paths. restoration of historical monuments, as well as for the While cities such as Warsaw (Figure 2), devastated almost protection of the urban context where they are located entirely during the Second World War, were reconstructed (Rodwell, 2007). However, at the peak of the modern as faithfully as possible to its original state, others that movement and the postulates of CIAM, the historic city was suffered damage in smaller proportion decided to promote mostly considered as an object of renovation rather than more modern developments (Siravo, 2011). Beginning in the preservation (Veldpaus, Pereira & Colenbrander, 2013).
7 Beneficiario COLFUTURO 2017 1960s, with the publication of the Venice Charter (1964) and the creation of the International Council on Monuments and
Sites (ICOMOS) in 1965, the conservation of urban heritage took a more comprehensive approach, through the formulation of strategies that allow a holistic management of historical centers, not only in their aesthetic dimension, but also in their socioeconomic dimension. (Veldpaus, Pereira & Figure 2. Old town of Warsaw, Poland. Colenbrander, 2013). In addition, the World Heritage
Convention in 1972, the adoption of the European Charter of 2.4 Urban heritage: opportunity or the Architectural Heritage in 1975 and the Washington confinement?
Charter in 1987 extended the spectrum of conservation Conservation of historic areas remains a subject of intense policies by adding the concept of sustainability and debate today. For several specialists there is a great adaptability to contemporary needs as a guarantee of potential in the old centres as sites for the development of preservation of the historical legacy to the following economic renewal projects, taking advantage of their generations (Rodwell, 2007, Orbasli, 2000). existing infrastructure and services, their high density and
8 Beneficiario COLFUTURO 2017 the concentration of jobs and the activities in an area rich in However, there are also less optimistic positions regarding their values aesthetic and landscape (Boeri, Gaspari, the benefits that conservation policies represent for cities.
Gianfrate, Longo & Pussetti, 2016). This vision is Nasser (2003) argues that the immutable character of sites complemented by authors such as Carrion (2005), who declared as urban heritage is a factor that significantly argues that the historic centre, being a fundamental element conditions their long-term economic viability. This is in the urban structure and space of social integration of the because conservationist regulations are often a limitation for city, is an ideal platform to promote transformation the effective reuse of historic buildings, reducing the processes that continue to contribute to the construction of possibility of attracting new economic activities and thus urban identity. Finally, Unesco through its Recommendation restricting the potential regeneration of these areas. One on the Historic Urban Landscape (2011) supports the above consequence of this fact is the development of "Central considerations, establishing that through the appropriate Business Districts (CBD)", generally located in the tools of urban planning, it is possible to attract new economic periphery, which have become more attractive areas for activities that allow the sustainable conservation of cultural investment and establishment of new businesses compared heritage while contributing to the well-being of the to traditional central areas (Worskett, 1969; Nasser, 2003). communities that live in these areas.
9 Beneficiario COLFUTURO 2017 gentrification processes or the gradual abandonment of
historical areas. The more serious the deterioration of a
historic area, the greater the cost of rehabilitation and the
harder it will be to retain its original population or attract
new investments. Hence, it is necessary that the legislation
in the patrimonial zones allows their adaptation to the current
needs, maintaining their functionality and the ability to Figure 3. Historic centre of Tallinn, with the CBD in the background. attract new investments that guarantee their urban
preservation (Rojas, 2016). In addition to the limitations for private urban developers, urban conservation also entails considerable expenditures 2.5 Tourism pressure and commodification of that are borne both by governments and property owners. In heritage this sense, Rojas (2016) argues that the progressive deterioration of listed buildings and the decline of heritage Tourism industry has become one of the fastest growing areas is largely due to their inability to generate an economic activities in recent years. In order to attract a economic retribution that allows the maintenance of these larger number of visitors, cities around the world promote properties. Thus, the resulting scenario is the appearance of themselves as popular tourist destinations, with the purpose
10 Beneficiario COLFUTURO 2017 to highlight the symbols, places or events that can be sold as economic income, the resources for the maintenance of the distinctive and attractive elements (Saidi, 2012). Within this buildings would be guaranteed (Orbasli, 2000). Finally, the order of ideas, the marked tourist interest that the historical promotion of tourism has also become a new impulse for centres possess makes this industry an increasingly cities that have experienced processes of de- important player in the conservation of the urban heritage, industrialization, as this activity has facilitated the rebirth being a fact that generates both potential benefits and and regeneration of urban sectors that have suffered possible disastrous consequences (Ashworth & Tunbridge, degradation and obsolescence (Tiesdell, Oc & Heath, 1996).
1994). Although it can be said that tourism represents a large
Heritage tourism can be considered as an opportunity for number of possibilities of financial support for cities, the economic development, offering the possibility of over-dependence on this activity can generate a negative stimulating the revitalization of the central areas and economic impact on the inhabitants of the historic centre facilitating the entry of new businesses that complement the (Ashworth & Tunbridge, 1994). One of the clearest effects is cultural offer of the historic centre (Ashworth & Tunbridge, the increase in the land value as a result of real estate
1994). Likewise, the tourist importance of old towns means a pressure, which means that rental prices are no longer greater observance on the conservation of architectural affordable for residents and local businesses, thus heritage, since by housing activities that generate greater facilitating the phenomenon of gentrification (Orbasli, 2000).
11 Beneficiario COLFUTURO 2017 Likewise, the massification of urban tourism also generates problems such as the congestion of transport systems, affecting the daily life of citizens. (Čepaitiene, 2011).
The phenomenon of 'touristification' also generates other types of consequences related to the way in which heritage is exhibited. In terms of the tourism industry, the historical
legacy is usually considered as a consumer product rather Figure 4. Crowd of tourists in Venice. than as a symbol of cultural interest. Thus, historic centres become places where false traditional experiences 2.6 Case Study: Historic Centre of Vienna (promoted as 'authentic') are sold to visitors, offering Few cities in the world can claim of having as much contrived scenographies that function in a similar way to a architectural wealth as Vienna. Since the medieval era, this theme park and that misrepresent the real atmosphere of the capital has been one of the most important artistic and place. (Čepaitiene, 2011; Saidi, 2012). cultural centres of Europe, housing jewels such as the
Belvedere, the Ringstrasse complex and dozens of buildings
belonging to the movement known as the Vienna Secession,
12 Beneficiario COLFUTURO 2017 led by Otto Wagner (Koller, 2013). Likewise, this city also would be located just in front of the Konzerthaus, an Art- houses pieces that transgressed trends, as is the case of Nouveau concert hall (Figure 5). According to UNESCO, this
Adolf Loos buildings, which lack any unnecessary structure exceeds the recommendations of maximum height ornamentation. In terms of urbanism, Vienna was also about for that area of the city, generating a significant visual impact to follow the example of Paris, with an ambitious plan that on the historical district (Block, 2017). meant transforming the layout of its streets to adapt them to
the needs of the late nineteenth century. However, and under With the approval of the STEP 2025 Urban Development Plan pressure from academics such as Camillo Sitte, the project in 2014, Vienna had decided that the management policies was stopped and subsequently canceled (Sonkoly, 2016). for its historic centre would focus on consolidating this area
as an international commercial and cultural hub, preserving More than a century later, Vienna is once again the scene of its historical value, but allowing the at the same time, the controversy. This time, for the inclusion of its Historic Centre development of contemporary projects, in order to stimulate within the list of World Heritage in danger since 2017 the arrival of new residents and businesses (Vienna City (UNESCO, 2018). The main reason: the approval of a project Council, 2014). The city of Vienna had until February 2018 to that proposes the construction of a skating club and hotel, present a plan to implement the recommendations made by whose main building will have a height of 76 meters and UNESCO in relation to the project (Block, 2017), however, to
13 Beneficiario COLFUTURO 2017 date there have been no new pronouncements regarding by the city and the preservation policies recommended by this theme. UNESCO. Although it is not an irreconcilable situation, it is
an example of the limitations of intervening in a conservation
area of global interest. Vienna, like other European capitals,
also has a Central Business District in another sector apart
from the old city, where there are new skyscrapers and
corporate complexes. In this way, the decision to build in the
centre can be considered as a risky bet, since it can mean
the entry of greater resources for the city, although its status
Figure 5. Render of the high-rise project in the centre of Vienna. as a heritage could be compromised.
In relation with the case of Liverpool, the city has decided to 2.7 Conclusion take a more conciliatory way regarding the conservation of
The previous case study illustrates some of the most its Maritime Mercantile. On the one hand, losing the status of controversial points regarding heritage conservation. In the World Heritage could have a negative impact in terms of case of the Historic Centre of Vienna, there is a clear tourism and international promotion for the city. Likewise, divergence between the urban development objectives set this fact could also eventually mean a greater laxity in
14 Beneficiario COLFUTURO 2017 conservation policies, leaving the urban heritage in a situation of greater risk in the absence of surveillance by an international organization. On the other hand, like several
British port cities, Liverpool has been affected by the processes of deindustrialization initiated since the mid- twentieth century, so the development of projects such as
Liverpool Waters can mean a relaunching of the city in order to attract new investors that dynamize the economy of the city again.
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3. Site Analysis
16 Beneficiario COLFUTURO 2017 3.1 Context
The site is located in Liverpool, North West England. The city is part of the county of Merseyside, in which are also the boroughs of Sefton, Knowsley, St. Helens and Wirral, with the towns of Birkenhead, Wallasey and Bootle, among others.
The metropolitan area of Liverpool has a population of
2,241,000 (2017 estimation) and is considered the fifth largest in the UK.
1-SEFTON 2-LIVERPOOL 3-KNOWSLEY 4-ST. HELENS 5-WIRRAL
1 4 2 3 5
Figure 6. Location of Liverpool in the UK and Merseyside. Figure 7. The site in the Metropolitan area of Liverpool.
17 Beneficiario COLFUTURO 2017 Site location
N
1
RIVER MERSEY 2
VAUXHALL
3 4 5 1- BRAMLEY-MOORE DOCK 6 2- NELSON DOCK
4- COLLINGWOOD DOCK 7 8 5- STANLEY DOCK
6- STANLEY LOCKS TEN STREETS
8- GRAVING DOCKS Figure 8
18 Beneficiario COLFUTURO 2017 3.2 Understanding the heritage of Liverpool: buffer zone of 750.5 ha (UNESCO, 2018). The site is divided The Maritime Mercantile City in six character areas along the waterfront (Figure 3 and 4):
During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, the port of ▪ The Pier Head, which comprises the iconic buildings Liverpool was considered one of the most active and known as the "Three Graces”. technologically advanced of its time. In full splendour of the ▪ Albert and Wapping Dock, with old warehouses and water British Empire, this city was consolidated as one of the spaces from the nineteenth century. largest trade and passenger movement centres in the world, ▪ Stanley Dock Conservation Area, which covers the becoming the point of arrival and departure of products, northern docks and the surviving parts of the Dock Wall. migrants and even slaves during the colonial era. All this ▪ The Commercial Area, which includes part of the civic activity gave Liverpool an economic power that was centre, especially the sector of Dale and Victoria Street. reflected in the architecture of its public buildings and the ▪ William Brown Street, located around Lime Street Station, infrastructure of its docks (Federica, 2016). comprises cultural buildings such as St. George’s Hall.
For this reason, in 2004 UNESCO designated the Maritime ▪ The Merchant’s Quarter, which covers the surrounding
Mercantile City of Liverpool as World Heritage Site, area of Lower Duke Street and comprising an area of approximately 136 ha, as well as a
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1-The Pier Head 2-Albert Dock
3-Stanley Dock 4-Commercial district
5-William Brown Street 6-The Merchant’s Quarter
Figure 9. Map of Maritime Mercantile City Figure 10. Character areas of Liverpool World Heritage Site
20 Beneficiario COLFUTURO 2017 The site is located in the character area of Stanley Dock. This centres of the interior of England and the Port of Liverpool. place host a complex of water spaces designed by Jesse The canal is still in operation for the transit of small boats.
Hartley, civil engineer and superintendent of Liverpool, who also built most of the other docks in the city during the 19th century. The oldest water space of this area is Trafalgar
Dock, which was opened in 1836. The other docks of the site were finished in 1848. Most of the listed buildings in the area were built during the 19th century, including the North and
South Warehouses, the pump houses and the Victoria Figure 11. Map of the North Docks in 1885.
Tower. The most outstanding building, the Tobacco
Warehouse, was completed in 1901.
One of the factors that made Stanley Dock important was its direct connection with the Leeds - Liverpool Canal, which was built between 1770 and 1822. This water course allowed
the transport of coal and merchandise between the urban Figure 12. View of Tobacco Warehouse from Collinwood Dock, in 1905.
21 Beneficiario COLFUTURO 2017 Other important infrastructure was the Overhead Railway, a rapid transit system that linked the different docks and warehouses along the waterfront. The overhead opened in
1893 and was the first electric elevated railway in the world.
(figure 8) Besides the overhead, another train system was running in the site, with small engines which were used for the transport of coal to the Clarence Dock Power Station.
Both the dock and the station were dismantled, but several Figure 13. The Overhead Railway in the early 1900s. parts of the rail tracks are still in the site (figure 9).
During the Second World War, the city of Liverpool was significantly affected by air raids, which produced a large destruction specially in the city centre and the shipyards, including many sections of the Overhead Railway. Some of the buildings in Stanley Dock suffered damage, particularly the north warehouse. The Tobacco Warehouse and Victoria
Figure 14. On the left, the Clarence Dock Power Station. On the Tower survived without major affectations (figure 15). right, the old coal train.
22 Beneficiario COLFUTURO 2017 The post-war period was also the beginning of the urban decline of Liverpool docks. The high costs for repairing the
Overhead Railway made this system unaffordable for the city and was finally demolished between 1957 and 1958. The decay of the ship industry in the mid 50’s and the disintegration of the British Empire were issues that decrease the importance of Liverpool as a global trade Figure 15. Damage of Liverpool docks after the ‘May Blitz’ of 1941. centre. During the following years, several docks were closed and many of buildings were abandoned, included the warehouses of Stanley Dock. The economic crisis produced a decrease of Liverpool’s population with the consequent decay of many working class neighbourhood.
The regeneration
With the restoration of Albert Dock in the 1980’s, a new era
in the waterfront of Liverpool started with the aim of renovate Figure 16. Victoria Tower and Collingwood Dock, in state of the image of the city as a world class tourist abandonment.
23 Beneficiario COLFUTURO 2017 destination and a place for new business and developments. development of 476 flats, without modifying the original
The designation of the Maritime Mercantile City as World facade of the warehouse.
Heritage Site in 2004 prompted the rehabilitation and reuse of many of the old buildings in the city centre and the waterfront. New museums and tourist attractions were place in the old warehouses and industrial buildings, such as the
Maritime Museum and Tate Modern, both in Albert Dock. In
the same way, new developments like Liverpool One and the Figure 17. Retail complex of Liverpool One, in the city centre. Echo Arena complemented the retail and leisure magnets of the central part of the city.
The buildings around the complex of Stanley Dock have been also subject of restoration and re-development. The
North Warehouse was recently reconverted in a luxury hotel named “Titanic”. Likewise, the Tobacco Warehouse is currently in process of recuperation. After years of neglect,
Figure 18. On the left, the Titanic Hotel. On the right, a section of the building is converted into an exclusive residential the residential development of the Tobacco Warehouse.
24 Beneficiario COLFUTURO 2017 A World Heritage Site at risk UNESCO decided to include the Maritime Mercantile City in
Although many of the projects developed in the World the list of World Heritage at risk.
Heritage Site and its buffer zone have contributed to the regeneration and repositioning of Liverpool, there are also developments that have caused great controversy due to their potential impact on the heritage and urban image of the city. This is the case of Liverpool Waters, a project which
seeks the renovation of 60 hectares around the central and Figure 19. First visualization of the North Docks development of north docks. The development has estimated cost of £5.5 Liverpool Waters. billion and its managed by Peel Holdings.
In 2011, in their annual report, UNESCO expressed its concerns about the plan of Liverpool Waters, demanding significant changes in the scale of the development.
However, in June of 2012, the project got the final
approbation by the city council and in the same year, Figure 20. Latest visualization of Liverpool Waters.
25 Beneficiario COLFUTURO 2017 This situation has aroused an intense debate during the last scale of the future stadium and the visual impact in the years, in which the authorities of Liverpool have had to historic waterfront, could create more controversy in choose between continuing with the development of this relation with the current status of the WHS of Liverpool. large-scale project over its waterfront or to make N modifications to the project and avoid losing its status as
World Heritage. After the ultimatum given by UNESCO in
July 2017, the city has developed a Management Plan which allows the safeguarding of the historic site without entirely renouncing the completion of the project (Liverpool
City Council, 2017).
In June of 2018 UNESCO announced the decision of keeping the Maritime Mercantile City as World Heritage Site on danger list for at least another year. At present, the Everton
F.C. has announced the plan to build a new stadium close in
over the Bramley-Moore Dock. The capacity of the new Figure 21. Liverpool Waters masterplan for the North Docks, with venue is intended to be around 52 and 55,000 people. The the new Everton Stadium placed over the Bramley-Moore Dock.
26 Beneficiario COLFUTURO 2017 3.3 Character areas
In terms of building typologies, uses and environmental characteristics, there are six different character areas:
▪ The Docklands, an area that comprises the waterfront,
with the docks and industrial buildings, some of them still
in use. Part of this area is located in the World Heritage Site.
▪ The Stanley Dock Complex, which includes the buildings
around Stanley Dock, with the old warehouses. Figure 22. ▪ The Leeds – Liverpool Canal, with the locks and green
Docklands spaces around. Stanley Dock complex
▪ The residential area of Vauxhall. Leeds – Liverpool Canal
Residential neighbourhoods ▪ The industrial sector, with depots and small factories. Industrial area
▪ Ten Streets, an area with warehouses, which some of them Ten Streets
Site boundary are part of the Heritage sector. World Heritage Site
27 Beneficiario COLFUTURO 2017
The Docklands Stanley Dock Complex Leeds – Liverpool Canal
Vauxhall – Residential Vauxhall – Industrial area Ten streets neighbourhoods Figures 23 -28
28 Beneficiario COLFUTURO 2017 3.4 Listed Building and landmarks
Water spaces in the World Heritage Site
1- Trafalgar Dock
2- Graving Docks 3- Salisbury Dock 4- Collingwood Dock 5- Stanley Dock 6- Nelson Dock 7- Bramley-Moore Dock 8- Stanley Locks Figure 29. Bramley-Moore Figure 30. Church of St. hydraulic engine house, Alban, located in the built in 1883 and part of the industrial area of Vauxhall Listed buildings (Grade II) World Heritage Site. and re-converted into a gym. 9- Bramley-Moore hydraulic engine house 10- Victoria Tower 11- Dock Master’s Office 12- North Warehouse hydraulic tower 13- Stanley North Warehouse 14- Tobacco Warehouse 15- Stanley South Warehouse 16- Bonded Tea Warehouse 17- Church of St. Alban
Other landmarks of the site
Figure 31. The Northern Figure 32. The Bramley 18- Northern rail elevated rail viaduct, is one of the Moore. Opened in 1785, is 19- The Bramley Moore Pub most outstanding brick one of the oldest pubs in 20- The Bascule Bridge structures in the site. Liverpool and a reference point in the area. 29 Beneficiario COLFUTURO 2017
N 9
7
19 17 14 16 6
12 18 13 14 8 16 10 3 4 20 5
14 11 14 15 2 14 1
16 14 16
Listed building Dock Wall Other landmarks World Heritage Site Figure 33
30 Beneficiario COLFUTURO 2017 3.5 Land uses N
The industrial use is the predominant one in the area.
Warehouses and factories are the most common type of buildings in the site, which generates a monotonous urban activity in the site. In the East side is located the residential area of Vauxhall, which are close to the green area around the Leeds – Liverpool Canal. There are also some communal facilities along that public space.
In the complex of Stanley Dock, new uses have been implemented. In the North Warehouse is currently Figure 34 operating the Titanic Hotel, while the Tobacco Warehouse is
Industrial (warehouses – factories) being converted into a mix use development with housing Residential and retail. Communal facilities
Pubs – shops
Hotel
Mix use (Stanley Warehouse)
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3.6 Building form and figure - ground N
There are different levels of enclosure around the site. The
maximum is perceived in area of Stanley Dock due the
massive scale of the buildings around the water space. The
sector of Ten Streets also has a high enclosure due the 3
dimension of the streets and the proximity of the buildings.
The other areas of the site have a low level of enclosure in 1
the streets and public spaces. The residential area of
Vauxhall has a typology of semi-detached houses, which 2
gives a suburban feature to the area. Figure 35.
1 2 3
Figure 36. Stanley Dock Figure 37. Ten Streets Figure 38. Vauxhall residential area
32 Beneficiario COLFUTURO 2017 3.7 Environmental quality N
Although the site is located in front of the River Mersey, the
lack of green spaces and vegetation close to the waterfront
creates an unpleasant atmosphere in the area. The docks are 2 surrounded by walls and other hard-landscape elements.
The green spaces are located only in the east side,
particularly along the Leeds – Liverpool Canal. The Great 1 Howard Street creates a physical barrier due its high speed
traffic (figure 41). This also creates a polluted and noisy
environment, which is very uncomfortable for pedestrians. Figure 39.
1 2
Figure 40. Current aspect of the Graving Docks Figure 41. The Great Howard Street
N
33 Beneficiario COLFUTURO 2017 3.8 Movement and connections
The Great Howard Street (A565) is the main road that cross the site, which connect the north and the port of Liverpool, with the central area of the city. The site has also several connections by bus routes, most of them located along the
Great Howard St. In terms of rail transport, there is not direct connection with the Merseyrail network, despite the viaduct of the northern line crosses the east side of the site.
The closest train station is Sandhills, which is located almost Figure 42. Current network of Merseyrail
1 km away from Stanley Dock. Other important connection that the site has is the direct link with the Leeds – Liverpool Canal, which connects the docks with the city centre and other towns in England (figure 42). The most recurrent pedestrian paths are located along the park of the canal, which are used especially for the local residents. There are no cycle routes currently in the area. Figure 43. Complete path of the Leeds – Liverpool Canal.
34 Beneficiario COLFUTURO 2017
N
Main road (Great. Howard St.)
Secondary roads
Rail lane
Pedestrian paths
Leeds – Liverpool Canal
Bus stops
Figure 44. Movement analysis
35 Beneficiario COLFUTURO 2017 3.9 Socioeconomics.
The site is located in the Ward of Kirkdale, which according
with the statistics, it has some of the most deprived areas in
Liverpool. The unemployment is one of the most relevant
issues that are affecting the area. In this matter, the rates of
Kirkdale and other nearby sectors like Everton and Bootle
are higher than most of the other wards of the city. Crime in
the area has also higher rates than the average of Liverpool
and England.
Site location
Figure 45. Unemployment statistics in Liverpool. Figure 46. Liverpool index of Multiple Deprivation.
36 Beneficiario COLFUTURO 2017
4. Design principles
37 Beneficiario COLFUTURO 2017 4.1 Vision
Northern Docks will be the new centre of urban life for
Liverpool and surrounding area. A place where the outstanding legacy from the past is mixed with a contemporary and innovative development, creating an authentic and diverse environment, which represents the continuous evolution of Liverpool.
Innovation NORTHERN Recreation DOCKS
Figure 47
38 Beneficiario COLFUTURO 2017 4.2 Principles. the new buildings and structures in the site, creating a place
where the past is mixed the present and future.
A Place for Conservation A place for Opportunities Listed buildings and historic landmarks of the site will be The creation of new jobs is important to improve the quality conserved, not only because their location in the World of life in an area with a high unemployment rate. Northern Heritage Site, but due the fact that they represent the Docks will have workplaces for skilled and nonskilled legacy and memory of a period of great importance for workers, with a high range of activities that the place will Liverpool. Buildings like the Victoria Tower and the Engine host. House will be converted into viewpoints with cafes, which will ensure the maintenance of this structures. A place for Connections
Improve the connectivity of the site with the rest of the A Place for Innovation metropolitan area of Liverpool in a key point in the design of Liverpool got its global importance thanks to the inventions Northern Docks. The masterplan proposes the construction and technologies that were created and improved there. of a new train station that will be directly linked with the This feature has to be continue, and Northern Docks will be locks and the complex of Stanley Dock. There will be also a the place where the innovation will be expressed through ferry terminal, which will connect the site also with the
39 Beneficiario COLFUTURO 2017 other side of the River Mersey. Finally, the site proposes the A place for Living reuse of parts of the old tracks of the docks’ rail, to create a Housing developments will complement the cultural and new tramway that will link the historic waterfront of leisure offer of the site. This land use will be located
Liverpool. predominantly in the north-east side of the area and around
Bramley-Moore Dock, where the floating houses will be A place for Recreation placed. All residential areas will be close to transport links, The masterplan for Northern Docks will create active public reducing in that way the car-dependence and contributing spaces around the water spaces for the recreation of the local with the decrease of the air pollution levels in the sector. residents and visitors. The floating gardens in Nelson Dock will host different outdoor activities, that will change according with the season. The most import leisure venue will be the new Everton Stadium, which will host also other type of activities like concerts and conferences. Finally,
Trafalgar Dock will be the hub of cultural events, with museums and open-air boat exhibitions.
40 Beneficiario COLFUTURO 2017 4.3 Concept Diagram
Figure 48
41 Beneficiario COLFUTURO 2017 4.4 Precedents.
4.4.1 Porto Maravilha, Rio de Janeiro.
This project pursued the renovation of about 500 ha of the old harbour of Saude, in the centre of Rio, Brazil. The urban intervention has been carried out in different phases, including the demolition of an elevated highway that circulated right next to the port, the construction of a
vehicular tunnel and the implementation of a tram system Figure 49. VLT Carioca named ‘VLT Carioca’, which travels along the waterfront and old warehouses, integrating the area with the other sectors of the city (figure).
The ‘Museu do Amanhã’ (Museum of Tomorrow), designed by Santiago Calatrava, is the most iconic building of the project. It complements the cultural offer of the place and creates an aesthetic contrast with the traditional warehouses
and old buildings in the area (figures 49 -50). Figure 50. Museu do Amanhã 42 Beneficiario COLFUTURO 2017 4.4.2 Inner Harbour, Baltimore. 4.4.3 Camden Lock, London.
The regeneration of the old harbour of Baltimore, USA, was The surrounding area of the Regent’s Canal Towpath in one of the first and more successful examples of urban Camden Town is currently one of the most vibrant areas of regeneration of post-industrial waterfront. After a huge London. The lock has become a place of encounter for economic decline, in the mid 50’s the city started the locals and tourists, offering a wide options of shops, redevelopment of the old port area, creating new cultural restaurants and other amenities. Camden market has also and leisure spaces, giving a new and contemporary image contributed to the economic growth and prosperity of the to the city. The exhibition of tall ships and submarines is area, providing jobs and opportunities for local business one of its main attractions (figure 51). (figure 52).
Figure 51. Ships exhibition in the waterfront of Baltimore. Figure 52. The locks and market in Camden Town.
43 Beneficiario COLFUTURO 2017 4.4.4 Paddington Basin, London. 4.4.5 Ijburg Floating Village, Amsterdam
The floating gardens of Paddington Basin are located on the Netherlands has a long tradition and experience in the
Grand Union Canal. This intervention added around 730 sqm construction of floating structures as a way to solve the risk of public space, creating new places for siting and enjoy the of the rise sea level. Built in 2011, Ijburg in Amsterdam offers outside. The intention of the floating platforms is to stimulate to its residents a strong connection with the water space, different type of uses on the water spaces and create more in a low dense village linked by walkways and with green areas in a place surrounded by hard landscape (figure connection to the boats. The residents are allowed to
53). personalize the appearance of the houses, which creates a
diverse and striking aesthetic (figure 54).
Figure 53. Floating public space in the waterfront. Figure 54. Floating village of Ijburg.
44 Beneficiario COLFUTURO 2017
5. Project description
45 Beneficiario COLFUTURO 2017
Figure 55. Masterplan Esc. 1:2000 in A1
46 Beneficiario COLFUTURO 2017 5.1 Character areas
NELSON DOCK COMPLEX VAUXHALL RESIDENTIAL Leisure and sport area with the Are for housing and mix use
new Everton Stadium, floating along the Great Howard Street. gardens, the Sea Museum and
the Ferry Station
BRAMLEY -MOORE DOCK
Residential area with floating houses, mix use buildings and Hotel
STANLEY LOCKS Retail area with the
new train station and
offices.
THE NAUTICAL HUB
Cultural and leisure area with STANLEY DOCK
marina, cafes, restaurants and Conservation area with spaces for boat exhibitions hotel, housing and retail Figure 56
47 Beneficiario COLFUTURO 2017 5.2 Key buildings and landmarks
Everton Stadium St. Alban Church (multipurpose venue (reconverted into a for concerts and gym) conferences)
The Bramley-Moore Pub The Locks’ Market
Engine House (reconverted into a Stanley Locks Station restaurant and viewpoint)
Waterfront Hotel Stanley Warehouse (reconverted into housing and retail) Northern Docks Ferry Terminal Boat Museum
The Sea Museum Victoria Tower (viewpoint building) Figure 57 48 Beneficiario COLFUTURO 2017 5.3 Transport connections
1- Ferry Terminal 1
2- Marina
3- Train Station
Bus stops
Tram stop 2 Railway
Leeds Liverpool Canal
Docklands’ tramway
Great Howard St (with cycle Figure 58 routes)
49 Beneficiario COLFUTURO 2017 5.4 Land uses
Residential
Mix Use
Retail (shops, restaurants, cafes)
Cultural – leisure
Offices
Hotel
Parking Figure 59
50 Beneficiario COLFUTURO 2017 5.5 Phasing
PHASE 4 PHASE 8 This phase will start with the Completion of the residential construction of the stadium. area of Vauxhall
PHASE 5 PHASE 7 This sector, which includes Completion of the last dock housing and mix use development and conclusion buildings will begin after the of the Docklands Tram completion of the stadium.
PHASE 6 The central park of the PHASE 2 docklands will be This will begin with the developed after the construction of the new Train completion of the Station, which will be connected stadium and includes with the market and the office the new ferry terminal buildings
PHASE 3 PHASE 1 The Nautical hub will be the first phase of the Completion of the redevelopment regeneration in the waterfront. This will be connected of Stanley Dock complex with the north part of the project of Liverpool Waters Figure 60 51 Beneficiario COLFUTURO 2017 List of references Carlos, C. (2010). A critical look at the port area of Rio de Janeiro City. Archdaily (2011). Floating Houses in IJburg / Architectenbureau Bitácora Urbano-territorial., 17(2), 23-54. Marlies Rohmer. https://www.archdaily.com/120238/floating- houses-in-ijburg-architectenbureau-marlies-rohmer. (Accessed 13 Carrion, F.M. (2005). The Historical Centre as an Object of Desire. August 2018). City Time, 1(3), 1-13.
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53 Beneficiario COLFUTURO 2017 List of figures ▪ Figure 16. https://www.jhluxton.com/Industrial- Archaeology/Historic-Ports-and-Docklands/Historic- ▪ Figure 1. https://www.sundaypost.com/fp/edinburgh-has- Docklands-of/i-Xwmjc9L 55-listings-and-13-restaurants-in-best-uk-restaurants-guide/ ▪ Figure 17. ▪ Figure 2. http://www.admotusmarketing.co.uk/?page_id=473 https://www.dpreview.com/galleries/7509389381/photos/21 ▪ Figure 18. https://www.northernsoul.me.uk/titanic-hotel- 25063/warsaw-old-town liverpool/ https://stanleydock.com/waterside-apartments/ ▪ Figure 3. https://www.whereverimayroamblog.com/baltic- ▪ Figure 19. https://www.e- capital-cruise-day-2-tallinn-estonia/ architect.co.uk/liverpool/liverpool-waterfront ▪ Figure 4. http://www.dw.com/en/venice-installs-turnstiles- ▪ Figure 20. to-limit-massive-tourist-flow/a-43578659 https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/business/stunning- ▪ Figure 5. https://www.dezeen.com/2017/11/22/isay- images-liverpool-waters-everton-14602483 weinfeld-vienna-tower-luxury-apartments-hotel-unesco- ▪ Figure 21. https://www.liverpoolwaters.co.uk/ world-heritage-danger-list/ ▪ Figure 22. Made by the author. ▪ Figure 6. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool ▪ Figure 23. Photo by the author. ▪ Figure 7. Made by the author. ▪ Figure 24. Photo by the author. ▪ Figure 8. Made by the author. ▪ Figure 25. Photo by the author. ▪ Figure 9. Made by the author. ▪ Figure 26. Photo by the author. ▪ Figure 10. Photos by the author. ▪ Figure 27. Photo by the author. ▪ Figure 11. https://historic-liverpool.co.uk/liverpool-at-the- ▪ Figure 28. Photo by the author. forefront-of-dock-technology-waterloo-victoria-and- ▪ Figure 29. Photo by the author. trafalgar-docks/ ▪ Figure 30. Photo by the author. ▪ Figure 12. http://streetsofliverpool.co.uk/page/2/?s=west ▪ Figure 31. Photo by the author. ▪ Figure 13. ▪ Figure 32. Photo by the author. https://i.pinimg.com/originals/69/a6/28/69a628a94f01130d8 ▪ Figure 33. Diagram by the author. 557404ec99f5cb6.jpg ▪ Figure 34. Diagram by the author. ▪ Figure 14. ▪ Figure 35. Diagram by the author. https://www.28dayslater.co.uk/threads/exploring-by- ▪ Figure 36. https://stanleydock.com/ engine-liverpool-docks-july-1971.62743/ http://manweb- ▪ Figure 37. Photo by the author. remembered.co.uk/clarencedock8.htm ▪ Figure 38. Photo by the author. ▪ Figure 15. ▪ Figure 39. Diagram by the author. http://www.bluestarline.org/liverpool_war/law_19.htm ▪ Figure 40. Photo by the author. ▪ Figure 41. Google Street View.
54 Beneficiario COLFUTURO 2017 ▪ Figure 42. http://projectmapping.co.uk/Reviews/merseyrail_maps.h tml ▪ Figure 43. http://www.canaljunction.com/canal/leeds_liverpool.htm ▪ Figure 44. Diagram by the author. ▪ Figure 45. https://liverpool.gov.uk/media/9955/kirkdale.pdf ▪ Figure 46. https://liverpool.gov.uk/media/9955/kirkdale.pdf ▪ Figure 47. Diagram by the author. ▪ Figure 48. Diagram by the author. ▪ Figure 49. https://blogs.oglobo.globo.com/ancelmo/post/festival- de-cinema-do-rio-pretende-instalar-teloes-nos-dois- novos-xodos-do-carioca.html ▪ Figure 50. https://www.odebrecht.com/pt- br/comunicacao/releases/museu-do-amanha-e- inaugurado-no-rio-de-janeiro ▪ Figure 51. https://baltimore.org/media/1123 ▪ Figure 52. https://www.insightguides.com/inspire- me/blog/camden-market-and-regents-park ▪ Figure 53. https://i.pinimg.com/originals/fd/f6/c4/fdf6c451485f56ca 04109079971507d3.jpg ▪ Figure 54. https://www.pinterest.co.uk/pin/382454193330411708/?l p=true ▪ Figure 55. Diagram made by the author. ▪ Figure 56. Diagram made by the author. ▪ Figure 57. Diagram made by the author. ▪ Figure 58. Diagram made by the author. ▪ Figure 59. Diagram made by the author. ▪ Figure 60. Diagram made by the author.
55 Beneficiario COLFUTURO 2017