Expendable Launch Vehicles
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASA’S Launch Services Program KH/DXQFK6HUYLFHV3URJUDPZDV WLVHDQGFRVWHIIHFWLYHVHUYLFHVLQWKH 7HVWDEOLVKHGDW.HQQHG\6SDFH&HQWHU FRPPHUFLDODUHQDWRVDWLVI\$JHQF\ZLGH IRU1$6$·VDFTXLVLWLRQDQGSURJUDP VSDFHWUDQVSRUWDWLRQUHTXLUHPHQWVDQG PDQDJHPHQWRI([SHQGDEOH/DXQFK PD[LPL]HWKHRSSRUWXQLW\IRUPLVVLRQ One9HKLFOH (/9 PLVVLRQV$VNLOOIXO1$6$ of NASA’s WB-57 aircraft VXFFHVV FRQWUDFWRUWHDPLVLQSODFHWRPHHWWKH 7KHSULQFLSDOREMHFWLYHVDUHWRSURYLGH PLVVLRQRIWKH/DXQFK6HUYLFHV3URJUDP VDIHUHOLDEOHFRVWHIIHFWLYHDQGRQVFKHG Information Summary ZKLFKH[LVWVWRSURYLGHOHDGHUVKLSH[SHU XOHSURFHVVLQJPLVVLRQDQDO\VLVDQG www.nasa.gov VSDFHFUDIWLQWHJUDWLRQDQGODXQFKVHUYLFHVIRU1$6$ Expendable Launch Vehicles DQG1$6$VSRQVRUHGSD\ORDGVQHHGLQJDPLVVLRQRQ $OO([SHQGDEOH/DXQFK9HKLFOHVXVHWKHVDPH (/9V EDVLFWHFKQRORJ\WRJHWLQWRVSDFH²WZRRUPRUH 7KH/DXQFK6HUYLFHV3URJUDPLVUHVSRQVLEOHIRU URFNHWSRZHUHGVWDJHVZKLFKIDOODZD\ZKHQWKHLU 1$6$RYHUVLJKWRIODXQFKRSHUDWLRQVDQGFRXQW HQJLQHEXUQVDUHFRPSOHWHG:KDWHYHUDODXQFK GRZQPDQDJHPHQWSURYLGLQJDGGHGTXDOLW\DQG YHKLFOHFDUULHVDERYHWKHILQDOGLVFDUGHGVWDJHLV PLVVLRQDVVXUDQFHLQOLHXRIWKHUHTXLUHPHQWIRUWKH FRQVLGHUHGWKHSD\ORDG ODXQFKVHUYLFHSURYLGHUWRREWDLQDFRPPHUFLDOODXQFK $SD\ORDG·VZHLJKWRUELWDOGHVWLQDWLRQDQGSXU OLFHQVH SRVHGHWHUPLQHZKDWVL]HODXQFKYHKLFOHLVUHTXLUHG$ 3ULPDU\ODXQFKVLWHVDUH&DSH&DQDYHUDO$LU)RUFH VPDOO(/9OLNH3HJDVXVFDQSODFHDORZZHLJKW 6WDWLRQ &&$)6 LQ)ORULGDDQG9DQGHQEHUJ$LU VSDFHFUDIWLQWRQHDU(DUWKRUELWZKLOHDQH[SHQGDEOH )RUFH%DVH 9$)% LQ&DOLIRUQLD YHKLFOHOLNHWKHPDVVLYH6DWXUQ9ZDVUHTXLUHGWRVHQG 2WKHUODXQFKORFDWLRQVDUH1$6$·V:DOORSV,VODQG PDQQHG$SROORVSDFHFUDIWWRWKH0RRQ IOLJKWIDFLOLW\LQ9LUJLQLDWKH1RUWK3DFLILF·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ervices Fleet WKURXJKLWVDWPRVSKHUHWRWKHVXUIDFH0RVWUHFHQWO\ 1$6$ODXQFKHGWKH7UDFNLQJ'DWDDQG5HOD\6DWHO OLWH-FRPPXQLFDWLRQVDWHOOLWH'HFRQDQ Atlas/Centaur $WODV,,$IURP&&$)6 7KH$WODV&HQWDXUYHKLFOHVILUVWEHFDPHRSHUD /RFNKHHG0DUWLQGHYHORSHGWKH$WODV,,,ODXQFK WLRQDOLQ/RFNKHHG0DUWLQXVHGWKH$WODV,,DQG V\VWHPWKDWGHEXWHGLQ7KLVYHKLFOHFDQFDUU\ ,,,YHKLFOHVWRODXQFKPLOLWDU\FRPPHUFLDODQGVFLHQ PRUHWKDQSRXQGV NLORJUDPV WRJHRV\Q WLILFSD\ORDGVLQWRVSDFHIURP6SDFH/DXQFK&RPSOH[ FKURQRXVWUDQVIHURUELW7KH$WODV9V\VWHPWKH DW&&$)6DQG6SDFH/DXQFK&RPSOH[(DW QHZHVWRI/RFNKHHG0DUWLQ·VIOHHWILUVWODXQFKHG$XJ 9$)%0RUHWKDQ$WODVIOLJKWVKDYHWDNHQSODFH FDUU\LQJDFRPPHUFLDOFRPPXQLFDWLRQV LQFOXGLQJIOLJKWVZLWKWKH&HQWDXUVWDJHDGGHGWR VDWHOOLWH7KH$WODV9FDQFDUU\IURPSRXQGV FUHDWHWKH$WODV&HQWDXUYHKLFOH NLORJUDPV WRSRXQGV NLORJUDPV :KHQODXQFKHGE\1$6$WKURXJKWKH WR*72IURP6SDFH/DXQFK&RPSOH[DW&&$)6 $WODV&HQWDXUZDVWKHVWDQGDUGYHKLFOHIRULQWHUPHGL DWHSD\ORDGVWKDWFDUULHGDERXWSRXQGV Delta NLORJUDPV WR*HRV\QFKURQRXV7UDQVIHU2UELW )URPWR1$6$ZDVWKHUHVSRQVLEOH *72 7KH&HQWDXUZDVWKHILUVWKLJKHQHUJ\OLTXLG DJHQF\LQWKHODXQFKRIVFLHQWLILFZHDWKHUDQG K\GURJHQOLTXLGR[\JHQODXQFKYHKLFOHVWDJHDQGLW FRPPXQLFDWLRQVVSDFHFUDIWDORQJZLWKVRPHPLOLWDU\ SURYLGHGWKHPRVWSRZHUIRULWVZHLJKWRIDQ\SURYHQ VDWHOOLWHVDERDUG'HOWDODXQFKYHKLFOHVIURP&&$)6 VWDJHWKHQLQXVH DQG9$)%7KHVHVSDFHFUDIWLQFOXGH1$6$·V7,526 7KH$WODV&HQWDXUZDVWKHODXQFKYHKLFOHIRU 1LPEXV,726/$1'6$7DQG:HVWDUVHULHVDQG Inside the Atlas Space Operations Center at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station sits the second-stage Centaur for a Lockheed Martin Atlas V, designated AV- 007. The Atlas V is the launch vehicle for the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO). The MRO is designed for a series of global mapping, regional survey and targeted observations from a near-polar, low- altitude Mars orbit. 3 PRUHWKDQVFLHQWLILF([SORUHUV1XPHURXVLQWHUQD WLRQDOVDWHOOLWHVZHUHDOVRODXQFKHGE\1$6$ 7KH'HOWDIDPLO\RIYHKLFOHVKDVEHHQXSJUDGHG VHYHUDOWLPHVRYHUWKH\HDUV7KH'HOWDSURGXFHGE\ %RHLQJFXUUHQWO\KDVVROLGVWUDSRQPRWRUVOLTXLG IXHOHGILUVWDQGVHFRQGVWDJHVDQGDVROLGSURSHOODQW WKLUGVWDJH 7KH'HOWD,,,ODXQFKYHKLFOHZDVEXLOWDVDWUDQVL WLRQDOYHKLFOHDQGODXQFKHGRQO\WKUHHWLPHV7KH 'HOWD,9V\VWHPWKHQHZHVWLQ'HOWD·VIOHHWZLOO ODXQFKWKH*HRVWDWLRQDU\2SHUDWLRQDO(QYLURQPHQWDO 6DWHOOLWH *2(6 VHULHVRIVSDFHFUDIWDQGRWKHUIXWXUH The L-1011 carrier aircraft is in flight with its cargo of the Pegasus launch vehicle and SciSat-1 spacecraft 1$6$PLVVLRQV7KH'HOWD,9FDQFDUU\IURP underneath. SRXQGV NLORJUDPV WRSRXQGV NLORJUDPV WR*72DQGIURPSRXQGV NLORJUDPV WRSRXQGV NLORJUDPV LQWR Pegasus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·V6RODU5DGLDWLRQDQG&OLPDWH 625&( H[SHULPHQW-DQDQGWKH*DOD[\(YROXWLRQ ([SORUHU *$/(; $SULOERWKIURP &&$)6 Taurus 7KH7DXUXVYHKLFOHLVDIRXUVWDJHVROLGPRWRU YHKLFOHWKDWFDQODXQFKXSWRDSRXQG NLORJUDP SD\ORDGLQWRORZ(DUWKRUELW7KH7DXUXV ZDVGHVLJQHGWRRSHUDWHIURPDZLGHUDQJHRI ODXQFK IDFLOLWLHVDQGJHRJUDSKLFORFDWLRQV7KH7DXUXVODXQFK YHKLFOHKDVVXFFHVVIXOO\VHQWVL[VDWHOOLWHVLQWRRUELW ZLWKVL[ODXQFKHVDOOIURP9$)%,WZDVXVHGWR ODXQFK1$6$·V$FWLYH&DYLW\5DGLRPHWHU,UUDGLDQFH 0RQLWRU $&5,06$7 VSDFHFUDIW'HF 1$6$SODQQHGWRODXQFKDWOHDVWILYH7DXUXVYHKLFOHV FDUU\LQJSULPDU\SD\ORDGVEHJLQQLQJLQ Titan 7KH7LWDQZDVXVHGE\1$6$WRODXQFKLQWHUSODQ A Boeing Delta II rocket launches June 10, 2003, with HWDU\PLVVLRQVIURP&&$)6$QHDUOLHUYHUVLRQRI WKH 4 the Mars Exploration Rover “Spirit” aboard. 7LWDQYHKLFOHWKH7LWDQ,,,(&HQWDXUEXLOWE\ Historic Missions Mars Exploration Rovers (MER-A & B) (Delta II) 1$6$·V0DUV([SORUDWLRQ5RYHUVZHUHODXQFKHG DERDUG'HOWD,,YHKLFOHVIURP&&$)60(5$6SLULW ODXQFKHG-XQHDQG0(5%2SSRUWXQLW\ ODXQFKHG-XO\WKDWVDPH\HDU%RWKURYHUVUHDFKHG 0DUVLQ-DQXDU\,QIRUPDWLRQVHQWIURPWKH URYHUVEDFNWR(DUWKUHYHDOHGWKHH[LVWHQFHRI ZDWHU LQWKHUHGSODQHW·VSDVW3UHYLRXV0DUVPLVVLRQV LQFOXGHWKH0DUV2G\VVH\VSDFHFUDIWWKDW ODXQFKHGIURP6SDFH/DXQFK&RPSOH[$DW &&$)6$SULO 7KH0DUV3DWKILQGHUEHJDQLWVMRXUQH\WR0DUV DWRSD'HOWD,,WKDWODXQFKHG'HFIURP /DXQFK&RPSOH[% 1$6$·VILUVWUHWXUQWR0DUVDIWHUWKH9LNLQJ PLVVLRQEHJDQZLWKWKHODXQFKRI WKH0DUV*OREDO 6XUYH\RUDWRSD'HOWD,,1RYIURP&&$)6 /DXQFK&RPSOH[$7KH6XUYH\RUWUDYHOHGWRWKH UHGSODQHWDQGVSHQWDSSUR[LPDWHO\WZR\HDUVPDS SLQJWKH0DUWLDQVXUIDFHWRDFKLHYHDJOREDOSRUWUDLW Stardust, Genesis, Deep Impact (Delta II) 2Q)HED'HOWD,,ODXQFKHGIURP/DXQFK &RPSOH[$DW&&$)6FDUU\LQJWKH6WDUGXVW VSDFHFUDIW6WDUGXVWFROOHFWHGFRPHWGXVWDQGYRODWLOH VDPSOHVGXULQJDSODQQHGFORVHHQFRXQWHUZLWKWKH This Titan IVB/Centaur rocket launches Oct. 15, 1997, FRPHW:LOGLQ-DQXDU\6WDUGXVWDOVRFROOHFWHG carrying the Cassini spacecraft. VDPSOHVRILQWHUVWHOODUGXVWLQFOXGLQJWKHUHFHQWO\ GLVFRYHUHGGXVWVWUHDPLQJLQWRRXU6RODU6\VWHP7KLV 0DUWLQ0DULHWWDDQG*HQHUDO'\QDPLFVZDVXVHGWR ODXQFKZDVXQXVXDOLQWKDWLWZDVWKHILUVW86PLVVLRQ ODXQFKWZR+HOLRVPLVVLRQVWRWKH6XQWZR9LNLQJ GHGLFDWHGVROHO\WRWKHVWXG\RIDFRPHW PLVVLRQVWR0DUVDQGWZR9R\DJHUPLVVLRQVWR-XSLWHU 1$6$·V*HQHVLVVSDFHFUDIWODXQFKHGDERDUGD DQG6DWXUQEHJLQQLQJLQWKHV2QHRI WKH 'HOWD,,$XJIURP/DXQFK&RPSOH[$DW 9R\DJHUVDOVRFRQWLQXHGRQWR8UDQXVDQG1HSWXQH &&$)6*HQHVLVFROOHFWHGVDPSOHVRIVRODUZLQG³ $OORIWKHPLVVLRQVSURYLGHGUHPDUNDEOHQHZVFLHQ LQYLVLEOHFKDUJHGSDUWLFOHVWKDWIORZRXWZDUGIURPWKH WLILFGDWDDERXWRXU6RODU6\VWHPDQGVSHFWDFXODU 6XQ7KHSDUWLFOHVZLOOEHVWXGLHGE\VFLHQWLVWVWR FRORUSKRWRJUDSKVRI WKHSODQHWVWKH\H[SORUHGDV VHDUFKIRUDQVZHUVWRIXQGDPHQWDOTXHVWLRQVDERXW ZHOODVVRPHRI WKHLUPRRQV WKHH[DFWFRPSRVLWLRQRIRXUVWDUDQGWKHELUWKRI 7KH7LWDQ,9ODXQFKHG1$6$·V&DVVLQLVSDFHFUDIW RXU6RODU6\VWHP WR6DWXUQLQ7KH7LWDQ,,,VHQW1$6$·V0DUV 7KH'HHS,PSDFWPLVVLRQODXQFKHG-DQ 2EVHUYHURQLWVMRXUQH\LQ7KH7LWDQ,,ZDV IURP&&$)6DQGZLOOUHDFK&RPHW7HPSHOLQ-XO\ XVHGWRODXQFKPDQ\1DWLRQDO2FHDQLFDQG$WPR 7KH´IO\E\µVSDFHFUDIWZLOOFROOHFWLPDJHVRI VSKHULF$GPLQLVWUDWLRQ 12$$ ZHDWKHUVDWHOOLWHV WKHFRPHWEHIRUHLWV´LPSDFWRUµVSDFHFUDIWUHDFKHV 0RVWUHFHQWO\D7LWDQ,,ODXQFKHG1$6$·V12$$0 WKHFRPHWDQGDIWHUWKHLPSDFWWRVWXG\WKHSULVWLQH VDWHOOLWH-XQHIURP9$)% LQWHULRURI RQHRILWVFUDWHUV 5 6SDFH$JHQF\,WVVHYHQ\HDUMRXUQH\WR6DWXUQEHJDQ 2FWIURP/DXQFK&RPSOH[RQD7LWDQ ,9DW&&$)6&DVVLQLPDGHREVHUYDWLRQVRI DWOHDVW RQHDVWHURLGDQGWKHSODQHW-XSLWHURQLWVZD\WR 6DWXUQ&DVVLQLDUULYHGDW6DWXUQLQ-XO\DQGZLOO VSHQGIRXU\HDUVH[SORULQJWKHSODQHWLWVULQJVDQG