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Was Galatian Really Celtic? Anthony Durham & Michael Goormachtigh First Published November 2011, Updated to October 2016
Was Galatian Really Celtic? Anthony Durham & Michael Goormachtigh first published November 2011, updated to October 2016 Summary Saint Jerome’s AD 386 remark that the language of ancient Galatia (around modern Ankara) resembled the language of the Treveri (around modern Trier) has been misinterpreted. The “Celts”, “Gauls” or “Galatians” mentioned by classical authors, including those who invaded Greece and Anatolia around 277 BC, were not Celtic in the modern sense of speaking a Celtic language related to Welsh and Irish, but tall, pale-skinned, hairy, warrior peoples from the north. The 150 or so words and proper names currently known from Galatian speech show little affinity with Celtic but more with Germanic. Introduction In AD 386 Saint Jerome wrote: Apart from the Greek language, which is spoken throughout the entire East, the Galatians have their own language, almost the same as the Treveri. For many people this short remark is the linchpin of a belief that ancient Celtic speech spread far outside its Atlantic-fringe homeland, reaching even into the heart of Anatolia, modern Turkey. However, we wish to challenge the idea that Galatians spoke a language that was Celtic in the modern sense of being closely related to Welsh or Irish. Galatia was the region around ancient Ancyra, modern Ankara, in the middle of Turkey. Anatolia (otherwise known as Asia Minor) has seen many civilisations come and go over the millennia. Around 8000 BC it was a cradle of agriculture and the Neolithic revolution. The whole family of Indo-European languages originated somewhere in that region. We favour the idea that they grew up around the Black Sea all the way from northern Anatolia, past the mouth of the river Danube, to southern Russia and Ukraine. -
The Cambridge Companion to Age of Constantine.Pdf
The Cambridge Companion to THE AGE OF CONSTANTINE S The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Constantine offers students a com- prehensive one-volume introduction to this pivotal emperor and his times. Richly illustrated and designed as a readable survey accessible to all audiences, it also achieves a level of scholarly sophistication and a freshness of interpretation that will be welcomed by the experts. The volume is divided into five sections that examine political history, reli- gion, social and economic history, art, and foreign relations during the reign of Constantine, a ruler who gains in importance because he steered the Roman Empire on a course parallel with his own personal develop- ment. Each chapter examines the intimate interplay between emperor and empire and between a powerful personality and his world. Collec- tively, the chapters show how both were mutually affected in ways that shaped the world of late antiquity and even affect our own world today. Noel Lenski is Associate Professor of Classics at the University of Colorado, Boulder. A specialist in the history of late antiquity, he is the author of numerous articles on military, political, cultural, and social history and the monograph Failure of Empire: Valens and the Roman State in the Fourth Century ad. Cambridge Collections Online © Cambridge University Press, 2007 Cambridge Collections Online © Cambridge University Press, 2007 The Cambridge Companion to THE AGE OF CONSTANTINE S Edited by Noel Lenski University of Colorado Cambridge Collections Online © Cambridge University Press, 2007 cambridge university press Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, Sao˜ Paulo Cambridge University Press 40 West 20th Street, New York, ny 10011-4211, usa www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521818384 c Cambridge University Press 2006 This publication is in copyright. -
Carolingian Propaganda: Kingship by the Hand of God
Isak M. C. Sexson Hist. 495 Senior Thesis Thesis Advisor: Martha Rampton April 24, 2000 Carolingian Propaganda: Kingship by the Hand of God Introduction and Thesis Topic: The Carolingians laid the foundation for their successful coup in 751 very carefully, using not only political and religious alliances, but also the written word to ensure a usurpation of Merovingian power. Up until, and even decades after Pippin III’s coup, the Carolingians used a written form of propaganda to solidify their claims to the throne and reinforce their already existent power base. One of the most successful, powerful and prominent features of the Carolingians’ propaganda campaign was their use of God and divine support. By divine support, I mean the Carolingians stressed their rightful place as rulers of Christiandom and were portrayed as both being aided in their actions by God and being virtuous and pious rulers. This strategy of claiming to fulfill Augustine’s vision of a “city of God” politically would eventually force the Carolingians into a tight corner during the troubled times of Louis the Pious. The Word Propaganda and Historiography: The word propaganda is a modern word which did not exist in Carolingian Europe. It carries powerful modern connotations and should not be applied lightly when discussing past documents without keeping its modern usage in mind at all times. As Hummel and Huntress note in their book The Analysis of Propaganda, “‘Propaganda’ is a 1 word of evil connotation . [and] the word has become a synonym for a lie.”1 In order to avoid the ‘evil connotations’ of modern propaganda in this paper I will limit my definition of propaganda to the intentional reproduction, distribution and exaggeration or fabrication of events in order to gain support. -
Approaches to Community and Otherness in the Late Merovingian and Early Carolingian Periods
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by White Rose E-theses Online Approaches to Community and Otherness in the Late Merovingian and Early Carolingian Periods Richard Christopher Broome Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Leeds School of History September 2014 ii The candidate confirms that the work submitted is his own and that appropriate credit has been given where reference has been made to the work of others. This copy has been supplied on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement. The right of Richard Christopher Broome to be identified as Author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. © 2014 The University of Leeds and Richard Christopher Broome iii Acknowledgements There are many people without whom this thesis would not have been possible. First of all, I would like to thank my supervisor, Ian Wood, who has been a constant source of invaluable knowledge, advice and guidance, and who invited me to take on the project which evolved into this thesis. The project he offered me came with a substantial bursary, for which I am grateful to HERA and the Cultural Memory and the Resources of the Past project with which I have been involved. Second, I would like to thank all those who were also involved in CMRP for their various thoughts on my research, especially Clemens Gantner for guiding me through the world of eighth-century Italy, to Helmut Reimitz for sending me a pre-print copy of his forthcoming book, and to Graeme Ward for his thoughts on Aquitanian matters. -
All in the Family: Creating a Carolingian Genealogy in the Eleventh Century*
All in the family: creating a Carolingian genealogy in the eleventh century* Sarah Greer The genre of genealogical texts experienced a transformation across the tenth century. Genealogical writing had always been a part of the Judeo-Christian tradition, but the vast majority of extant genealogies from the continent before the year 1000 are preserved in narrative form, a literary account of the progression from one generation to another. There were plenty of biblical models for this kind of genealogy; the book of Genesis is explicitly structured as a genealogy tracing the generations that descended from Adam and Eve down to Joseph.1 Early medieval authors could directly imitate this biblical structure: the opening sections of Thegan’s Deeds of Louis the Pious, for example, traced the begetting of Charlemagne from St Arnulf; in England, Asser provided a similarly shaped presentation of the genealogia of King Alfred.2 In the late tenth/early eleventh century, however, secular genealogical texts witnessed an explosion of interest. Genealogies of kings began to make their way into narrative historiographical texts with much greater regularity, shaping the way that those histories themselves were structured.3 The number of textual genealogies that were written down increased exponentially and began to move outside of the royal family to include genealogies of noble families in the West Frankish kingdoms and Lotharingia.4 Perhaps most remarkable though, is that these narrative genealogies began – for the first time – to be supplemented by new diagrammatic forms. The first extant genealogical tables of royal and noble families that we possess date from exactly this period, the late tenth and eleventh centuries.5 The earliest forms of these diagrams were relatively plain. -
Descendants of Paramund
Descendants of Paramund Generation 1 1. PARAMUND was born in 370 AD in Westphalia, Germany. He died in 430 AD in Rhine River Valley, Germany. He married ARGOTTA. She was born in 376 AD in France. She died in 432 AD in Rhine River Valley, Germany. Notes for Paramund: Paramund was born about 370 AM in Westphalia, Germany. He died about 430 AD at Rhine River Valley, Germany. Paramund is the 25th great grandfather of Louis, husband of Eleanor of Aquitaine (1123-1204), the 14th great grandmother of Edward Southworth, the husband of Alice Carpenter, my 7th great grandmother. What is the significance of following this line? First of all, he is a ling through which descendants flow through the Westmoreland family into which our daughter, Tiffany Lenn Sharpe Westmoreland married when she married Steve O. Westmoreland. Tiffany's mother- in-law, Betty Katherine Covington Westmoreland, generously provided for me most of this genealogical information, and my appreciation of her is great for that. There are some interesting people in that line. Here are the interesting people in that line. This descendants’ line from Paramund of Germany contains 59 generations coming down to our contemporary family, down to our Westmoreland grandchildren. This line comes through our son-in-law’s connections. Notable names most people may recognize include Charles “The Hammer” Martel (686-741), Mayor of the Palace, ruling the Franks, and best remembered winning the Battle of Tours in 732, a battle that halted the Islamic expansion in Europe at that time. William the Conqueror is best known for leading the Normans from France across the English Channel to conquer England and to have himself crowned King of England in 1066. -
Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-60110-9 — the Cambridge Companion to the Age of Constantine Edited by Noel Lenski Index More Information
Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-60110-9 — The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Constantine Edited by Noel Lenski Index More Information Index S Abantus. See Amandus Alfoldi,¨ A., 9 Abd al-Malik, 394 Alica, Gothic king, 329, 359 Abinnaeus, Flavius, commander, 326, Allectus, 41 330, 344 Amandus, naval commander, 76 Ablabius, Flavius, Praetorian Prefect, 99, Amasis, 123 187 Ambrose, bishop of Milan, 98, 145, Abraham, 142 304 Achyron, 82 Amida, 343, 392 “Acts of Pilate,” 68 Ammianus Marcellinus, historian, 27–28, actuarii, 333 153 , 344, 367–368 Actus beati Silvestri papae. See Sylvester, Anastasia (half-sister of Constantine), 73, Pope 169 Ada Cameo, 269 Anastasius, emperor, 243 adaeratio. See commutation Anatolia, 162 Adamklissi. See Tropaeum Traiani Ancyra, 125 Adrianople, battle(s) of, 4, 73, 74, 75, 338 Anicia Juliana, 300 adultery, 210–211 annona. See taxation Aegae, 153 , 174, 336 Anonymous Valesianus. See Origo Aelafius, 147 Constantini Aeneas, 192 Antioch Africa, 41, 65, 117–119, 146, 151 –153 , buildings, 257, 268, 292 227, 230, 326, 330, 342 church of, 117, 128, 148 Agentes in Rebus, 188 civic politics, 186, 193 Agilo, Magister Peditum, 366 Constantine’s visit, 80, 379 Agri Decumates, 4, 353 and Constantius II, 81 Agri deserti, 227–229 council(s) of, 146, 148, 149 Ain Rchine, 186 and Diocletian, 48 Aksum, 380, 386–387 as imperial capitol, 45 Alamanni, 38, 102, 332, 342, 350–351, and Licinius, 338, 341 353–356, 359, 363–367 Antoninianus, 234 Alexander, bishop of Alexandria, 80, Antoninus Pius, emperor, 38, 160 124, 146, 150 Anullinus, Proconsul, 72 Alexander the Great, 378 Aper, Praetorian Prefect, 39 Alexander Severus, emperor, 38 Aphaca, 153 , 174 Alexandria, 41, 80, 130, 146, 148, 329, Aphrodisias, 47, 234, 269 379 Aphrodite, 174 459 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-60110-9 — The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Constantine Edited by Noel Lenski Index More Information Index Apollo, 66, 114, 160, 166, 263. -
Bee Final Round
IHBB 2015-2016 Beta Bee: New Zealand Bee Final Round (1) In 1979, the strongest of these events, Tip, killed 13 Marines in a fire on Guam. In 2013, cities in Palau were completely destroyed and thousands of people were killed when Tacloban City was hit by the eyewall of one of these named Haiyan. The Philippines and West Pacific are struck by, for the point, what tropical cyclonic storm systems, otherwise called hurricanes when they strike in the Atlantic? ANSWER: typhoon (prompt on "cyclones" or "storms"; do not accept "hurricanes") (2) During this man’s visit to the United States, he was prohibited from visiting Disneyland for security reasons and he visited Roswell Garst’s farm in Iowa. This man debated with Richard Nixon in the Kitchen Debate, and banged a shoe on the podium during a UN address, claiming "we will bury you!" This man gave the "Secret Speech" denouncing his predecessor’s policies and purges. For the point, name this Soviet Premier who put authorized placing nuclear missiles on Cuba, igniting the Cuban Missile Crisis. ANSWER: Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev (3) The most recent of these events took place at Punggye-ri in 2013. Two of these called Operation Totem took place at Emu Field. Protests against these events at Moruroa were to be joined by the Rainbow Warrior when it was sunk by the French. The first of these events inspired one observer to quote the Bhagavad Gita, and Novaya Zemlya was the site of the largest of these events, which used Tsar Bomba. For the point, name these experiments carried out by the U.S. -
Epoca Bizantină
Epoca Bizantină Urme materiale, secolele III, IV și V en Deși teritoriul nostru nu a făcut parte integrantă din Imperiul Bizantin, în cele ce urmează perioada de timp cuprinsă între epoca romană și cea feudală va fi denumită generic Epoca Bizantină, pentru a urma cursul firesc al Istoriei Bisericii Ortodoxe, cea care a consemnat faptele, obiceiurile și tradițiile, războaiele sau calamitățile vremurilor. Chiar dacă la Nord de Dunăre puterea militară și osul sănătos au fost de partea triburilor barbare, migratoare, aproape toate sursele istoriografice au fost produse de scribii bizantini sau romani. Urmele materiale identificate arheologic sunt și ele destul de limitate iar datarea lor s-a făcut de cele mai multe ori prin analogie cu cronologia romană. Aflat la granița de nord a teritoriului controlat de romani, teritoriul nostru a fost permanent în interacțiune activă cu marele imperiu, fie prin schimburi comerciale, fie prin confruntări militare. Toți sclavii eliberați sau fugiți, toți renegații și nemulțumiții Imperiului Bizantin, toți hoții și infractorii, pe scurt toți dușmanii Imperiului Roman și mai apoi ai celui Bizantin au găsit adăpost și refugiu la Nord de Dunăre. La aceștia se adaugă sutele de mii, sau în timp chiar milioanele de prizonieri de război, colonizați pe teritoriul nostru în așteptarea răscumpărării. Chiar dacă nu a existat un proces coherent de colonizare activă, organizat de o armată învingătoare, teritoriul nostru a fost colonizat progresiv cu locuitori ai Imperiului, coloniști ce au adus cu ei limba, obiceiurile și tradițiile, moneda sau averea lor. Este greu de spus dacă această politică a fost dirijată activ de împărații și capii bisericii, sau a fost doar rezultatul unei selecții naturale, dar majoritatea textelor lasă de înțeles că bizantinii au purtat serii de negocieri cu triburile invadatoare înainte de declanșarea fiecărui război. -
The Annals of Hildesheim
University of New Hampshire University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository Master's Theses and Capstones Student Scholarship Spring 2007 The Annals of Hildesheim Bethany Hope Allen University of New Hampshire, Durham Follow this and additional works at: https://scholars.unh.edu/thesis Recommended Citation Allen, Bethany Hope, "The Annals of Hildesheim" (2007). Master's Theses and Capstones. 37. https://scholars.unh.edu/thesis/37 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Scholarship at University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses and Capstones by an authorized administrator of University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE ANNALS OF HILDESHEIM BY BETHANY HOPE ALLEN BA History, BA Classics, University of New Hampshire 2005 THESIS Submitted to the University of New Hampshire in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in History May, 2007 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UMI Number: 1443595 INFORMATION TO USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleed-through, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. ® UMI UMI Microform 1443595 Copyright 2007 by ProQuest Information and Learning Company. -
1 Rebel Duke and Pagan King: the Variety in Early Carolingian Depictions of Radbod of Frisia Introduction of All the Antagonists
Richard Broome, University of Leeds Rebel Duke and Pagan King: the variety in early Carolingian depictions of Radbod of Frisia Introduction Of all the antagonists to feature in the eighth- and ninth-century sources, Radbod of Frisia is one of the most prominent, featuring heavily in both historical and hagiographical texts. Because of his prominence, though, there was no fixed vision of Radbod, and he could be different things to different authors working at different times. Presentations of Radbod can be divided into two over-arching groups: the historical sources which portray him as a rebellious duke and antagonist of the Frankish mayors Pippin II and Charles Martel, and the hagiographical ones which portray him as a pagan king whose interactions with the Frisian mission were ambivalent at best, and hostile at worst. Yet even within these groups there was variation. The historical depictions are reasonably stable, but witnessed important narrative alterations which show how authors placed Radbod in a changing vision of the recent Frankish past. The hagiographical depictions are more varied, ranging from Willibald’s portrayal of Radbod as a pagan persecutor in Vita Bonifatii to the somewhat more human portrayal of the ruler in Vita Vulframni. After presenting the most important of these variations and some thoughts on them, this paper will address perhaps the most intriguing issue to emerge from them: the nature of Radbod’s title, and why he was dux to some but rex to others. First, though, it is possible to piece together at least some aspects of Radbod’s career, even if certain details elude us. -
Bee Final Round Bee Final Round Regulation Questions
NHBB C-Set Bee 2015-2016 Bee Final Round Bee Final Round Regulation Questions (1) In 1979, the strongest of these events, Tip, killed 13 Marines in a fire on Guam. In 2013, cities in Palau were completely destroyed and thousands of people were killed when Tacloban City was hit by the eyewall of one of these named Haiyan. The Philippines and West Pacific are struck by, for the point, what tropical cyclonic storm systems, otherwise called hurricanes when they strike in the Atlantic? ANSWER: typhoon (prompt on \cyclones" or \storms"; do not accept \hurricanes") (2) During this man's visit to the United States, he visited Roswell Garst's farm in Iowa and was prohibited from visiting Disneyland for security reasons. He debated with Richard Nixon in the Kitchen Debate, and banged a shoe on the podium during a UN address, claiming \we will bury you!" This man gave the \Secret Speech" denouncing his predecessor's policies and purges. For the point, name this Soviet Premier who authorized placing nuclear missiles on Cuba, igniting the Cuban Missile Crisis. ANSWER: Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev (3) Protests against these events at Moruroa were to be joined by the Rainbow Warrior when it was sunk by the French. The most recent one of these events took place at Punggye-ri in 2016. The first of these events inspired one observer to quote the Bhagavad Gita, and Novaya Zemlya was the site of the largest of these events, which used Tsar Bomba. For the point, name these experiments carried out by the U.S.