Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-60110-9 — the Cambridge Companion to the Age of Constantine Edited by Noel Lenski Index More Information

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Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-60110-9 — The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Constantine Edited by Noel Lenski Index More Information

Index S

Abantus. See Amandus Alfoldi,¨ A., 9 Abd al-Malik, 394 Alica, Gothic king, 329, 359 Abinnaeus, Flavius, commander, 326, Allectus, 41 330, 344 Amandus, naval commander, 76 Ablabius, Flavius, Praetorian Prefect, 99, Amasis, 123 187 Ambrose, bishop of Milan, 98, 145, Abraham, 142 304 Achyron, 82 Amida, 343, 392 “Acts of Pilate,” 68 Ammianus Marcellinus, historian, 27–28, actuarii, 333 153 , 344, 367–368 Actus beati Silvestri papae. See Sylvester, Anastasia (half-sister of Constantine), 73, Pope 169 Ada Cameo, 269 Anastasius, emperor, 243 adaeratio. See commutation Anatolia, 162 Adamklissi. See Tropaeum Traiani Ancyra, 125 Adrianople, battle(s) of, 4, 73, 74, 75, 338 Anicia Juliana, 300 adultery, 210–211 annona. See taxation Aegae, 153 , 174, 336 Anonymous Valesianus. See Origo Aelaﬁus, 147 Constantini Aeneas, 192 Antioch Africa, 41, 65, 117–119, 146, 151 –153 , buildings, 257, 268, 292 227, 230, 326, 330, 342 church of, 117, 128, 148 Agentes in Rebus, 188 civic politics, 186, 193 Agilo, Magister Peditum, 366 Constantine’s visit, 80, 379 Agri Decumates, 4, 353 and Constantius II, 81 Agri deserti, 227–229 council(s) of, 146, 148, 149 Ain Rchine, 186 and Diocletian, 48 Aksum, 380, 386–387 as imperial capitol, 45 Alamanni, 38, 102, 332, 342, 350–351, and Licinius, 338, 341 353–356, 359, 363–367 Antoninianus, 234 Alexander, bishop of Alexandria, 80, Antoninus Pius, emperor, 38, 160 124, 146, 150 Anullinus, Proconsul, 72 Alexander the Great, 378 Aper, Praetorian Prefect, 39 Alexander Severus, emperor, 38 Aphaca, 153 , 174 Alexandria, 41, 80, 130, 146, 148, 329, Aphrodisias, 47, 234, 269 379 Aphrodite, 174

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Index

Apollo, 66, 114, 160, 166, 263. See also and Christianity, 117, 146 Sol-Helios and Constantius, 59 Apollonius of Tyana, 174 military operations, 39, 42, 353 apologists, Christian, 127 monetary policy, 234 Aquileia, 69, 89, 100, 231 and Palmyra, 383 Aquincum, 342 and the Sun cult, 51, 162, 264 Arabs, 329, 380, 385–386 Aurelius Achilleus, usurper, 327 Arch of Constantine, 15 , 17, 70, 256, Aurelius Gaius, soldier, 325, 335, 342 258–260, 262, 271, 281 Aurelius Victor, historian, 26 Ardeatina, Church of the via, 290 aureus, 50 Arelate. See Arles aurum coronarium. See taxation argenteus, 50 aurum oblaticium. See taxation Argentoratum, battle of, 102, 364 Autun, 65, 228, 230, 243 Ariaric, 360 Auxentius, bishop of Durostorum, 374 Arius, 80, 124, 130, 146–147 auxilia palatina, 327. See also foederati Arian controversy, 80, 123–125. See also Nicaea, Council of Babylon, 60, 378 Arinthaeus, Magister Militum, 329 Bagaudae, 40 Aristakes, Armenian bishop, 381, 388 Balkans, 41, 42, 59, 65, 74, 100, 354, 364 Arles, council of, 22, 45, 72, 118–119, baptism, 117, 139 125, 335 barbarians, 331, 347–369 Arnobius, 154 Barbatio, magister peditum, 332 Armenia, 41, 81, 95, 343, 380, 384, Barbegal, 227 387–388, 391 Barberini Roma, 268 army, 45–46, 52, 240, 244, 325–343, 353 Bardaisan, 381 Arras horde, 56 Barnabas, epistle of, 143 Arsacids. See Parthians Barnes, T. D., 9–10, 133, 148 Ascaric, 63 Basilica Apostolorum, 288 Arsak, Armenian king, 393 Basilica Constantiniana. See Lateran Ascension, Church of. See Eleona church Basilica asceticism, 150 Basilica Nova, 63, 280–285, 291–292 Asclepius, 153 Basilica Salvatoris. See Lateran Basilica Asclepiodotus, 45 Bassianus, imperial candidate, 73 astrology, 164 Bastien, P., 245 Athanasius, 130, 146, 148–149, 150 , 153 , Baths of Constantine, Rome, 281 154 , 193 Baynes, N., 8, 132, 298 Athens, 36 Belgrade Rider, 269 Attuarii. See Franks Bemarchius, historian, 77, 156 audientia episcopalis. See episcopalis audientia Berbers, 152 Augusta Taurinorum. See Tur in Berenson, B., 271 Augustus, emperor, 37, 40, 67, 160, 208, Beroea, 74 215, 255–256, 261, 264, 267, 378, Bethlehem, 79, 144, 293 380 betrothal gifts, 214 Augustus, title. See Tetrarchy bishops, 131–132, 145–149, 150 , 220 Aula Palatina, Trier, 279 Bonitus, Frankish general, 27, 330, 359, Aurelian, emperor 366 accession, 355 Bononia (Bologna), 231 administration and building, 43 Bononia (Boulogne), 61, 342

460

Index

Borromini, architect, 284 Charlemagne, 298, 303 Bosporus, 72–77, 286–291 children, 217 Boulogne. See Bononia Chiragan, 265, 269 Britain, 40, 41, 45, 61, 81, 319 , 330, 377 chi-rho, 20, 71, 104–105, 336 Brown, P., 150 Chrestus, bishop of Syracuse, 22 Bructeri. See Franks chrismon. See chi-rho Burckhardt, J., 7, 133 Christ, 266 Burgundians, 356 Christianization. See conversion Byzacium, 220 Christian persecutions Byzantium, 74, 75–76. See also and Christian schism, 147–150 , 151 Constantinople, 4 Decian, 36, 288 “Great Persecution,” 52–53, 67, 120, Caecilian, Bishop of Carthage, 72, 121, 141, 169, 174, 244, 336 117–118, 146 Lactantius and, 24 Caelian Hill, 282 and other religious persecutions, 167 Caesar, title. See Tetrarchy Christogram. See chi-rho Caesarea of Cappadocia, 388 chrysargyron. See taxation Caesarea of Palestine, 146 Chrysopolis, battle of, 76, 183 Calderone, S., 13 church architecture, 282–291 Callipolis, 76, 329 Cibalae, battle of, 3, 74 Calocaerus, usurper, 81, 337 Cinderella, 309 Campona, 75, 359 circiform churches, 287–291 Campus Ardiensis, battle of, 74 circumcellions, 152 candidati, 328, 336 Cirta, 152 capitatio iugatio. See taxation cities, 47–48, 229 Capua, 291 Claudius Gothicus, emperor, 39, 66, 192, Caracalla, emperor, 50 355, 358 Carausius, usurper, 40, 41, 356–357 climate change, 226 Carinus, emperor, 39, 44, 337, 355–356 Codex Justinianus, 16, 21 Carnuntum, conference of, 54, 65 Codex Theodosianus, 16, 21, 173 Carpi, 355–356, 357 coins, 67, 75, 82, 104–105, 260–262, Carthage, 117–119, 146, 151 338, 359. See also monetary policy Carus, emperor, 45, 355–356 Cologne. See Colonia Cassiodorus, 303 coloni, 210, 225, 232, 233 catacombs, 269, 270 Colonia, 20, 63, 230, 342, 357, 363 Caucasus mountains, 380 comes, title, 189–191, 196–199 Celsus, vicar of Africa, 120 comes rei privatae, 190 censitores, 49 comes sacrarum largitionum, 190 C¸emberlitas¸. See porphyry column of comitatus, 45, 46, 49, 327–328, 329, Constantine 331–332 cemetery church type. See circiform commutation, 241 churches conﬁscations, 243 Centcelles, 267 consistorium, 43 Cercadilla, 20–21 Constans, emperor, 78, 81, 95, 99, 100, Cerealis, Neratius, 97 105, 131, 152 , 332, 363 Cernjachov.ˇ See S¸intana-de-Mures – Constantia (half-sister of Constantine), Cernjachovˇ culture empress, 61, 69, 72, 76, 78, 93, 96, Chalcedon, 76 98, 116–121, 338

461

Index

Constantia (daughter of Constantius II), quinquennial celebrations, 73, 78, 171 empress, 96, 103 and Rome, 70, 78, 117–118, 280–282 Constantia, city. See Maiuma saint, 305 Constantiana Daphne. See Daphne and Sol-Helios, 16, 77, 116, 154 , 170, Constantina (daughter of Constantine, 174, 256, 262, 263–264 wife of Hannibalianus), 96, 98, 101, vision(s), 4, 24, 67, 71, 114, 131, 144, 267, 290 170 Constantine I, emperor. See also “Oration Constantine II, emperor, 74, 78, 80, 93, to the Saints”; Donations of 95, 99–100, 263, 332 Constantine; Arch of Constantine “Constantinian question, the.” See accession, 54, 62, 92–93, 330, 337 Constantine, conversion administration and legislation, Constantinople. See also Byzantium; 183–191, 196–200, 205–221, 242 Senate of Constantinople; pophyry birth and education, 3, 4, 59, 60, 129, column of Constantine 148, 168, 378 buildings, 77, 197, 231, 266, 291–292, “bishop of those outside,” 154 , 382 295, 313 building program, 263, 266, 278–295 and the church, 146, 151 and the Christian persecutions, 52, 68, Constantine’s burial, 82 126, 128 foundation of, 3, 4, 77–78, 174, and Claudius Gothicus, 66, 74, 192, 192–193, 195, 257, 265, 280–285, 205–206, 305, 358 291–292, 311 –313 , 341, 379, 381 conversion, 3, 6–10, 14–15 , 71–72, populace, 77 113–116, 139, 299 Tyche of, 174, 264, 266 death and interment, 82, 267, 268, Constantius I Chlorus, emperor 294–295, 392 accession, 41, 54, 59, 60, 356 and Donatism, 61, 116–121 and the army, 326–327, 342 dynastic successors. See dynasty and Christianity, 24, 53, 68, 117, 169 early career, 60, 61, 307, 378 and Constantine, 59, 92–93, 141, 306, and ecclesiastical controversy, 80, 308 124–125, 147, 149, 379 death, 54, 61 and ecclesiastical endowments, 247 dynasty, 74 “the Great,” 2 images of, 258 images of, 77, 86, 144, 154 , 256, imperial titulature, 51 260–264, 280, 291 and paganism, 162 imperial titles, 18, 64, 65, 88 Constantius II, emperor legend, 298–317 accession, 78, 95, 99 “Letter to the Eastern Provincials,” 4, birth and upbringing, 94 22, 172–173, 377, 381 and bishops, 149 liberality, 194–195, 199, 246 death, 102 and Licinius, 65, 69, 72–77, 171, 329, dynasty, 26, 96–98, 99 360 marriage(s), 96 and Maxentius, 66, 68–71, 259 military operations, 81–82, 99, 101, and Maximian, 64, 66 102, 329, 332, 333, 343, 363–365, military operations, 63, 69, 74, 75, 81, 384, 391–393 340–341, 357–362 propaganda, 105 and paganism, 3, 77–78, 79, 153 , 160, and the relics of Paul and Timothy, 295 169–176, 237–238, 244, 266, 390 Constitutio Antoniniana, 50 and Persia, 313 –317 , 389–394 consulship, 47, 75

462

Index

conversion, 115, 137–142, 361–362, administration, 46, 48, 50, 185–186, 385–389 188, 228, 231, 232, 240, 243–244 Cordoba. See Cercadilla Christian persecutions, 24, 52, 67, Cornelius Gallus, 395 126, 141, 150 , 164 Cotyaeum, 325 coinage reform, 17, 234–235 Council of Nicaea. See Nicaea, and Constantine, 60, 92–93 Council of and Manichaeism, 166 “Crisis of the third century,” 36–38 mausoleum, 267 Crispus, emperor military operations, 40, 41, 46, 326, accession, 74–75, 93 330–331, 342 birth, 93 origins, 42 dynasty, 78, 390 Price Edict, 17, 41, 50, 231, 235, 358 execution, 79, 94–95, 99, 300 retirement, 53, 54, 65 military operations, 75–76, 332 style of rule, 43 praetorian prefect of, 186 Dionysus, 390 propaganda, 390 divorce, 215 Crocus, Alamannic king, 27, 61, 330, Dome of the Rock, 394 357 “Dominate,” 40, 43 cross, 144 Domitian, emperor, 258, 279 Ctesiphon, 38, 41, 343, 383, 384 Domitius Alexander, usurper, 65, 331 curiales. See decurions Domus Faustae, 285 cursus publicus. See public post “Donations of Constantine,” 6, 301–303 Cybele, 141–143, 160, 166, 266, 271 Donatism, 53, 116–121, 131, 146, 151 –153 , Cyprus, 81, 337 300, 337 donatives, 245–246, 338 Dacia, 353, 362 Donatus, 117, 152 Dalmatius (half-brother of Constantine), Drake, H. A., 133 consul, 81, 95 Drepanum, 78, 304–305, 306 Dalmatius (nephew of Constantine), duces. See dux emperor, 81, 95, 98, 100, 337 Duncan-Jones, R. P., 245 damnatio memoriae, 68, 70, 77 Dura Europos, 169 Daniel, 260 dux, 46, 330, 331 Daphne, 80, 342 dynasty, 54, 74, 78, 81, 91–105 Decentius, usurper, 101 Decius, emperor, 36, 53, 163, 354, 359 Easter, 143, 151 decurions, 48, 195, 213 Eburacum, 61, 93, 342, 357 defensor (civitatis), 48, 219 Edict on Maximum Prices. See Delmaire, R., 190 Diocletian, Price Edict denarius, 50 “Edict of Milan.” See Milan, Edict of depopulation, 37 “Edict of Toleration.” See Galerius, De rebus bellicis, 237–238 “Edict of Toleration” Deutz. See Colonia Edict on Accusations, 17 diocese(s), 46, 184–185 Egypt, 41, 138, 144, 148, 150 , 167, 327, Diocletian, emperor. See also 342 Carnuntum, conference of; Iovius Elaius, 76 and Herculius; Tetrarchy Eleona Church, 79, 145, 293 abdication, 43, 53, 60 elites, 205–207, 209 accession, 39–40, 59, 337, 356 Elliott, T. G., 10, 133

463

Index

Elivra, Council of, 141–142 freed-persons, 212, 220, 232–234, 236 emancipation, 216 frumentarii, 188 Emona, 73, 231 Furstengr¨ aber,¨ 351 episcopalis audientia, 220 Epitome de caesaribus, 27 Galerius (Valerius Maximianus), equites singulares, 72, 283, 289, 328 emperor equorum collatio. See taxation accession, 41, 54, 60, 356 ethnicity, 347–350 and Constantine, 60, 62, 92–93 “ethnogenesis,” 348–349, 369 Christian persecutions, 24, 68 Eunapius, historian, 28, 300 “Edict of Toleration,” 52, 68, 122 eunuchs, 43 imperial titulature, 51 Euphratas, legendary chamberlain, 307, mausoleum, 267 309–313 and Maxentius, 44, 63 Eusebia (wife of Constantius II), 96–98, military operations, 41, 326, 342, 357, 99, 102 359, 384 Eusebius, bishop of Caesarea origins, 330 as bishop, 143, 147–148 Persian peace, 35, 81, 384, 392 on Constantine, 113–115, 172–176, 207 retirement, 20 doctrine, 153 –154 Galipoli. See Callipolis Ecclesiastical History, 22, 147–150 Galla (daughter of Valentinian I, wife of Life of Constantine, 5, 7, 22, 25, 176, Theodosius I), empress, 97 194, 304, 377 “Gallic Emperors.” See Gaul Oration in Praise of Constantine, 25 Gallienus, emperor, 36, 39, 42, 47, 352, Eusebius, bishop of Nicomedia, 82, 125, 354–355, 362, 372 130, 146, 148, 150 , 299, 300, 303, Gallus, emperor, 96–97, 98–99, 362 101–102 Eutropius, historian, 26 Gangra, council of, 150 Ezana, Aksumite king, 386 Gamzigrad. See Romuliana Gaul, 36, 39, 40, 102, 117–119, 185–191, fabrica, 189 332, 354, 355–356 factories, 49 Gaza, 139. See also Maiuma family, 212–218 “Gedeon-Vita,” 307 Fausta (wife of Constantine), empress, Geffcken, J., 167 64, 78, 79, 93, 94–95, 96, 300 Gelasius, bishop of Caesarea, 29, 304 Faustina (wife of Constantius II), 96 gems, 262, 269 Feddersen Wierde, 350 Gennobaudes, 356 Felix of Abthugni, 151 Georgia. See Iberia Firmicus Maternus, 139–141, 142 Gerbert of Aurillac, 6 fiscal policy, 48–49 Gibbon, E., 6–7, 92, 95, 133, 166 Flaminia, via, 69 gladiators, 205 ‘Flavius,’ name/title, 46, 335 gold, 236, 237–240, 241, 248 fleet. See navy Goths, 4, 36, 66, 73, 75, 80, 139–141, foederati, 329 142, 232, 233, 329, 342, 350, fortifications, 339–340 354–355, 359–362, 365–366 Fowden, G., 13 Grand (Vosges), 66 Franks, 38, 63, 100, 102, 326, 332, 342, “grand strategy,” 339–343 351, 354–360, 363–364, 366–367 Grata (daughter of Valentinian I), 97 Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, 6 Gratian, emperor, 26, 96

464

Index

“Great Persecution.” See Christian Holy Sepulcher, Church of, 25, 79, 145, persecutions 174, 231, 265, 285, 293–294 Gregoire,´ H., 7, 10 homoousion, 130, 146–148, 149 Gregorian Code, 50 honestiores and humiliores, 48, 50 Gregory the Illuminator, 388 Honorius, emperor, 243 Grenier, A., 230 Hopkins, K., 138 guardianship, 217, 220 Hormisdas, Persian prince, 334 “Guidi-Vita,” 306 horses, 333 Gundomar, Alamannic king, 363 Hos(s)ius. See Ossius humiliores. See honestiores and humiliores Hadrian, emperor, 258, 260 Hypsistos. See Most High Zeus Hagia Sophia. See Constantinople, buildings Iamblichus, philosopher, 141 Hagia Irene. See Constantinople, Iberia (Georgia), 139, 380, 388 buildings illegitimacy, 192, 205–206 “Halkin-Vita,” 307 Illyricum, 185, 332. See also Balkans Hannibalianus, emperor, 81, 95, 98, 343, imperial cult. See ruler cult 391 Imru’ al-Qays, 329, 385–386 Heather, P., 195 India, 139, 377, 380. See also Aksum Helena (mother of Constantine), inﬂation, 232–240 empress. See also True Cross Ingenuus, usurper, 372 Augusta, 78 inheritance. See succession Holy Land visit and building program, Innocent IV, Pope, 6 3, 79, 98, 144–145, 280–285, inscriptions, 18 291–292, 303–305, 306–307 Invictus. See Constantine, imperial mausoleum, 267–268, 289 titulature; Sol-Helios mother of Constantine, 59, 92, 308–309 ioviani and herculiani, 327, 336 in Rome, 281, 285, 287 Iovius and Herculius, 40, 43, 51, 67, 333 saint, 305 Irenaeus of Lyon, 145 Helena (wife of Crispus), 95 Isauria, 36 Helena (daughter of Constantine, wife of Isis, 141–143, 161, 271 Julian), 96, 98, 102 Italy, 185, 231 Helenopolis, city. See Drepanum iugatio vel capitatio. See taxation Heliopolis, 174 Iuthungi, 354 Helios. See Sol-Helios Hellespont, 76 Jacobus de Voragine, 299 Heraclea Sintica, 58 Janus Quadrifrons, 70, 281 Heraclianus, magister ofﬁciorum, 189 Jerome, 5 Heraclius, emperor, 316 Jerusalem, 143, 148, 293, 304, 382, 394. Hercules, 51, 122, 163 See also Holy Land; Holy Sepulcher, Herculius. See Iovius and Herculius Church of; Eleona Church herculiani. See ioviani and herculiani John Lydus, author, 332 Hermogenian Code, 50 Jonah, 260 Hispellum, 4, 17, 154 , 175 Jones, A. H. M., 8 Holy Apostles, Church of. See Jordanes, historian, 370, 374 Constantinople, buildings Jordan River, 82, 392 Holy Land, 3, 79, 81–82, 144, 267, Joseph of Tiberias, convert, 198 293–294, 304 Jovian, emperor, 103, 384, 393

465

Index

Judaism, 139–141, 142, 198, 271, 304 Licinius I, emperor Judas Kyriakos, 304–305 accession, 65, 93–94 Julian, emperor administration, 183–191 accession, 102–103 and Christians, 70–72, 75, 120–121, and barbarian commanders, 366, 123, 146 367–368 and Constantine, 19, 69, 72, 73–77, and Christians, 139, 248 120, 171, 329, 360 criticism of Constantine, 5, 98–99, defeat and death, 286–287 194, 246, 300, 360 images of, 262 death, 328 imperial titulature, 18, 65 on Fausta, 94 and Maximin Daia, 54, 69, 72 marriage to Helena, 96, 98 military operations, 327, 328, 329, 331, military operations, 332, 333, 338, 343, 338, 359–360 363–365 vision(s), 73 and paganism, 141, 165 Licinius II, emperor, 74, 76, 93, 95, 198 Persian expedition, 384, 393 Licinius, bastard son (?) of Licinius I, 88, Julius II, Pope, 287 223 Junius Bassus, basilica of, 268 Liebeschuetz, W., 251 Jupiter, 51, 122, 159 , 169, 171, 263, 266, Limigantes. See Sarmatians and Quadi 390. See also Zeus limitanei, 331 Justa (daughter of Valentinian I), 97 Ljubljana. See Emona Justina (wife of Valentinian I), empress, Louis the Pious, 303 96–98, 103 Lucian, martyr, 78 Lucilla, Donatists supporter, 151 Kacba-i Zarduˇst, 35, 383 Lyon, 144, 230 Kaiseraugst, 363 Kossina, G., 370 Macarius, bishop of Jerusalem, 79, 143, Kyriakos. See Judas Kyriakos 145, 293 MacMullen, R., 8 Labarum. See Chi-Rho Macrinus, emperor, 42, 45 Labicana, via, 62 magic, 164, 172 Lactantius, 24, 42, 50, 71, 113–114, 153 , magister equitum. See magister militum 234, 240, 395 magister memoriae. See palatine Lakhmids. See Arabs secretaries Lampsacus, 76 magister militum, 187, 331–332, 366 Lane Fox, R., 133 magister officiorum, 188–190 Lateran Basilica and baptistery, 72, 266, magister peditum. See magister militum 282–285, 299, 302 Magnentius, usurper, 96–98, 100–101, Latin Panegyrics, 24, 141–142, 229, 279. 329, 363, 366 See also Nazarius Mainz, 38 Leo IX, Pope, 303 Maiozamalcha, 332 Lepelley, C., 230 Maiuma, 78, 139 levies. See taxation Majorinus, 151 Lex Iulia de adulteriis, 210 Malborghetto, 69, 281 Libanius, orator, 25, 174, 197 Mallobaudes, Frankish officer, 366 Liber pontificalis, 248, 266, 289–291 Mamre, 141–142, 153 , 174 liberti. See freed-person Manichaeism, 51, 166, 386 Licinian Pavilion, 282 manumission. See freed-person

466

Index

Marcellus, bishop of Ancyra, 125, 147, Maximin(us) Daia, emperor 148 accession, 54, 60, 92–93 Marcellus, soldier martyr, 335 Christian persecutions, 52–53, 68, 72, Marcian, emperor, 205, 207–208 142–143 Marcus Aurelius, emperor, 40, 42, 194, imperial titulature, 51 257, 258, 352 and Licinius, 65, 72 Margus, battle at the, 337, military affairs, 331, 396 356 Mederich, Alamannic chief, 367 Marinus, bishop of Arles, 118 Melitian schism, 148, 150 Mark, Pope, 290 Melito, bishop of Sardis, 378 marriage, 96–98, 206–207, 208, Memorius, Flavius, 335 213–216, 218 Memphis, 60, 378 Mars, 163, 169 Men, Anatolian moon-god, 163 Marseilles, 66 Mensurius, bishop of Carthage, 151 Martinianus, emperor, 76, 189 Merogaisus, 63 martyrs. See Christian persecutions; relics Mesopotamia, 41, 384, 391–393 of the saints and martyrs Metrodorus, itinerant philosopher, 27 Maternus, bishop of Cologne, 118 Metrophanes, 306 Mavia, Arab queen, 385 Milan, 43, 45, 60, 171, 341 Maxentius, emperor. See also Basilica “Milan, Edict of,” 22, 72, 121–123, 132, Nova; equites singulares; Milvian 171, 247 Bridge, battle of milestones, 17–18 accession, 54, 62–63, 93 Miltiades, Pope, 22, 117–118, 125, 298, birth and education, 61 300 and the Christian persecutions, 52, 75, Milvian Bridge, battle of, 69, 113, 170, 169 187, 244, 282, 336 defeat and death, 70, 113, 170, 244, “Minerva Medica.” See Licinian Pavilion 259, 328 Minervina (wife of Constantine), 64, 93, and Galerius, 44, 63 96 images of, 262, 263 mint, 49 mausoleum, 267 Mithras, 141–142, 161, 163, 271 and Maximian, 64, 68 Mobene, 340 military operations, 331 Moldova, 350 and Rome, 44, 45, 62, 64–65, 68, 259, Mombritius, B., 299 280–281, 288 monetary policy, 18–20, 48–50, 174, and Severus, 63 234–240, 248–249 Maximian(us) Herculius, emperor, monks. See asceticism accession(s), 40, 42, 54, 59, 62, 65, Montanus, heresiarch, 152 356 Most High Zeus, 141–142, 165, 168 abdication(s), 53, 60, 65 “Mountain Arena,” 380–381 Christian persecutions, 67, 126 Mount of Olives. See Eleona Church and Constantine, 59, 64, 66, 92–93, Mursa, battle of, 101, 337 358 Musonius, missionary, 139 death, 66 mystery religions, 141–142 imperial titulature, 51 and Maxentius, 64, 68 Nacoleia, 139 military operations, 40, 326, 342 Naissus, 59, 168 residences, 20, 44 Namara.¯ See Imru’ al-Qays

467

Index

Naqsh-i-Rustam, 35, 383 Pacatianus, L. Papius, praetorian prefect, Narseh, Persian king, 35, 41, 46, 81, 187 384 Pachomius, 150 Narseh, Persian ruler of Armenia, 391 paganism, 77, 79, 153 , 159 –176, 267, Nativity, Church of. See Bethlehem 270 navy, 75–76, 329 Paikuli inscription, 384 Nazarius, orator, 209. See also Latin palatine secretaries, 45–46, 188 Panegyrics Palestine, 52, 141–143, 198. See also Holy Neoplatonism, 140–141, 165, 168 Land Nepotian, usurper, 100 Palladius, magister ofﬁciorum, 189 Nero, emperor, 264 palladium, 192 Nicaea, Council of, 80, 125, 129–130, Palmyra, 36, 39, 355–356, 383 146–147, 149, 150 , 328, 381, 394. Panegyrici Latini. See Latin Panegyrics See also homoousion Panopolis, 245, 333, 344 Nicagoras of Athens, 4, 154 –156 , 179 Paphnutius, 150 Nicephorus Callistus, 307 Papinian, jurist, 217 Nicomedia papyri, 50, 138, 228, 243 and the church, 146 Parthians, 38 and Constantine, 79, 82, 292 paterfamilias, 212–218 and Diocletian, 39, 54, 60 “Patrician,” title, 197–198 and the “Great Persecution,” 52, patronage, 242 336 Paulinus of Nola, 304 as imperial capital, 45, 192, 193, 341 Paul of Samosata, 117, 146, 147 and Lactantius, 42, 50 Persians, 35–36, 51, 72–73, 81, 332, in “Oration to the Saints,” 23 341, 342, 353, 377–394. See also death of Constantine, 392 Galerius, Persian peace Nisibis, 343, 384, 392, 393 Pessinus, 325 notarii, 190 Peter the Patrician, 189 Notitia dignitatum, 184–192, 331, 375 Philip the Arab, emperor, 35, 45 Novatianism, 147, 151 , 156 Philippopolis, 74, 354 Numerian, emperor, 39, 337 Philostorgius, 29 numismatics. See coins Phoenix, 390 Piazza Armerina, 268 Odenaethus, Palmyrene king, 383 Picts, 61 Oenoanda, 165 Piganiol, A., 8 Oescus, 80, 342, 360 Polyeuktos, Church of St., 300 “Optiz-Vita,” 307 plague, 37 Optatianus Porfyrius, 4, 24, 75, 389 Plotinus, 140 Optatus, bishop of Milevis, 22, 152 Pompeianus. See Ruricius Pompeianus “Oration to the Saints”, 3, 4, 22–23, pontifex maximus, 160, 171 126–129, 141–142, 143, 154 Porfyrius Optatianus. See Optatianus Optatus, Flavius, patrician, 197 Porfyrius Orcistus, 16, 17, 139 porphyry, 268 Origen, Christian philosopher, 150 , 378 Porphyry Column of Constantine, 16, Origo Constantini, 26 89, 174, 192, 197, 263–264, 291 Ossius, bishop of Cordoba, 21, 149 Porphyry, philosopher, 52, 140 Ostia, 291 Postumus, usurper, 354 Otto III, emperor, 6 praetorian guards, 44, 62, 65, 328, 336

468

Index

praetorian prefects, 45, 46, 47, 185–191, populace, 44, 62 333 primacy in the church, 145, 149 Praxagoras, historian, 25, 77, 156 role in empire, 43–44 presbyters, 145 walls (of Aurelian), 43, 63, 69, 283 Price Edict. See Diocletian, Price Edict Romuliana, 20, 54, 327 priests. See presbyters Rufinus of Aquileia, historian, 304 Probus, emperor, 355 ruler cult, 160, 169, 175 Procopius, usurper, 105, 360 Ruricius Pompeianus, praetorian prefect, Proculeianus, 189 69 protectores (domestici), 59, 60, 328 Protonike, 305 Saba, Gothic bishop, 365 provincial administration, 46–47, sacra scrinia. See palatine secretaries 184–185 Sacred Promontory, 79 public post, 61, 116–121, 189 sacrifice, 163, 166, 168, 173–174, 210 Purpurius of Limata, 151 Saint Agnes, Church of, 290 Saint Andrew, 295 Quadi. See Sarmatians and Quadi Saint Antony, hermit, 150 Qasr Bshir. See Mobene Saint John in Lateran, Basilica of. See Quaestor, 187 Lateran Basilica Quartodeciman rule. See Easter Saint Luke, 295 Quattro Coronati, Church of Santi, 6 Saint Lawrence, Church of, 290 Quinquegentiani, 41 Saint Paul, 128, 145, 152 , 295, 299 Saint Peter, 145, 286–291, 299 Raphael, artist, 271 Saint Peter’s, Basilica of, 267, 286–287 Rausimod, 359 Salona, 42. See also Split Ravenna, 63, 329 San Sebastiano. See Basilica Apostolorum recruitment, 334–335, 365–368 Santa Costanza, Church of, 267, 270 relics of the saints and martyrs, 82, Santa Croce in Gerusalemme, Church 144–145, 151 , 267, 286–290, 295 of, 285 religious toleration, 120–121, 122, 123, Santi Marcellino e Pietro, Church of. See 270–271 Tor Pignatara Reticius, bishop of Autun, 118 sarcophagi, 268, 270, 289, 290 Riegl, A., 271 Sardinia, 65 ripenses. See limitanei Sarmatians and Quadi, 4, 19, 61, 75, 80, Romania, 350 334, 342, 355, 356, 357 Rome. See also Constantine, and Rome; and Constantine, 362–363 Maxentius, and Rome; Senate of and Constantius II, 364 Rome; Urban Prefect and Galerius, 357–360 buildings, ecclesiastical, 72, 265. See Sassanians, 35–36, 38 also under names of churches Savus River, 74 buildings, public, 44, 45, 62, 70–72, Saxa Rubra, 70 78, 159 –162, 231, 263, 280–291 Saxons, 40, 356 and Christianity, 117–118, 151 , scholae palatinae, 328 247–248 sculpture, 262–264, 265–268 and Constantinople, 78, 79, 82, Scythopolis, 198 192–193, 197, 302 Scudilo, Alamannic officer, 366 imperial visits, 41, 44, 53, 73, 78, 171 Secundus of Tigisita, 151 and paganism, 159 –162 Seeck, O., 8

469

Index

Segusio, 69 Sulpicius Severus, author, 304 Senate of Constantinople, 77, 197, Sun God. See Sol-Helios 312 Susa. See Segusio Senate of Rome, 19, 44, 47, 172, 209, Sylvester, Pope, 5–6, 298, 303, 304, 242, 312 306–307, 309 senatorials, 207–208, 209. See also Senate Synaxarium of Constantinople, 305 of Rome; Senate of Constantinople syncretism, 163, 277 Senecio, conspirator, 73 Sens, 364 Tabula Peutingeriana, 16 Septimius Severus, emperor, 37–38, 281 Tacitus, emperor, 355 Serdica, 45, 75, 341, 359 Taifali, 360 Serdica, council of, 149, 153 Tanukh. ¯ See Arabs Sessorian palace, 78, 281 Tarsus, 73, 338 Severus, emperor, 51, 54, 60, 61, 62, 63, tavern keepers, 205, 211 92, 331 taxation, 49, 185, 227, 228, 233, 240–243 Shammar Yuhar‘ish III, king of Himyar, temple destructions, 113–131, 237 386 Tervingi. See Goths Shapur I, Persian king, 35, 382, 383, 389 Tertullian, 138, 150 Shapur II, Persian king, 81, 377, 386, Tetrarchy 389–390, 391–393 end of, 73 Silvanus, usurper, 102, 336, 363, 366–367 and concord, 51 Singara, 343, 393 creation of, 41, 60, 92–94, 353, 356 S¸intana-de-Mures / Cernjachovˇ culture, images of, 261–262, 265, 267, 338 350, 351 and military, 326–328 Sirmium, 45, 74, 192, 231, 341, 355, 359 residences, 44 Sirmium, council of, 149 structure of, 42–43, 45 Siscia, 73 and succession, 53–54, 60 slavery, 65, 81, 143, 205, 209, 211, 212, Tetricus, usurper, 355–356 213–214, 217, 219–221, 231–232 Theodora, empress, 41, 59, 61, 92, 95, 98 Socrates, historian, 22, 29 Theodoret, historian, 22, 29 solar halo, 67, 114 Theodosius I, emperor, 304 Sol-Helios, 16, 51, 67, 77, 116, 154 –156 , Theos Hypsistos. See Most High Zeus 162, 170, 174, 263 Thessalonica, 45, 75, 76, 192 solidus, 237–240, 248, 386 Thrace, 72–73 Sopater, philosopher, 140, 175, 300 Tiber River, 70 Sossianus Hierocles, Christian Tiberianus, C. Annius, Praetorian persecutor, 52 Prefect, 187 Sozomen, historian, 22, 29, 300 Tiberius, emperor, 54 Spain, 84, 141–142 Ticinum medallion(s), 19–20, 67 Split, 53 Timonianus, Nestorius, 187 spolia, 259, 265–267 Tiran, Armenian king, 391 Stark, R., 137–138 Tiridates III. See Trdat III Stephen II, Pope, 301 town councillors. See decurions Strasbourg. See Argentoratum Tor Pignatara, 267–268, 289–290 Strata Diocletiana, 340 torture, 138 Stratophilus, Lazican bishop, 381 Traianus Mucianus, protector, 328 succession, 216, 217–218 Trajan, emperor, 258, 260, 261, 378 Successus, tribune, 330 transept, 286

470

Index

Transmarisca, 80 “Valerius,” name / title, 46 Trdat III, Armenian king, 41, 81–82, 387 Valerius Felix, 186 Trebonianus Gallus, emperor, 359 Valerius Thiumpus, protector, 330 Tres Tabernae, 63 Valla, Lorenzo, 6 Trier, 45, 63, 75, 89, 230, 231, 261, 268, Vandals, 355 279, 291, 308, 341, 356 Verona, 69 triumph, 70, 160, 171 “Verona List,” 185 Tropaeum Traiani, 73 Vespasian, 160 Troy, 89, 192 Vesta, 160, 192 Troyes, 367 vestis militaris. See taxation True Cross, 3, 79, 145, 303–305 veterans, 229, 339 Tubernuc, 186 Vetranio, 98, 100–101, 337 Turin, 69 Vicarius, 46, 184–185 tutor and tutela. See guardianship Victor, Sarmatian general, 366 Tyconius, 152 Virgil, 4, 192 Tymandus, 58 Visigoths. See Goths Tyre, synod of, 193 Volusianus, C. Ceionius Ruﬁus, Consul, 71 Ukraine, 350 Ulﬁla, Gothic bishop, 139, 361–362. See Weber, M., 140 also Goths Weiss, P., 67, 71 Urban Cohorts of Rome, 62 Whitby, M., 316 Urban Prefect, 47 Whitby, Synod of, 143 Ursicinus, magister militum, 102 Whittaker, C., 228 Ursinus, dux of Mesopotamia, 330 “Winkelmann-Vita,” 306 usurpation, 100–103, 354 Wolfram, H., 370 women, 205, 212–216, 217 Vaballathus, Palmyrene king, 383 Vadomar, Alamannic king, 334, 363, 365, York. See Eburacum 367 Valentinian I, emperor, 26, 96, 103, 236, Zagros mountains, 380 365 Zeno, emperor, 302 Valentinian II, emperor, 97 Zenobia, Palmyrene queen, 383 Valens, Aur. Val., emperor, 74 Zeus, 163. See also Jupiter; Most High Valens, Fl., emperor, 105, 361, 365 Zeus Valeria (daughter of Diocletian), empress, Zonaras, historian, 28 41, 60, 92, 96 Zosimus, historian, 5, 28, 171, 194, 198, Valerian, emperor, 35, 36, 47, 53, 354, 230, 242, 246, 340 382–384, 389 Zosimus of Panoplis, 142–143

471