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Ammianus' Res Gestae XXVI FACULTEIT LETTEREN EN WIJSBEGEERTE ACADEMIEJAAR 2010-2011 Ammianus’ Res Gestae XXVI Een hedendaagse vertaling Verhandeling voorgelegd aan de Faculteit Letteren en Wijsbegeerte voor het verkrijgen van de graad van Master in de taal- en letterkunde: Latijn en Nederlands door Jan Raeman Stamnummer: 0074802 Promotor: Prof. Dr. W.M. Verbaal i WOORD VOORAF Vooraleer ik het in deze masterscriptie uitvoerig zal hebben over de strijd die Valens en Valentinianus voeren tegen barbaren en opstandelingen, wil ik nu enkele woorden wijden aan de strijd die ikzelf als vertaler aanging met Ammianus’ gecompliceerde proza. Hoewel Ammianus het mij hoegenaamd niet gemakkelijk maakte, kruiste ik desondanks met plezier de degens. Ik werd immers bijgestaan door vele trouwe bondgenoten. In eerste instantie wil ik professor Verbaal bedanken die me aanstak met het vertaalvirus. Met zijn heldere kijk en vruchtbare suggesties slaagde hij erin mijn vertaling naar een hoger niveau te tillen. Daarnaast bracht hij me een kritische omgang met secundaire literatuur bij. Voorts gaat mijn dank uit naar professor Hans Teitler. Dankzij zijn expertise op het gebied van Ammianus wist hij duistere passages in de tekst op te helderen. Ten slotte dank ik de vele vrienden en het thuisfront, die allen bereid waren een gedeelte van mijn vertaling te aanhoren en te becommentariëren. In het bijzonder vermeld ik mijn ouders en Anke. In periodes van twijfel wisten zij me steeds aan te moedigen om de strijd met Ammianus verder te zetten. Jan Raeman 28 mei 2011 ii INHOUDSOPGAVE Woord vooraf………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...i 1. Inleiding……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..1 2. Ammianus’ Res Gestae……………………………………………………………………………………… 2 2.1. Leven en werk ................................................................................................................ 2 2.2. Literaire technieken ...................................................................................................... 3 3. Res Gestae XXV…………………………………………………………………………………………………..5 3.1. Toenemende kritiek....................................................................................................... 5 3.2. Gefragmenteerd rijk ...................................................................................................... 8 3.3. Hybris als rode draad .................................................................................................... 8 3.4. Tsunami als voorteken ............................................................................................... 10 4. Vertaalverantwoording………………………………………………………………………………………12 4.1. Waarom een nieuwe Nederlandse Ammianusvertaling? ...................................... 12 4.1.1 Analyse vertaling Aart Blom .................................................................................. 12 4.2. Vertaalverantwoording buitenlandse vertalers ....................................................... 14 4.3. Visie den Hengst ......................................................................................................... 14 4.4. Persoonlijke visie ........................................................................................................ 15 4.4.1 Keuzes inzake vertalen ......................................................................................... 15 4.4.2 Keuzes inzake toelichting ..................................................................................... 17 5. Ammianus in vertaling……………………………………………………………………………………….19 5.1. Synopsis ....................................................................................................................... 19 5.2. Ammianus’ Res Gestae XXVI naar het Nederlands vertaald ................................ 24 5.3. Registers ...................................................................................................................... 52 5.3.1 Ambtelijke en militaire titulatuur .......................................................................... 52 iii 5.3.2 Personen ................................................................................................................. 53 5.3.3 Plaatsen ................................................................................................................... 57 6. Bijlagen…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 61 6.1. Kaart Romeinse Rijk ................................................................................................... 61 6.2. Tekstuitgave Teubner ................................................................................................. 62 6.3. Overzicht vertalingen Ammianus .............................................................................. 63 6.4. Fragment vertaling Blom ........................................................................................... 65 7. Bibliografie……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 68 7.1. Primaire literatuur ....................................................................................................... 68 7.2. Woordenboeken en lexica ......................................................................................... 68 7.3. Encyclopedieën ........................................................................................................... 68 7.4. Secundaire literatuur ................................................................................................. 68 7.5. Internetbronnen .......................................................................................................... 69 1 1. INLEIDING Het doel van deze masterscriptie is in de eerste plaats een literaire vertaling van boek 26 van Ammianus’ Res Gestae, een historisch werk waarvan tot nu toe nog nooit een Nederlandse vertaling gepubliceerd is. Bij het vertalen heb ik ernaar gestreefd om niet alleen de inhoud van het origineel weer te geven, maar ook om, voor zover mogelijk, een vlot Nederlands equivalent te vinden voor stilistische aspecten. Alvorens ik mijn eigenlijke vertaling voorstel, besteed ik aandacht aan het leven en werk van Ammianus. Hierbij heb ik zowel oog voor de inhoudelijke als stilistische dimensie van Ammianus’ oeuvre. Daarnaast ga ik dieper in op de sleutelrol die boek 26 binnen de hele Res Gestae vervult. Opvallend in dit boek is het feit dat de stijl van het werk duidelijk de inhoud ondersteunt en versterkt. Net dat vormt een mooie uitdaging voor een vertaler die ambieert om tegelijkertijd Ammianus' stijl te behouden en vlot Nederlands te schrijven. Vervolgens worden enkele vertaaltechnische kwesties behandeld. Zo maak ik via een analyse van Aart Bloms vertaling duidelijk waarom er nood is aan een nieuwe Nederlandse Ammianusvertaling. Daarnaast bied ik de lezer inzicht in mijn zoektocht naar een goede vertaalstrategie. Hierbij raadpleegde ik de, weliswaar beperkte, vertaalverantwoording van een aantal buitenlandse vertalers. Verder bespreek ik de vertaalkeuzes waar Daan den Hengst voor pleit, die momenteel eveneens een Nederlandse Ammianusvertaling voorbereidt. Ten slotte maak ik mijn eigen positie in dit veld duidelijk waarbij ik mijn keuzes nader toelicht in een vertaalverantwoording. In het laatste hoofdstuk van deze masterscriptie staat de eigenlijke vertaling van het werk centraal. Allereerst reik ik hierin de lezer een synopsis van boek 26 aan. Zo krijgt de lezer een goed overzicht van de verschillende verhaallijnen die in het boek aan bod komen. Tegelijkertijd laat dit de lezer toe om eventuele onduidelijkheden in Ammianus’ discours op te helderen. Vervolgens presenteer ik de vertaling van boek 26, die het zwaartepunt van deze masterscriptie vormt. De registers inzake ambtelijke en militaire titulatuur, personen en plaatsnamen ronden dit hoofdstuk af. Als bijlage vindt u ten slotte een kaart van het toenmalige Romeinse Rijk en de Latijnse tekst van boek 26. Ik heb geopteerd voor de Teubneruitgave van Seyfarth uit 1978 omwille van het uitgebreide kritische apparaat. 2 2. AMMIANUS’ RES GESTAE 2.1. LEVEN EN WERK De 4de-eeuwse auteur Ammianus Marcellinus mag dan een van de grootste geschiedschrijvers zijn die Rome gekend heeft, over zijn leven weten we bitter weinig. Hij was een Griek uit Antiochië (Latijn was zijn tweede taal), die carrière in het Romeinse leger maakte. Als adjudant volgde hij tot 359 Ursicinus, de opperbevelhebber in de Oriënt. Ammianus was ook aanwezig bij de dood in 363 van keizer Julianus de Afvallige, voor wie hij een grote bewondering koesterde en die duidelijk aanwezig is in zijn werk.1 Na zijn militaire loopbaan, waarin hij zowel in het oosten als in het westen van het Romeinse Rijk actief was, begon Ammianus in 378 te Rome als zelfverklaarde opvolger van Tacitus zijn Res Gestae te schrijven. Aangezien Tacitus’ werk Historiae eindigde met de dood van keizer Domitianus, is het logisch dat Ammianus zijn Res Gestae liet aanvangen bij diens opvolger Nerva. Oorspronkelijk bestond Ammianus’ werk uit 31 boeken waarvan de eerste dertien verloren zijn gegaan. De achttien bewaarde boeken handelen over de jaren 353-378.2 In deze periode kwamen achtereenvolgens Constantius II, Julianus de Afvallige, Jovianus, Valentinianus en Valens aan de macht. 3 Dat Ammianus verhoudingsgewijs weinig aandacht besteedt aan de periode 96-353, wijst erop dat hij in de eerste plaats de geschiedenis van zijn eigen tijd wou schrijven. (Knecht 2007: 224) Ammianus mag zichzelf dan wel beschouwen als een voortzetter van Tacitus, er zijn toch enige verschillen tussen hen beiden op te merken. Zo mist Ammianus het grondige inzicht in het hoe en waarom van bepaalde feiten. In plaats daarvan kiest hij voor
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