Index of Ancient Passages Cited
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Roman-Barbarian Marriages in the Late Empire R.C
ROMAN-BARBARIAN MARRIAGES IN THE LATE EMPIRE R.C. Blockley In 1964 Rosario Soraci published a study of conubia between Romans and Germans from the fourth to the sixth century A.D.1 Although the title of the work might suggest that its concern was to be with such marriages through- out the period, in fact its aim was much more restricted. Beginning with a law issued by Valentinian I in 370 or 373 to the magister equitum Theodosius (C.Th. 3.14.1), which banned on pain of death all marriages between Roman pro- vincials and barbarae or gentiles, Soraci, after assessing the context and intent of the law, proceeded to discuss its influence upon the practices of the Germanic kingdoms which succeeded the Roman Empire in the West. The text of the law reads: Nulli provineialium, cuiuscumque ordinis aut loci fuerit, cum bar- bara sit uxore coniugium, nec ulli gentilium provinciales femina copuletur. Quod si quae inter provinciales atque gentiles adfinitates ex huiusmodi nuptiis extiterit, quod in his suspectum vel noxium detegitur, capitaliter expietur. This was regarded by Soraci not as a general banning law but rather as a lim- ited attempt, in the context of current hostilities with the Alamanni, to keep those barbarians serving the Empire (gentiles)isolated from the general Roman 2 populace. The German lawmakers, however, exemplified by Alaric in his 63 64 interpretatio,3 took it as a general banning law and applied it in this spir- it, so that it became the basis for the prohibition under the Germanic king- doms of intermarriage between Romans and Germans. -
Medieval Worlds Comparative & Interdisciplinary Studies
medieval worlds comparative & interdisciplinary studies No. 8/2018 medieval worlds comparative & interdisciplinary studies Volume 2018.8 Transcultural Contacts and Literary Exchanges medieval worlds comparative & interdisciplinary studies All rights reserved ISSN 2412-3196 Online Edition Media Owner: Institute for Medieval Research Copyright © 2018 by Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Cover design, layout: Anneke Gerloff Cover image: A fold out page from the ›Iskandar Horoscope‹, London, Wellcome MS Persian 474 (used under CC BY 4.0 / modified). Austrian Academy of Sciences Press Dr. Ignaz Seipel Platz 2, 1010 Vienna, Austria Tel. +43-1-515 81/DW 3402-3406 Fax +43-1-515 81/DW 3400 hw.oeaw.ac.at, verlag.oeaw.ac.at Editors Walter Pohl, Austrian Academy of Sciences/University of Vienna Andre Gingrich, Austrian Academy of Sciences/University of Vienna Editorial Board Maximilian Diesenberger, Austrian Academy of Sciences Christian Gastgeber, Austrian Academy of Sciences Johann Heiss, Austrian Academy of Sciences Nina Mirnig, Austrian Academy of Sciences Claudia Rapp, Austrian Academy of Sciences/University of Vienna Helmut Reimitz, Princeton University Irene van Renswoude, Huygens Institute for the History of the Netherlands/ Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences Pavlína Rychterová, Austrian Academy of Sciences Celine Wawruschka, Danube University Krems Veronika Wieser, Austrian Academy of Sciences International Advisory Board Glenn Bowman , University of Kent Sabrina Corbellini, University of Groningen Mayke de Jong, Utrecht University -
A Chronological Particular Timeline of Near East and Europe History
Introduction This compilation was begun merely to be a synthesized, occasional source for other writings, primarily for familiarization with European world development. Gradually, however, it was forced to come to grips with the elephantine amount of historical detail in certain classical sources. Recording the numbers of reported war deaths in previous history (many thousands, here and there!) initially was done with little contemplation but eventually, with the near‐exponential number of Humankind battles (not just major ones; inter‐tribal, dynastic, and inter‐regional), mind was caused to pause and ask itself, “Why?” Awed by the numbers killed in battles over recorded time, one falls subject to believing the very occupation in war was a naturally occurring ancient inclination, no longer possessed by ‘enlightened’ Humankind. In our synthesized histories, however, details are confined to generals, geography, battle strategies and formations, victories and defeats, with precious little revealed of the highly complicated and combined subjective forces that generate and fuel war. Two territories of human existence are involved: material and psychological. Material includes land, resources, and freedom to maintain a life to which one feels entitled. It fuels war by emotions arising from either deprivation or conditioned expectations. Psychological embraces Egalitarian and Egoistical arenas. Egalitarian is fueled by emotions arising from either a need to improve conditions or defend what it has. To that category also belongs the individual for whom revenge becomes an end in itself. Egoistical is fueled by emotions arising from material possessiveness and self‐aggrandizations. To that category also belongs the individual for whom worldly power is an end in itself. -
Emperors and Generals in the Fourth Century Doug Lee Roman
Emperors and Generals in the Fourth Century Doug Lee Roman emperors had always been conscious of the political power of the military establishment. In his well-known assessment of the secrets of Augustus’ success, Tacitus observed that he had “won over the soldiers with gifts”,1 while Septimius Severus is famously reported to have advised his sons to “be harmonious, enrich the soldiers, and despise the rest”.2 Since both men had gained power after fiercely contested periods of civil war, it is hardly surprising that they were mindful of the importance of conciliating this particular constituency. Emperors’ awareness of this can only have been intensified by the prolonged and repeated incidence of civil war during the mid third century, as well as by emperors themselves increasingly coming from military backgrounds during this period. At the same time, the sheer frequency with which armies were able to make and unmake emperors in the mid third century must have served to reinforce soldiers’ sense of their potential to influence the empire’s affairs and extract concessions from emperors. The stage was thus set for a fourth century in which the stakes were high in relations between emperors and the military, with a distinct risk that, if those relations were not handled judiciously, the empire might fragment, as it almost did in the 260s and 270s. 1 Tac. Ann. 1.2. 2 Cass. Dio 76.15.2. Just as emperors of earlier centuries had taken care to conciliate the rank and file by various means,3 so too fourth-century emperors deployed a range of measures designed to win and retain the loyalties of the soldiery. -
Georgios Kalafikis Ammianus Marcellinus on the Military Strategy
Georgios Kalafikis Ammianus Marcellinus on the Military Strategy of the emperor Valentinian I (364-375 AD): General Principles and Implementation* The purpose of this article is to focus on aspects of Late Roman strategy during the 4th century AD and more particularly in the reign of the emperor Flavius Valentinianus (364-375 AD). In attempting this, modern science will afford the theoretical background, since the pro- cessing and the consequent interpretation of the relevant evidence are based on the science of strategic studies. Only a balanced blending of Late Antiquity sources and contemporary science can lead us to correct conclusions in the best possible or feasible way; the first provide us with the “raw material”, while the latter offers to us a “key to understanding”. The strategy performed by Roman emperors of the 3rd and the 4th centu- ries AD is an enticing question, which I have already dealt in detail while preparing my doctoral thesis on the organization of the Late Ro- man Army1. This paper relies on additional evidence gathered about the strategy of the 4th century AD. I aspire to publish in due time all the rel- * This article partially rests on a paper presented in Greek at the 34th Pan-Hellenic History Conference held at Thessaloniki (May 31 – June 2, 2013) under the title “Στρα- τηγικός σχεδιασμός των αυτοκρατόρων Βαλεντινιανού Α΄ και Βάλη (364-378 μ.Χ.): σχετικές μαρτυρίες των πηγών [Strategic Planning of the Emperors Valentinian I and Valens (364-378 AD): Evidence on relevant Sources]”. I wish to express my gratitude to both Mrs. -
Bullard Eva 2013 MA.Pdf
Marcomannia in the making. by Eva Bullard BA, University of Victoria, 2008 A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS in the Department of Greek and Roman Studies Eva Bullard 2013 University of Victoria All rights reserved. This thesis may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without the permission of the author. ii Supervisory Committee Marcomannia in the making by Eva Bullard BA, University of Victoria, 2008 Supervisory Committee Dr. John P. Oleson, Department of Greek and Roman Studies Supervisor Dr. Gregory D. Rowe, Department of Greek and Roman Studies Departmental Member iii Abstract Supervisory Committee John P. Oleson, Department of Greek and Roman Studies Supervisor Dr. Gregory D. Rowe, Department of Greek and Roman Studies Departmental Member During the last stages of the Marcommani Wars in the late second century A.D., Roman literary sources recorded that the Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius was planning to annex the Germanic territory of the Marcomannic and Quadic tribes. This work will propose that Marcus Aurelius was going to create a province called Marcomannia. The thesis will be supported by archaeological data originating from excavations in the Roman installation at Mušov, Moravia, Czech Republic. The investigation will examine the history of the non-Roman region beyond the northern Danubian frontier, the character of Roman occupation and creation of other Roman provinces on the Danube, and consult primary sources and modern research on the topic of Roman expansion and empire building during the principate. iv Table of Contents Supervisory Committee ..................................................................................................... -
Die Pragmatische Sanktion Von 554 N. Chr. Studien Zur Italienpolitik
Die Pragmatische Sanktion von 554 n. Chr. Studien zur Italienpolitik Justinians von Matthias Pöppel Gutachter (Betreuer): Prof. Dr. Peter Herz Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Andreas Merkt Pöppel, Matthias: Die Pragmatische Sanktion von 554 n. Chr.. Studien zur Italienpolitik Justinians / Matthias Pöppel. – Abensberg Die Arbeit wurde im Jahr 2016 von der Fakultät für Philosophie, Kunst-, Geschichts- und Gesellschaftswissenschaften der Universität Regensburg als Dissertation angenommen. D355 © Publikationsserver Universität Regensburg 2016 Inhaltsverzeichnis Einleitung S. 5 1 Die historischen Rahmenbedingungen 1.1 Der Gotenkrieg S. 8 1.2 Die Zeit von 553 bis zur Schlacht von Capua 554 S. 26 1.3 Der Zustand Italiens S. 41 2 Allgemeines zur Pragmatischen Sanktion (PS) von 554 2.1 Die Vorläufer S. 53 2.2 Die Überlieferung S. 67 2.3 Die Authentizität der PS S. 76 2.4 Juristische Einordnung S. 85 2.5 Zusammenfassung und Schilderung des Blickwinkels S. 98 3 Die einzelnen capita S. 100 3.1 Die Gültigkeit der Beschlüsse der Ostgotenherrscher S. 101 3.2 Rechts-, Eigentums- und Vertragsfragen S. 113 3.3 Steuer S. 163 3.4 Verwaltungsverfügungen S. 195 Résumé S. 212 Abkürzungsverzeichnis S. 222 Quellenverzeichnis S. 223 Literaturverzeichnis S. 225 Indices S. 248 5 Einleitung Ursprünglich sollte in dieser Dissertation die Pragmatische Sanktion von 554 nur in einem Teilbereich zum Tragen kommen, weil sie ein Dokument aus genau der Zeitspanne und regionalen Relevanz war, die für meine ursprüngliche Arbeit angedacht war. Bei den mich beschäftigenden Fragen empfand ich die Literaturlage jedoch bald zum einen als unbefriedigend, zum anderen als zu stark zersplittert in historische und juristische Werke. Diese zusammenzuführen und möglichst zu erweitern bildete den Anstoß zu den hier vorliegenden Untersuchungen. -
Chapter 1 Barbarian Agency and Imperial Withdrawal: the Causes And
Chapter 1 Barbarian agency and imperial withdrawal: the causes and consequences of political change in fourth- and fifth-century Trier and Cologne Introduction Snapshots from the years 310, 410, and 510 reveal that the political landscape of the Rhineland changed almost beyond recognition over the course of three centuries. In 310 AD, Trier was one of the foremost cities of the Roman Empire, acting as a main residence of the Emperor Constantine and the seat of the Gallic praetorian prefecture. In Cologne, meanwhile, the completion of the fortress of Divitia just across the Rhine reinforced the city’s significance in the context of imperial defensive strategy. By 410 AD, however, both the imperial residence and the praetorian prefecture had been removed from Trier, and many frontier troops who had been stationed near Cologne were gone. The Rhineland had suffered an apparently devastating barbarian invasion, that of the Vandals, Alans, and Sueves in 406, and was to face many more attacks in the coming half-century. After the invasion, the legitimate emperors were never to re- establish their firm control in the region, and the reign of the usurper Constantine III (407 - 411) marked the last period of effective imperial rule. Around 510 AD, the last vestiges of imperial political power had vanished, and both Trier and Cologne were part of the Frankish kingdom of Clovis. The speed and extent of this change must have dramatically affected many aspects of life within the cities, and, as such, it is crucial that we seek to understand what brought it about. In so doing, we must consider the fundamental question of whether responsibility for the collapse of imperial power in the Rhineland ultimately lies with the imperial authorities themselves, who withdrew from the region, or with the 11 various barbarian groups, who launched attacks on the frontier provinces and undermined the Empire’s control. -
4.2-Persecution Under Valens (371-373) Copyright 2018 Glen L
4.2-Persecution under Valens (371-373) Copyright 2018 Glen L. Thompson This document is provided for personal and educational use. It may not be used for commercial purposes without the permission of the copyright holder. Last updated 6/6/18 Socrates Sozomen Theodoret Macedonians seek fellowship with Liberius 4.12.1 But we will have more opportunity to mention 6.10.3 Valens and Eudoxius then directed their both Basil and Gregory again in the course of our history. resentment against the Macedonians, who were more When the maintainers of the homoousian doctrine had been numerous than the above-mentioned Christians in that severely dealt with and put to flight, the persecutors began region, and they persecuted them without measure. The again to harass the Macedonians. Macedonians, in apprehension of further sufferings, sent 4.12.2 Impelled by fear rather than violence, the delegates to various cities, and finally agreed to turn to Macedonians sent messengers to one another from city to Valentinian and to the bishop of Rome rather than share city, declaring the necessity of appealing to the emperor’s in the faith of Eudoxius and Valens and their followers. brother, and to Liberius bishop of Rome, saying that it was far better for them to embrace their faith, than to commune with the party of Eudoxius. 4.12.3 For this purpose they sent Eustathius bishop of 6.10.4 And when it seemed ideal to do this, they Sebastia, who had been deposed several times, Silvanus of selected three of their own number—Eustathius, bishop Tarsus in Cilicia, and Theophilus of Castabala in the same of Sebaste; Silvanus, bishop of Tarsus; and Theophilus, province, charging them to not to disagree with Liberius in bishop of Castabalis—and sent them to the Emperor anything concerning the faith, but to enter into communion Valentinian. -
Ammianus' Res Gestae XXVI
FACULTEIT LETTEREN EN WIJSBEGEERTE ACADEMIEJAAR 2010-2011 Ammianus’ Res Gestae XXVI Een hedendaagse vertaling Verhandeling voorgelegd aan de Faculteit Letteren en Wijsbegeerte voor het verkrijgen van de graad van Master in de taal- en letterkunde: Latijn en Nederlands door Jan Raeman Stamnummer: 0074802 Promotor: Prof. Dr. W.M. Verbaal i WOORD VOORAF Vooraleer ik het in deze masterscriptie uitvoerig zal hebben over de strijd die Valens en Valentinianus voeren tegen barbaren en opstandelingen, wil ik nu enkele woorden wijden aan de strijd die ikzelf als vertaler aanging met Ammianus’ gecompliceerde proza. Hoewel Ammianus het mij hoegenaamd niet gemakkelijk maakte, kruiste ik desondanks met plezier de degens. Ik werd immers bijgestaan door vele trouwe bondgenoten. In eerste instantie wil ik professor Verbaal bedanken die me aanstak met het vertaalvirus. Met zijn heldere kijk en vruchtbare suggesties slaagde hij erin mijn vertaling naar een hoger niveau te tillen. Daarnaast bracht hij me een kritische omgang met secundaire literatuur bij. Voorts gaat mijn dank uit naar professor Hans Teitler. Dankzij zijn expertise op het gebied van Ammianus wist hij duistere passages in de tekst op te helderen. Ten slotte dank ik de vele vrienden en het thuisfront, die allen bereid waren een gedeelte van mijn vertaling te aanhoren en te becommentariëren. In het bijzonder vermeld ik mijn ouders en Anke. In periodes van twijfel wisten zij me steeds aan te moedigen om de strijd met Ammianus verder te zetten. Jan Raeman 28 mei 2011 ii INHOUDSOPGAVE Woord vooraf………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...i 1. Inleiding……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..1 2. Ammianus’ Res Gestae……………………………………………………………………………………… 2 2.1. Leven en werk ................................................................................................................ 2 2.2. -
The Signs of the Times, Vol. 12 (1886)
The Signs of the Times, Vol. 12 (1886) January 7, 1886 "The Ostrogoths and the Visigoths" The Signs of the Times 12, 1 , p. 4. THE peace which Constantine forced upon the Gothic nation in A.D. 331, continued for a period of thirty years. For the proper understanding of the further progress of our subject, it now becomes necessary to clearly define the distinction that existed between the two great divisions of the Gothic nation–the Ostro [Eastern] Goths, and the Visi [Western] Goths. As a matter of act this distinction existed from the earliest times of which we have any knowledge of the nation. "The Ostro and Visi, the eastern and western Goths, obtained those denominations from their original seats in Scandinavia. In all their future marches and settlements they preserved, with their names, the same relative situation."–Dec. and Fall, chap. 10, par. 8, note. Although this distinction was ever observed amongst them as a people, yet in all their wanderings and in all their expeditions, from the time they left the Baltic till the period of which we now treat, A.D. 361,–they were united and acted as one people. Now, however, we shall find them separated, and with the exception of a short interval, never more united. During the thirty years' peace with the Empire (A.D. 331-361), and under Hermanric, the last king of the united nation, the Gothic power was spread from the River Danube and the Black Sea to the Baltic. Of this we read:– "During a peaceful interval of thirty years, the Romans secured their frontiers, and the Goths extended their dominions. -
Parchments of the Parthian Period from Avroman in Kurdistan Author(S): Ellis H
Parchments of the Parthian Period from Avroman in Kurdistan Author(s): Ellis H. Minns Source: The Journal of Hellenic Studies, Vol. 35 (1915), pp. 22-65 Published by: The Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/624522 . Accessed: 02/05/2014 15:27 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. The Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Journal of Hellenic Studies. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 128.210.130.147 on Fri, 2 May 2014 15:27:03 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions PARCHMENTS OF THE PARTHIAN PERIOD FROM AVROMAN IN KURDISTAN. [PLATES 1.-111.] AVROMANis a town in Persian Kurdistan lying close to the Turkish frontier between the sources of the Lesser Zab and the course of the Diala River some distance to the north of the highway from Bagdad (say Ctesiphon) to Hamadin (Ecbatana). Near it in a cave in the mountain called Kuh-i-Silan, a peasant found about the year 1909 a stone jar hermetically sealed; in it were decayed millet seeds 1 and several documents.