Index of Ancient Passages Cited

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-78274-6 - The Cambridge History of Greek and Roman Warfare, Volume II: Rome from the Late Republic to the Late Empire Edited by Philip Sabin, Hans van Wees and Michael Whitby Index More information

INDEX OF ANCIENT PASSAGES CITED

Acta Maximiani et Isaac 14.2.7: 353n44 PL viii.767–74: 443n51 14.6.17: 352n38, 364n95 Acta Maximiliani (Acts of Maximilian) 14.11.7: 433 1: 431n23 15.5.15–16: 300–1 2.8: 339–40 15.5.18–19: 335 Acts of Marcellus 15.12.3: 432 2–3: 339–40 16.2.1: 453n82 Aelian 16.2.12: 315 Tact. 27.1: 124n7 16.2.13: 364n94 Agathias 16.4.1: 440n42 1.19.1: 270 16.5.15: 447 1.22: 365n98, 370n116 16.6.2: 371n121 2.4–5: 352n38 16.8.2: 456n93 2.7: 374n137 16.9.2–4: 248n53, 250 2.7.2–7: 364n96 16.10.2: 387n32 2.8.1: 356n55, 368n108 16.10.8: 354n51 2.8.1–5: 363n90 16.11.4: 315 2.8.4: 351n36, 366n103 16.11.4–6: 320 2.8.5: 364n96 16.11.11: 312 2.8.8: 364n97 16.12: 348 2.9: 249n57, 366 16.12.2: 285, 293 2.9.2–6: 364n94 16.12.7: 354n51 2.9.7–9: 364n96 16.12.8–13: 376n144 2.18.7: 249n57 16.12.14: 363n89 2.20.7–8: 282n69, 300 16.12.21: 363n90 2.20.8: 283n72 16.12.22: 354n50 3.6.5: 283n72 16.12.26: 314 3.6.9: 279n47 16.12.28: 365n98 3.17.5: 281 16.12.29–34: 376n144 3.20.9–10: 282, 353n44 16.12.36–7: 366n103, 366n104 3.27.6: 366n103 16.12.37–9: 367n106, 368n107 4.26.3–7: 245 16.12.42–9: 364n95, 366 4.29.7–10: 332 16.12.42–51: 366n104 5.1: 261 16.12.43: 376n147 5.1–2: 318 16.12.44: 366n103 5.11.6: 328–9 16.12.63: 370n118 5.13.7–8: 284n78 17.1.1: 371n125 5.15: 301n105 17.1.4–7: 359n68 5.21.6–22: 359n68 17.1.11–12: 312 5.23.3: 375n143 17.1–2: 350n32 5.30: 252 17.3.1–5: 446 Ammianus Marcellinus 17.5.3: 260n109 13.16–18: 359n68 17.5.5–6: 242n23

547

© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-78274-6 - The Cambridge History of Greek and Roman Warfare, Volume II: Rome from the Late Republic to the Late Empire Edited by Philip Sabin, Hans van Wees and Michael Whitby Index More information

548 index of ancient passages cited

Ammianus Marcellinus (cont.) 23.4.8–9: 362n87 17.5.10: 260n109 24.1.9: 299n100 17.10.9: 332 24.2.5: 357n59 17.12.3: 370n114 24.3.1–2: 374n137 17.13.3: 248n51 24.4.21–3: 362n86 17.13.9: 364n97 24.4.23: 301 18.2.6: 375n141 24.4.24: 376n145 18.2.11–12: 295n92 24.4.26–7: 376n145 18.2.12: 359n68 24.4.28: 361n79 18.2.19: 332 24.5.2: 373n133 18.4.2: 252n78 24.6.8: 354n50 18.5.1–2: 411 24.6.9: 352n38 18.5–6: 253n79 24.6.11: 357n59 18.6.20–2: 252n77 24.6.15: 370n118 18.7.3–6: 320 24.6.16: 376n145 18.8.1–2: 271n4 24.7.3: 317–18 18.9–19.8: 331n62 24.7.4–8: 326 19.1.7–8: 361n78 24.7.5: 317–18 19.2.15: 371n121 25.1.7–9: 368n107 19.5.6: 361n78 25.1.16: 364n94 19.7.6–7: 361n79, 362n85 25.1.17: 357n59 19.11.2: 324n50 25.2.1–2: 326 20.2: 335 25.5: 382 20.2.5: 308 25.6.2–3: 364n95 20.4: 382n10, 395 25.6.4: 371n125 20.4.1–7: 323 25.7.11: 262 20.4.2: 284 25.9.11: 313–14 20.4.4: 299 26.1.6: 428 20.4.10: 434n31 26.2: 382 20.6.6–7: 362n87 26.4: 382 20.7.1: 276n31 26.6.18: 395 20.7.7: 267 26.7.16: 395, 456n93 20.10: 319 27.1.3: 365n101 20.11.5: 328, 402, 429n12 27.2:350n32 20.11.11–15: 362n87 27.2.5: 364n93 21.3.2: 283 27.5: 319 21.4.7–8: 319 27.5.7: 332 21.5.8: 428 27.5.9: 322 21.6.6: 440n42 27.6: 382 21.7.2: 324 27.8.1: 242 21.8.3: 270 27.9.6: 450n73 21.9: 323–4 27.10.3–4: 247 21.10.8: 456n93 27.10.6–16: 319 21.11–12: 363n89 27.10.10: 376n148 21.16.2: 427 27.10.10–15: 364n95 21.16.7: 349n25 27.10.13: 364n94 21.16.15: 387n32 27.19.16: 456n93 22.3.7–8: 429n12 28.2.1–9: 312 22.4.1–8: 415n143 28.5.6: 376n148 22.4.5: 415n143 28.5.7: 244n31 22.4.6: 428, 450n73 28.5.8–15: 247 22.4.6–7a: 414 29.4.2: 247 22.4.7: 428 29.4.5: 332 22.7.8: 244–5 29.4.7: 247, 455n88 22.8.49: 334 29.5.6: 428 22.12.6: 428, 438 29.5.19–24: 371n123 23.4.4–7: 361n79 29.5.22–4: 374n137

index of ancient passages cited 549

29.5.31: 374n137 2.81: 127n19, 139n65 29.5.47–8: 366n103 2.82: 139n63 29.5.49: 374n137 3.40–8: 185 29.9.10: 441n43 3.66–72: 126n15 30.1: 242n20 3.67–9: 155n108 30.3: 248n50 3.68: 123n5 30.3.2–3: 238 3.69: 136n53 30.4.3–4: 244 3.70: 140n68 30.5.11: 328 3.71: 137n53 30.6: 322 3.83: 185 30.6.1–3: 248n50 3.97.404–7: 14n76 30.10: 382 4.100: 161n12 31.2.1–4: 243 4.112–13: 137n56 31.2.8–9: 355n53, 356n57 4.120: 161n12 31.3.8–4.5: 311 5.3: 44 31.4: 431n21 5.12–14: 184n83 31.4.4: 254–5, 456n92 5.14–18: 206 31.5.9: 371n124 5.17.1: 208 31.6.3: 371n124 5.39–49: 155n105 31.6.4: 315, 359 5.59–65: 185 31.7.11: 376n147, 376n148 5.106: 144n87 31.7.12: 364n95, 366n103 5.107: 145–6 31.7.16: 371n125 5.107–8: 144 31.8.1: 320, 325 5.119: 144 31.12.8: 266n138 5.121: 145 31.12.9: 248n51 5.123–6: 185 31.12.11: 376n148 Praef. 7: 25n135, 25n137, 110n82 31.12.11–12: 363n90 Hisp. 31.12.12–13: 256 9.48: 88 31.12.16: 363n90 9.49: 96n39 31.13: 366 9.51: 84n14 31.13.18: 370n118 11.65: 103n57 31.16.6: 454n84 12.68: 103n57 Anonymus Valesianus 87: 86 3.6: 382n10 90–2: 86 5.27: 281n65 92: 150 11.51–4: 276 Mith. 94–6: 105n64 12.61: 457n94 Apuleius Anthologia Palatina Met. 9.656: 390 9.39: 213–14, 216n84 9.802: 390 9.39–42: 192n106 16.62: 390n45 9.42: 213–14 Appian 10.1: 213–14 BCiv. 13: 213–14 1.6: 23 Aristides 1.7–8: 179n65 Or. 1.38: 205n35 26.75: 220n100 1.43: 141 26.81–2: 4 1.55: 210n61 82: 110n82 1.57: 180–1 Arrian 1.80: 183n78 Acies contra Alanos 1.82: 127n19 12–21: 128n24 1.84–96: 181 15–17: 130n30 1.95: 205n37 15–19: 352n37 1.190: 183n78 16–18: 127n20 2.2.82: 140n73 18: 128n26 2.79: 123n5 19: 126n16

550 index of ancient passages cited

Arrian (cont.) 3.92–3: 127n53 27–9: 139 3.93: 130n33, 132n35, 135n46 27–30: 371n120 3.94: 134n44 Peripl. M. Eux. 6: 164n24 3.96: 127 Tact. 3.96–7: 127n19 4.1: 156n110 3.97: 140n69 11.1–2: 124 3.97–8: 139n66 42: 134 3.99: 133n36, 137n59, 139n63, 139n65, 44.1: 370n114 140n67 Augustine of Hippo 5.53.5: 161n12 Contra Faustum 22.75: 341 B Gall. Ep. 46–7: 252n72 1.2: 116 Augustus 1.7: 99 Res Gestae 1.8: 100 1: 182n77 1.14.7: 23n116 6: 188n97 1.23: 102n54 15–16: 188n98 1.24: 127n19, 127n23 16.1: 37 1.26: 129n28 17.2: 187n96, 212n70 1.28: 140n72 26–33: 4n8 1.36: 99 28: 188n98 1.39: 98 29: 17n91 1.40: 99 33: 22 1.42.5–6: 38 Aurelius Victor 1.44: 99 Caes. 1.51: 138 33: 448 1.52: 127, 132n23, 13735 33.34: 74 1.53: 138n62 39: 381 2.5: 100n49 Ausonius 2.7–8: 86 Ordo nob. urb. 20.13–14: 313 2.8: 100n49, 126n17 2.10: 102n54, 156n11 Basil of Caesarea 2.10–11: 103n57 Ep. 54: 341 2.12: 147–8 2.12–13: 86 Caesar 2.17: 116 BCiv. 2.19–27: 135 1.6.8: 167n34 2.20: 155n109 1.15: 183 2.22: 125n13 1.22.5: 183 2.24: 127n19 1.22–3: 155n105 2.25: 133n41, 133–4, 137n57, 137n59 1.44: 127n22, 134n42 2.28: 85, 96n38 1.57: 130n32 2.29–33: 86 2.41: 134 2.31: 152n97 3.44–74: 100 2.33: 139–40n72 3.48: 152n99 2.38: 102n54 3.59: 136n53 3.9: 85n86 3.64: 137n59 3.12: 85 3.74: 137n59, 140n71, 153n102 3.14: 144 3.75: 130n32 3.14–16: 85n86 3.80–1: 148 3.16: 140n72 3.84: 130n32 3.17: 96n38 3.88: 128n26 3.23: 103n58 3.89: 129n28 3.23–4: 142n77 3.89–94: 129 3.27: 85 3.91: 137 3.28: 87 3.91.4: 37–8n58 4.7: 102n54 3.92: 123n5, 132n35 4.11–13: 16

index of ancient passages cited 551

4.17: 101 40.13.1: 86n17 4.19: 92 40.14.3: 21n108 4.20: 98 40.16.3: 86n17 4.21: 98n46 40.20: 146n90 4.25: 137, 146n58 40.20.3: 86n17 4.26: 138 40.22: 131n34, 135n48 4.35: 138 42.49.4: 210n60 4.36–8: 87 44.43.1: 4 5.21: 149n94 46.31.4: 167n34 5.22–3: 96n39 48.6–7: 184n83 5.24: 87 49.29: 131n34, 135n48 5.24–52: 89n20 50.31: 145–6 5.31: 102n54 53.11.5: 45, 161n14 5.39–52: 153n104 53.16.4–5: 186n90 5.45–6: 99 53.31.1: 7 5.48: 99 53.33.1–2: 7 6.5–6: 87 54.10: 188n97 6.10: 102n54 54.16: 188n97 6.23: 116 54.18: 188n97 6.29: 92, 100n49 54.20: 98 6.33: 104n62 54.25: 187n95 6.40: 136 54.25.5: 209n51 7: 89n21 54.25.5–6: 37, 159n5, 7.6.13: 89n21 163n20 7.8.3–13: 89n21 54.25.6: 45 7.10: 102n54 55.10.10: 45 7.14: 103n58 55.10.20: 22 7.18: 103n58 55.23: 187n96 7.20–1: 103n58 55.23.1: 45, 159n5, 163n20 7.27: 153n100 55.24.6: 73 7.32: 102n54 55.24–5: 212n70 7.47–50: 137n59 55.25: 187n96 7.52–3: 86n15 56.18–22: 89, 98n22 7.69: 149 56.18–25: 189n100 7.69–74: 148 56.20: 125, 142n10 7.72: 150 56.22: 103n59 7.76: 87 57.4.2: 163n20 7.80: 149 57.10.5: 217n87 7.85: 151 57.17.5: 14n72 8.3: 91–2, 102n54 57.19.6: 46 8.8: 80 59.2.1–3: 161n14 Caesar attrib. 59.9.6: 64 B Afr. 59.12.2: 17n91 15: 135 59.24.1: 22 71: 127n22, 142n80 60.15–16: 190n102 71–2: 155–6 60.19.1–3: 212n68 75: 143 60.19–22.2: 88 85: 138n60 60.23.6: 11n57 B Alex. 40: 134n43, 138n61 61.3.3–4: 19 B Hisp. 61.30.4–5[4]: 11 17: 208n46 61.32.4a: 17n92, 19n99 31: 123n5, 132, 136, 138n60, 140n67 61.33.3: 19n99 Candidus 61.33.7: 19 fr. 1 Blockley: 396 62.2.3: 22 fr. 2 Blockley: 397 62.3.2: 22 Cassius Dio 62.5.2: 15 37.25: 206n35 62.22.2: 17

552 index of ancient passages cited

Cassius Dio (cont.) 72.15: 23n116 62.23.3: 15 72.17.1: 7 62.25.1–2: 17 72.19.1: 24n130 63.1.1–2.2: 12 72.19.1–2: 22 63.2.2: 12 72.27.1a: 25n135 63.3.1a: 12 73.2.4: 14, 98–9 63.7.2: 13 73.24.2: 4n4 65.9.2a: 8 75.2.5: 46 66.17.3: 21n108 75.2.6: 73 67.3.5: 159n6 75.6: 133, 134n38, 146n43 67.4.6: 96n35 75.7: 128n26, 130n33, 131n34, 134n44, 137n53 67.5.3: 12 75.7.3: 363n92 67.6.1–7.4: 97n40 75.12: 123, 155n105 67.6.1–9.6: 119n108 76.6: 126n17, 127n19 67.6.2: 5–6 76.11–12: 154 67.7.1: 16n88 76.15.2: 380n7 67.7.4: 24n131 77.9.3: 172n49 68.2.3: 13 77.11.1: 28n149 68.8.1: 14 77.14.3–4: 18n97 68.9.1: 12 77.15.1: 26–7 68.9.4–7: 86n16 77.19.1–2: 23–4 68.12.1–5: 13 77.21.3: 172n49 68.13.1–6: 101n51 77.24.1: 163n20 68.14: 140n68 78.6.1–3: 19 68.14.3: 86n16 78.12.2a-3: 25 68.15.2: 17n92 78.12.7: 160n7 68.17.2–3: 9, 16 78.13.5: 16n88 68.17.3: 21 78.15.2: 16 68.18.2: 21 78.19.4–5: 19 68.19.1–2: 13 78.27.1: 175n55 68.19.1–20.4: 25n137 78.28: 146n89 68.19.2: 17n93 78.28.2–4: 160n7 68.19.5–20.2: 19 78.34.2–3: 160n7 68.20.4: 12n65 78.36.1–3: 160n7 68.21.3: 22 79.27.1: 6n22 68.30.3: 17, 22 79.27.1–3: 7 68.31.1–32.1: 87n18 80.4.1: 242n23 69.9: 147n91 fr. 108.1–2: 209n50 69.12.2: 169n40 Cato the Elder 69.12.3–13.3: 87 Agr. Orig. praef. 4: 431n24 69.13.1–14.3: 90n24 Celsus 69.13.2: 107n70 Med. 69.15.1: 5–6 pr. 43: 70 69.15.2–3: 19 7.4.D5–C2: 371n121 69.15.3: 15 Chronica minora 71.3: 101 1.298: 385n18 71.16.2: 455n88 Chronicle of Seert 72.4.2: 90n24 2 (PO 4.222–3): 265n131 72.5.1: 19 Chronicon Paschale 72.11.1: 12 539: 389n42, 395n58 72.11.2: 24 556: 385n18 72.11.2–3: 116n98 562–3: 385n18 72.12: 135–6n50 568: 385n18 72.12.3: 13 590: 385n18 72.13.1: 6 693–4: 401 72.14.1–2: 16 716–26: 331n62

index of ancient passages cited 553

719.14–720.3: 315, 359n68 B.22–6: 330 720.1–3: 362n83 Corippus 721.14–21: 314 In laud. Iust. 722.14–723.12: 335 1.272–93: 391n46 725.1–5: 359n68 2.105–27: 389n40 727.15ff: 338 2.130–9: 385n19, 387n30 731.10–732.15: 317 3.120–5: 391n46 732.6–18: 317 3.190–204: 391n46 s.a. 623: 259n102 3.191–401: 259 s.a. 626: 242, 277n39, 280, 282n69 3.308–401: 389n40 s.a. 628: 245n42, 264n125 Iohannis Chrysostom, John, see John Chrysostom 4.472–563: 236n90 Cicero 4.538–43: 349n25 Att. 6.247: 281–2 5.20: 91 6.516–27: 363n90 7.1.6: 203n21 7.84–103: 339 Balb. 46: 51 8.206–388: 377n152 Cat. 2.8: 206n39 8.212–31: 339 Fam. Cyril of Scythopolis 1.9.8–10: 184n81 Vit. Sabae 2.4: 207 1: 306n115, 434n32 5.20.9: 203n20 9: 298n96, 306n115 10.30: 125n13, 126n15, 127n18, 140n67 25: 306n115 15.4: 91 Leg. Man. De rebus bellicis 32: 206n38 1: 445–6 44: 210n62 5: 402, 445–6 Mil. 4.11: 426 5.1: 237 Off. 7: 363n91 1.25: 202n12 20: 251n63, 311–12 1.39: 203n16 Dexippus 1.77: 424n1 FGrH 100 F 6: 18n97 2.84: 206n39 fr. 6 (457. 1–4): 364n94 Pis. 92–3: 209n53 fr. 25: 362n83 QFr. fr. 27: 362n83 1.1.5: 209n52 Digest 2.12.2–3: 21 1.16.7.1: 225n129 Rep. 1.18.6.1: 217n86 2.40: 32 1.18.6.5–7: 217n86 3.34: 25 47.112: 453n82 Sest. 12: 206n40 48.4.3: 11n61 Tusc. 2.41: 27 49.16.3.9: 437n35 Verr. 1.56: 203n19 49.16.4.12: 432n27 Claudian 49.16.5.8: 437n35 Cons. Hon. iv, 17ff: 388n39 49.16.9: 442n46 Cod. Iust., see Justinian 49.16.12.1: 225n128 Cod. Theod. 49.16.13: 442n46 Collatio legum Romanarum et 49.18.1: 452n79 Mosaicarum 50.4.18.30: 437n36 15.3: 245n41, 263n119 50.6.7: 168n37 Constantine vii Porphyrogenitus Dio Cassius, see Cassius Dio De caer. Dio Chrysostom 1.91: 385n18, 387 Or. 2: 28n150 663: 278n41 Diodorus Siculus Three Treatises 5.13.2: 167n34 B.1–19: 322–3 23.2: 156n100

554 index of ancient passages cited

Diodorus Siculus (cont.) Excerpta de insidiis, see Malalas 37.12: 205n35 37.24: 205n36 Festus 76.15: 16 Gloss. Lat. Ps.-Dionysius of Tel-Mahre 249: 161n12 Chron. 267L: 31n3 5: 443n50 Florus 27: 443n50 1 praef. 8: 5n11 37: 443n50 2.6.11: 205n34 115–16: 252n71 Frontinus Str. Epictetus 2.3.15: 131n34 Discourses 4.1.79: 192n106, 2.3.17: 100n49, 126n17 218n93 2.3.23: 143 Eugippius 2.8.12: 137n54 Vit. Severini 2.9.3: 152n99 4.1–4: 276, 280n60 2.9.4: 97n43 4.20: 276, 280n60 2.9.5: 152n99 Eunapius 3.1–11: 154 VS 466: 256 4.1.7: 31n3 fr. 18.6: 319n33 4.1.21: 140n71 fr. 42: 254, 311 4.2.2: 31n2, 63n51 fr. 44: 336 4.7.2: 126 fr. 44.5: 363n89 4.7.16: 138n61 fr. 48.2: 266 4.7.32: 133n36, 135n46 Eusebius Hist. eccl. Gellius 8.17: 263n121 NA 16.10.10: 204n30 10.5: 263n120 George of Pisidia Tric. 16.4: 263 BellumAvaricum : 331n62 Vit. Const. 441–74: 335 1.28: 338 Exp. Pers. 3.7.1: 251n63 1.139–50: 377n152 4.11.1: 260n109 2.120–162: 373n132 4.43.3: 251n63 2.153–8: 368n109 4.68.2: 382 2.165–9: 377n152 Eutropius 3.186–219: 370n116 9.22: 381 Heraclias 2.12–15: 377n152 10.2: 382n10 In RestitutionemS. Crucis : 264n125 10.9: 395 George Syncellus 10.12: 419n165 Chron.p.467 Mosshammer: 243n28 10.15.2: 387n32 Gregory of Nyssa 10.17: 313–14 In Quad. Martyres, PG 46, col. Evagrius 773: 372n128 Hist. eccl. Gregory of Tours 2.1: 298n96, 429 Hist. 2.5: 444n52 1.41: 433n30 2.8: 319, 444n52 2.8: 349n25 3.27: 281n65 2.9: 248n51 4.24: 339 2.38: 260–1 4.27: 331n62 5.30: 398n70 5.9: 251n70, 254n71 5.14: 300, 371n125, 377n149 Heliodorus 6.9: 377n149 Aeth. 9.15: 354n50 6.15: 317 Herodian 6.18: 267n143, 268n145 1.6.7–9: 5n11 6.21–2: 267n144 2.15.6–7: 8

index of ancient passages cited 555

3.8.4–5: 160n7 6.30: 325 3.14.1–2: 28n149 John of Epiphania 4.4.7: 160n7 5: 328–9 4.7.3–4: 22 6: 452n77 4.10.1–11.9: 16n88 John Lydus 4.10.5: 14 Mag. 5.3.3–8: 6 1.47: 343n5 5.5.3–10: 6 2.11: 384 6.2.1: 9n45 2.28–9: 408n117 6.2.2: 242n23 3.28: 388–9 6.2.3: 9n45, 12n62 3.31: 427n9 6.4.4: 12n62 3.41: 384 6.4.4–6: 12 3.44: 239n11 6.7.2–3: 9n45 Mens. 6.7.5: 5 1.27: 174n54, 284n78 6.8.4: 160n7 John of Nikiu 6.8.8: 160n10 97: 318n31 6.9.5: 381 Jordanes 7.2.9: 4–5 Get. 10.1–11.9: 21n108 36.191: 458 Horace 163–6: 420n167 Carmen saeculare: 188n97 167–9: 421n168 Hydatius 180ff.: 420 70: 420n167 269–71: 322 Ps.-Hyginus 281: 322 De munitionibus castrorum. Josephus 3: 40 AJ 7: 45 14.210: 17n92 16: 54–5 16.335–53: 19 24: 101n50 17.146: 7n35 30: 45 17.301: 17n91 18.96: 23 Jerome 18.96–105: 10 Vit. Malch. 10: 252n72 18.101–5: 13 Jerusalem Talmud 18.103: 21 y. Bava Qamma iii 3c: 437–8 18.305: 8 John of Antioch 19.275: 17n91 fr. 187: 281 BJ fr. 194: 247n49 1.646: 7n35 fr. 201.5: 349n25 2.39–79: 89n22 fr. 214e(FHG v.32): 396n60 2.81: 17n91 fr. 218f5: 283n73 2.203: 8–9 John Chrysostom 2.540–5: 125n10 Hom. in Mat. 61.2–3: 429n11 3.75: 64 In dictumPauli (PG 51.247): 389n42 3.115–26: 101n50 In inscript. altaris 2 (PG 51.71): 3.257: 151 389n42 3.505: 146 John of Ephesus 4.1.8 (60): 370n115 Hist. eccl. 5.262–4: 167n31 3.5: 380n7 5.348–56: 152n99 3.11: 385n21 5.349–56: 164n24 6.5: 359, 362n88 5.353: 153 6.10: 371n124 5.360: 152n99 6.24: 325 5.446–51: 97n43 6.25: 371n124 5.491–511: 148 6.26: 375n143 5.496: 149 6.28: 400 5.502–7: 148

556 index of ancient passages cited

Josephus (cont.) 12.38: 448n66 5.522: 152n99 12.50.22: 387n30 5.522–3: 167n31 12.59.8 (Leo): 275n27 6.33: 153n100 12.59.10 [472]: 276 6.36: 154 Nov. 6.68–70: 154, 155n109 26: 276 7.4 (421–36): 370n115 26.4: 312 7.202: 152n99 30.11.2: 247, 264n126 7.202–6: 97n43 41: 408n118 7.219–29: 108n76 50: 409n119 7.219–44: 10 51: 325 7.307: 152n97 85.4: 353n44 7.402: 138–9 105: 399n80 Ps.-Joshua Stylites 130.1: 387n30 Chron. 130.6: 387n30 9–10: 249n57 130.7: 387n30 20: 259n105 130.8: 387n30 50: 362n84 130.9: 387n30 51: 367, 370n119 Justinus 53: 362n84 Epit. 41.1.1: 21n108 54: 286n83, 325, 410n130 Juvenal 58: 325 4.147–9: 9n45 70: 325, 410n130 16: 192n106, 213–14, 75: 370n116 216n84 77: 410n130 16.32: 219n98 80: 241, 258 93: 439 Lactantius 97: 258n98, 259n99 De mort. pers. 99–100: 257 5.6: 29n154 Julian 7: 425n4, 445n4 Ep. 152: 305 7.2: 284n78 Ep. ad Athen. 13: 262 279a: 312, 425 19.6: 280n54 286b: 411 34: 263n120 Nov. 11: 408–9 44.5: 338 Or. 46: 338 1.35D-36A: 364n93 48: 263n119 1.36D: 369n110 Libanius 1.37: 354n51 Ep. 301.821: 427 1.37A: 354n51 Or. 2.57B–C: 363n90 1.27: 444 2.57C–D: 352n38, 364n93, 2.37: 449n68 368n108 11.178: 437 2.60A: 369n110 18.54: 363n90 2.60A–B: 354n51 18.59: 364n95 2.64B: 362n85 18.60: 370n118 2.65B–66A: 362n85 18.83: 325 Justinian 18.206: 354n50 Cod. Iust. 19.12: 456n93 1.27.2: 273, 277n37 19.34–36: 444n55 1.29.5: 276n35 20.14: 456n93 3.26.7: 445n57 47.6: 444n56 4.63.4: 252n72 47.13: 441 5.17.7: 434 47.13–14: 426 7.48.2: 445n57 47.28: 306n116 10.27.2.10: 408n116 47.31: 447n64 12.35.18 (492): 276n33 47.33: 444n56

index of ancient passages cited 557

59.110: 354n49 fr. 18.2: 286n83, 293n83 Livy fr. 18.2.14–1: 348 Ab urbe cond. fr. 18.3: 308, 383 1.24: 14n79 fr. 20.48–9: 332–3 1.32.6–14: 14n79 fr. 20.48–58: 325 1.43.7: 32 fr. 20.201–4: 332–3 7.37.2: 161n12 fr. 20.226–48: 317 8.8: 133–4 Marcellinus Comes 21.25.1–14: 106n68 Chron. 22.18: 141n75 s.a. 390.3: 235n1 26.49: 139n63 s.a. 441.1: 239n10 28.45.13–46.1: 106n69 s.a. 441.3: 239n10 32.34: 178 s.a. 481.2: 336 36.19: 139n63 s.a. 499: 326, 411 42.34.5–11: 30–1 s.a. 504: 256–7 43.5.8: 21 s.a. 508: 281n61 44.39: 126 s.a. 514: 286n83 45.35–9: 178 Mark the Deacon 79: 123n4 Life of Porphyry of Gaza 63–4: 443n48 Luke Martial 3.14: 192n106, 218n88, 427 14.32: 62 Martianus Capella Macrobius 6.76: 45 Sat. 2.4.29: 21n104 Matthew Majorian 5.41: 427 Nov. 1.1 (458): 387n30 Maurice Malalas Strategicon Chron. pr. 10–17: 342–7 12.36 Thurn = 304.22–305.2 Dindorf: pr. 16–17: 348 371n121 pr. 17–27: 348n23 13.23 Thurn 332.9–13 Dindorf: 276n31 pr. 27–31: 348 13.27 Thurn, = 336.19–21 Dindorf: 314 1.1: 358, 372, 372n126 14.23 Thurn 364.12–13 Dindorf: 283n71 1.1.16–21: 357 16.3 Thurn = 394.8–10 Dindorf 406n111 1.2: 294n89, 357 16.6 Thurn 403.5–406.8 Dindorf: 334 1.2.21–2: 358 16.6 Thurn = 402.22–406.8 Dindorf: 1.2.28–34: 358 358n66 1.2.35–9: 354n50 18.6 Thurn, 427.17–428.4 Dindorf: 267n143 1.2.41–2: 357 18.6 Thurn, = 435.2–17 Dindorf: 275 1.3: 283–4 18.14 Thurn, 431.116–433.2 Dindorf: 1.3.16: 306 267n143 1.4: 283n73, 283–4n73 18.35 Thurn = 445.19–447.21 Dindorf: 1.6–8: 374n137 318n30 1.8.16: 370n119 18.44 Thurn 449.19–450.1 Dindorf: 1.8.17: 374n137 260n109 1.24–5: 343n6 18.60 Thurn 463.15–20 Dindorf: 370n117 2.1: 347 18.60 Thurn 463.23–464.5 Dindorf: 375n143 2.1.44–51: 370n114 18.60 Thurn 464.14–465.1 Dindorf: 369n111 2.1–2: 364, 369 18.65 Thurn 468.15–21 2.4:293 Dindorf: 370n116 2.4–5: 364n93 18.106 Thurn 484.9–10 Dindorf: 246n45 2.6: 368 fr. 48 (Excerpta de insidiis): (18.119 Thurn, 2.6.20: 283n71 417–18 Dindorf) 318n30 2.6.33–5: 358 Malchus 2.8: 295n90, 368n108 fr. 2: 281–2 2.9: 371n121 fr. 15: 237 2.11: 252n74 fr. 18.1: 284, 325, 410n127 2.13: 369

558 index of ancient passages cited

Maurice (cont.) 8.B.70: 376n144 2.14–15: 365n99 8.B.85: 369n111 2.16: 375n143 8.B.92: 362n88 2.17–18: 376n148 8.B.98: 336 2.17–20: 365n99 8.B.99: 335 2.18.13–23: 339, 377 8.B.100: 365n98 2.18–19: 357 9: 343n6 2.28–34: 372n126 9.2.45–8: 362n88 3.1–4: 368n108 9.2.62–6: 370n119 3.1–7: 372 9.2–4: 350n28 3.5: 371n120 9.3.50–61: 370n119 3.5.34–6: 368 9.3.62–74: 376n144 3.5.63–75: 369n113 9.3.117–21: 370n119 3.5.63–76: 357, 373n131 9.3–4: 329 3.5.86–109: 357, 373n131 9.3–8: 353 3.5.87–99: 373n130 9.4: 350n32 3.5.110–19: 364n93 9.4.2–9: 350n30 3.5.114–19: 373n130 9.5: 252n74 3.8.3: 283n71 10: 359n70 3.8–12: 369 10.2: 343n6 3.10: 364n93, 364n94 11.1.10: 371n125 3.11: 370 11.1.16–17: 357n58 3.13: 364n93, 364n94 11.1.42: 350n28, 365n102 3.14: 364n93, 364n94 11.1.43–5: 357n59 3.15: 369 11.1.59–63: 357n59 3.15.14: 368n109 11.1.64–7: 350n30, 369n111 4: 343n6 11.2: 347 4.2–3: 370n114 11.2.52: 357n59 4.3: 363n92 11.2.52–4: 356n57 4.5: 347, 373n131 11.2.55–65: 370 5.8–9: 358 11.2.66–70: 350n28 5.26–36: 368n108 11.2.70–2: 357n59 6.1: 364n94, 372 11.2.85–9: 350n28 6.1–5: 372 11.2.92–5: 371n120 6.6: 372 11.3.7–9: 369n111 7.3: 252n74 11.3.33: 370n114 7.11–12: 343n6 11.4: 319, 350n32 7.A.pr.33–4: 357n59 11.4.3–7: 314–15 7.A.1: 377 11.4.51–68: 314 7.A.14: 370n119 11.4.53–9: 376n148 7.B.6: 371n125 11.4.69–74: 350n28 7.B.11.45–52: 369n111 11.4.71–4: 352n40 7.B.12: 370 11.4.82–6: 317 8.2.70: 387n27 11.4.82ff.: 401 8.A.3: 335 11.4.124–7: 370n114 8.A.16: 371n125 11.4.141–61: 350n28 8.A.25: 362n88 12.A–B: 350n28 8.A.29: 376n144 12.A.7: 8.A.30: 335 12.A.7.22–3: 365n98 8.B.4: 331 12.A.7.23–49: 371n120 8.B.19: 335 12.A.7.49–57: 367 8.B.27: 335 12.A.7.57–60: 366n104 8.B.43: 371n121 12.A.7.68–77: 367n105 8.B.47: 336 12.A.7.83–7: 369n111 8.B.48: 365n102 12.B.pr.: 342–7 8.B.55: 336 12.B.pr.9–10: 348 8.B.63: 336 12.B.2–3: 372

index of ancient passages cited 559

12.B.3–4: 353 fr. 18.2: 258n97 12.B.4.5–8: 352n37 fr. 18.3: 258 12.B.5: 352n40 fr. 18.6: 252, 258n97, 400 12.B.6.8–9: 352n40 fr. 19.1: 257–8, 258n99 12.B.8.28–32: 364n96 fr. 20.1: 257, 258n97, 260n109 12.B.9: 352n38 fr. 20.2: 262 12.B.9.9–10: 376n144 fr. 21: 258n99 12.B.11.23–4: 375n143 fr. 22: 248 12.B.11.24–7: 362n82, 365n99, 376n148 fr. 23.3: 375n141 12.B.12: 352n38 fr. 23.7: 266n138 12.B.12–13: 363n90 fr. 23.8: 256, 258n97 12.B.13.19–20: 369n111 fr. 23.9: 245 12.B.14.2: 365n99 fr. 23.9.83–9: 321–2 12.B.14.9–10: 373n130 fr. 24: 248 12.B.14–17: 372 fr. 25: 325 12.B.16.20–7: 365 fr. 25.1: 267n145 12.B.16.31–2: 352n37 fr. 25.1–27.3: 268–9 12.B.16.33–8: 366 fr. 25.2: 238, 258 12.B.16.39–55: 352n38, 366n104 fr. 26.1: 238, 257n96 12.B.16.54–5: 352n37 fr. 26.1.40–58: 310 12.B.17.1–13: 373n130, 373n132 fr. 27: 325 12.8.17.40–4: 365 fr. 27.3: 262 12.B.18: 363n92 Michael the Syrian 12.B.18.9–11: 363n91 10.21: 341 12.B.20: 350n32 10.25: 360n75 12.B.20.3–29: 350n30 Miracula S. Anastasii Persae 12.B.20.7: 352n40 14: 280n60, 377n151 12.B.20–1: 319 23: 372n128 12.B.20.84–9: 352n40 Miracula S. Demetrii 12.B.21: 295n92, 326, 359n68 139: 362n82 12.B.23.14–20: 366–7 146: 362n82 12.B.24: 372 151–4: 362n82 12.D: 364n94, 373n93 166–71: 339 18.11–12: 353 200: 315 Menander Protector fr. 2: 245n36, 248n37 Nazarius fr. 5.3: 258n99 Pan.Lat.4 (10) fr. 6.1: 249, 258, 259n101, 22.3–23.4: 354n51 261n115, 267n142 22.4: 354n50 fr. 6.1.314–407: 321 24: 368n107 fr. 6.1.323–6: 311 24.1–2: 364n94 fr. 6.1.332–40: 311 24.3: 354n49 fr. 8: 390n40 24.4: 358n64 fr. 9.1: 245n38, 254, 257, 260 24.5–7: 354n51 fr. 10.1: 248 Nicephorus fr. 10.1.68–88: 323 10: 259n103, 322 fr. 10.4: 257 13.4–9: 322 fr. 10.5: 258n98 23.4: 277 fr. 11.2: 257 Notitia Dignitatum fr. 12.3: 376n148 occ. fr. 12.4: 258n99 6.67: 354n48 fr. 12.5: 254 9.4–8: 280 fr. 12.6: 246n43, 260, 260n109 9.46: 257 fr. 15.1: 248, 254 28.17: 272n11 fr. 15.6: 330 or. fr. 16.1: 255n84, 266n138 5.34: 284n75 fr. 18.1: 259 7.39: 278

560 index of ancient passages cited

Notitia Dignitatum (cont.) 6 (7).2: 389n39 7.42: 278 8 (4) 7.49: 276n31 8–9: 455 7.50: 276n31 11–19: 334 8.27: 278n41 21: 298–9, 332–3 8.37: 279n43 10 (2) 11.4–10: 280n55 5.3: 380n7, 382n8 11.52: 257n95 12: 323 28.18: 279n43 12 (9).6: 364n94 31.31: 279n43 Passio Benedicti Martyris Marculi 31.33: 279n43 PL. viii.760–6: 443n49 31.38: 279n43 Paul of Aegina 35.24: 278n41 6.88.2: 371n121 Paul the Deacon Olympiodorus Hist. Lang. 2.12: 267 fr. 3: 299n100 Paul the Silentiary fr. 9: 299 Descriptio Magnae Ecclesiae fr. 13.1: 238–9 983–90: 259n101 fr. 18: 420n167 Pausanias Onasander 9.21.1: 21n104 6: 155n107 Pawstos of Buzand 10: 155n107 [Epic Histories] 17: 128 5.22–4: 242n20 20: 131n34 5.29: 242n20 21.5: 364n94 5.31–2: 242n20 32: 138n61 Peter the Iberian, Life of 33: 136n52 64–6: 443n52 34: 140n69 Peter the Patrician 35: 140 fr. 8 (FHG iv.186–7): 9n47 38: 140 Petronius Optatus Sat. 82: 192n106 App. 3: 263 Philo Origen 8: 4n4 C Cels. 8.73: 337 De specialibus legibus 3.159–62: 216n84 Orosius Philostorgius 6.19.8: 44 Hist. eccl. 2.5: 266, 266n138 7.34.5: 371n124 Philostratus 7.40: 457n94 VA2.26: 24n130 Ovid Pliny the Elder Fasti HN 2.688: 4n3 3.5: 4n4 5.550–98: 186n90 3.18: 140n74 5.551–66: 187n92 3.136–8: 140n74 Pont. 4.13.17–38: 14n76 6.23: 23 7.129: 175n55 Pacatus 10.: 32 Pan. Lat. 2 (12) 30.16–18: 22 3.3: 235–6 33.10.134: 202n11 32.2: 383n11 36.4–8: 202n15 32.3–4: 235–6, 246n43 36.122: 175n57 33: 456 Pliny the Younger 35.3: 363n89 Ep. Pachomius, Life of 3.8: 215n78 ch.102: 437 3.16: 190n102 Panegyrici Latini 6.16: 58 2 (12): see Pacatus 7.31.2: 162n18 4 (10): see Nazarius 10.27: 224n123

index of ancient passages cited 561

10.41: 225n131 6.39.12: 159n4, 161n12 10.63: 11n58 6.39.12–15: 159n3 10.64: 11n58 6.57.5–6: 199n2 10.67: 11n58 10.15: 153n101 Pan. 18.11.1–2: 96n39 12.2: 24n131 18.18.4–5: 31 33.1: 27 32.1.3: 20 Plutarch 35.4: 432n26 Ant. Priscian 38: 87n18 De laude Anastasii 39.2: 44 10ff.: 389n39 65: 144n86, 144n87 16–139: 389n38 C. Gracch. 5.1: 159n3 Priscus Cat. Min. 51: 16 fr. 2: 258n100 Crass. fr. 3.1–2: 247n49 2.1–6: 202n11 fr. 6.2: 359 20–1: 98 fr. 11.1: 255–6 Luc. fr. 11.1.7–14: 332–3 11: 103n56 fr. 11.2: 256–8, 260n106 24: 184n84 fr. 11.2.620–36: 314 32–6: 184n84 fr. 13.1: 256n92 39: 202n14 fr. 22.1: 359 Mar. fr. 37: 241n19 9.1: 208n47 fr. 47: 249n57 25.1–2: 31–2 fr. 53.1: 277, 281n61 26: 137n56 Procopius Pomp. Build. 26–28: 105n64 1.2: 391n44 28: 96n36 1.10.15–19: 391–2 50–2: 201n8 2.1.3: 312n6 55.7: 175n55 2.1.11–16: 362n85 Publ. 15.3: 175n57 2.3.1–15: 312 Sert. 2.27–8: 320 3.2: 14n76 4.1.3–10: 312n6 10.3: 209n53 4.2: 398n70 12: 141n75 4.2.2–15: 312, 320 Sull. 4.2.27–8: 312 5: 18n97 4.7.13: 330 5.4: 11 4.9.1–13: 320 17–19: 129 5.3.8–11: 330 18: 133n38 5.5: 330 21: 137n54 10.1–23: 320 Ti. Gracch. 24.27–9: 386n21 8.7: 179n65 Secret History 14: 203n17 6.2: 299n100 20: 182n76 23.9–17: 446n63 Polybius 23.24: 440n40 1.11: 209n55 24.12–14: 452n77 3.40.3–13: 106n68 26.31: 452n77 6.11–18: 181 Wars 6.13.7–8: 6 1.1.12–14: 355 6.19.2: 32, 37 1.2.7–10: 245 6.19.8–9: 38 1.7.14–15: 362n84 6.22–3: 167n34 1.7.29: 359 6.23: 59 1.8.20: 336 6.26.10–34.6: 67 1.9.7: 429n12, 448–9n12 6.34.3: 38 1.10.16–19: 312

562 index of ancient passages cited

Procopius (cont.) 3.11: 348 1.13: 363n92 3.11.1–16: 281n61 1.13.5–8: 275 3.11.2: 293 1.13.29–39: 377n149 3.11.3–4: 261n114 1.14.13–20: 429n11 3.11.13–15: 323 1.14.13–27: 350n29 3.12.1–2: 387n23 1.14.21–27: 429n11 3.12.2: 338 1.14.33, 39–42: 369n113 3.12.7–22: 374n137 1.14.35–7: 357n58, 365n101 3.13.12–20: 328 1.14.36: 365n102 3.14.1–5: 252n77 1.14.39–42: 369n113 3.16.2–8: 334 1.14.45–51: 369n110 3.17.1: 282 1.14.53: 370n119 3.18.5–11: 368n109 1.15.11: 285 3.19.11–13: 349 1.15.15: 368n109 3.19.11–24: 368n109 1.15.19–25: 261 3.19.30–2: 368n109 1.15.23: 258n100 4.2.1–2: 349 1.18.5: 285 4.3.1–3: 349 1.18.5–7: 282–3 4.3.9: 356n56 1.18.26: 364n93 4.3.10–15: 369 1.18.31–4: 357n58, 365n101 4.3.16–24: 349 1.18.35–49: 364n93, 368n107 4.3.18: 370n118 1.18.41–8: 364n93, 367n106, 369n110, 4.4.1–8: 371 369n111 4.4.1–9: 370n119 1.18.45–8: 367 4.7.20–1: 349 1.21.11: 252n74 4.9.1–12: 399n79 1.21.12: 252–3 4.9.15–16: 399 1.22.6–8: 258 4.11.5–56: 369n112 1.22.9–10: 252n71 4.13.5–17: 377n149 1.23–4: 444n55 4.13.13–17: 349, 349n25, 356n55 2.1.1–4: 249 4.14.17: 299 2.2: 242, 251 4.14–16: 400n83 2.5.6: 438n37 4.15.41–2: 365n102 2.5.12: 438n37 4.16.25: 387 2.6.7–8: 328 4.17.2–6: 363n90, 363n92 2.7.37: 400 4.18.2–9: 400n84 2.8.20–8: 362n88 4.18.8: 374n137 2.10.21–4: 249n57 4.18.6: 387 2.13.20–8: 362n86 4.21.23–8: 376 2.15.2: 250n58 4.24.9–15: 377n149 2.15.27: 249n57 4.26.10–12: 400n84 2.16.18: 316 5.5.2–3: 282–3 2.18.24: 357n59 5.5.18–19: 399 2.19.1–25: 319 5.12.17: 458 2.21: 331 5.17–6.10: 331n62 2.21.2: 5.18.1–33: 365n98 2.26.23–30: 362n84 5.18.4: 375n143 2.26–7: 331n62 5.18.18: 377n149 2.28.23: 249n57, 335 5.21.3–4: 362n83 2.28.25–6: 438n37 5.21.6–12: 362n87 3.3.1: 241n19 5.21.14–18: 361–2 3.3.25: 421n168 5.22.1–7: 349n25 3.6: 239n11 5.23.9–12: 361n78 3.6.3: 397 5.27: 356n56 3.6.17–24: 358n66 5.28.21: 369n112 3.8.27: 356n56 5.28.22–9: 350, 367n106

index of ancient passages cited 563

5.28.38–41: 350 8.31.9: 376 5.29.20–1: 377n149 8.31.11–21: 377n149 5.29.25–34: 370n119 8.32.5–10: 364n94, 367 5.29.35–40: 368n107 8.32.6–10: 356n56 5.29.38–42: 370n119 8.32.20–1: 371n123 5.29.42: 353n44 8.32.22–8: 371n120 6.1.9–10: 355n53 8.33.2: 281 6.2.11–12: 368n109 8.35.11: 377n149 6.2.15–18: 371n121 8.35.19: 369n110 6.2.25–32: 371n121 Procopius of Gaza 6.5.1: 282–3 9–10: 389n38 6.7.33–4: 376n146 Propertius 6.13.17: 299n100 1.21–2: 184n83 6.13.18: 283n72 2.31: 186n90 6.18.3–29: 336 2.32.11–16: 201n8 6.21.16–42: 336 Prosper of Aquitaine 6.22.8: 283n72 Chron. 6.23.23–8: 365n99 s.a. 435: 268 6.27.12–14: 375n143 s.a. 452: 268 7.1.3–6: 399 s.a. 454: 397n166 7.1.8: 376n145 Ps.-Dionysius of Tel-Mahre, see Dionysius 7.1.18–21: 349n26, 365n98 7.1.20: 282 Sallust 7.4.19–31: 377n149 Cat. 7.5.7–9: 376n144 11: 178 7.5.10–16: 375n143 16 4: 184 7.6.9–12: 307 28.4: 184 7.13.6–7: 328 37: 31 7.13.22: 283n72 Hist. 4.67 (69): 25n136 7.18.15–16: 369n112 Iug. 7.20.20–1: 362n88 41: 178n63 7.31.10: 283n71 41.2–9: 199n2 7.31–2: 398n70 45.2: 31 7.38: 315 56: 86n17, 149 8.5.13: 261n114 57: 154 8.7.12: 249n57 57–9: 149n94 8.8.10: 438n37 76: 148 8.8.16: 367n106 86: 155n108, 204n30 8.8.20: 368n109 86.3: 209n49 8.8.25–8: 377n149 93: 154 8.8.29–30: 367n106 94: 154 8.8.31–4: 369 Salvian 8.8.33–4: 355n53 De gubernatione dei 5.22–4: 457n94 8.8.34: 357n58 Sebeos 8.13.4–5: 362n85 15: 249 8.14.34–8: 362n85 28: 377n149 8.15.7: 259n106 67–8: 241–2 8.16.1: 438n37 116: 265n132 8.23: 358 131: 264n125 8.27.1–18: 328–9 Seneca 8.29.11–21: 367 De Ira i18.3–6: 191n104 8.29–31: 352n38 Epigr. 8.29–32: 363n90 69: 123n4 8.31.1–7: 293 70: 123n4 8.31.5: 353n45 Sermo de passione SS. Donati et Advocati 8.31.7: 364n96 PL viii.752–8,§6: 443n52

564 index of ancient passages cited

Servius Aug. In Verg. comm. 9.52: 15n81 20: 26 Scriptores Historiae Augustae (SHA) 21: 23n117 Alex. Sev. 21.2: 17n91 45.2–3: 5 21.3: 4n8 53: 427–8 24: 299 56.5: 371n124 24.1: 432n27 Aur. 7: 438–9 25: 186 Avid. Cass. 4.3: 84n14 28: 225n127 Comm. 15.6: 56 28.1: 182n77 Helio. 9.1–2: 16 29: 187n92 Marc. 29.1–2: 17n91 13.1–2: 16 29.3: 186n90 17.4–5: 175n55 31: 187n92 Prob. 32: 206 9: 225n127 38.2: 51–2 20: 446n60 43: 22n112 20.5–6: 324 44: 12 23: 446n60 48: 14n72, 25n72 Sev. 49: 9, 187n95 7: 440 49.1: 44 12.2: 160n7 49.2: 159n5, 163n20 Tyr. Trig. 18: 446n63 56: 209n51 Socrates 56–7: 188n98 Hist. eccl. 60: 15n85 4.34: 456n92 63: 24 4.38: 426, 441n43 Calig. 6.6: 389 22: 13n68 7.18.2–3: 265 45: 14 7.18.6–8: 263n121 46: 380n7 7.19: 253 56.2: 44–5 7.21.7–10: 389 Claud. Sozomen 12.6: 56 Hist. eccl. 13: 190n102 2.14: 362n85 21: 124 4.30: 443n48 25: 12–13, 17n91, 17n92, 22 6.20: 443n49 25.1: 53 7.15: 319 28: 24n127 7.22: 338 Dom. 7.24: 338 7: 106–7, 121 Strabo 7.3: 159n6 2.92: 21n108 10.3: 60 4.5.32: 110n82 Iul. 4.200: 15 19.2: 211n63 5.4.11: 205n37 26.3: 159n4 15.719: 14n74, 21n74 37.2: 36 16.4.24: 103 54: 202n13 16.748–9: 23n118 67.2: 169n38 17.3.25: 212n72 71: 19–20 17.820–1: 12n65 Ner. Suda 9: 195n59 s.v. Christodorus, Colluthus: 389n37 9.1: 44–5 303.1: 156n110 Tib. F 122: 282n69 25.1: 35, 211n66 Q 145: 247n49 37.1: 44, 46 G 336: 17n93 Vesp. Suetonius 4: 88, 152

index of ancient passages cited 565

8.3: 162n17 18: 94n33, 147n90 Sulpicius Severus 19: 446 Vit. Mart. 19.4–5: 171n44 2: 297n95, 340–1, 433 21: 14 2.1–6: 297n94 24: 5 Symmachus 26: 142–3 Or. 30: 216n83 1–2: 247n49 35: 125n11, 126n12, 136n14 2.13: 248n50 35–6: 128 2.31: 246 36: 133n36 Synesius 37: 134n44, 138n62, 139n64 De regno 41: 97n40 14: 456 Ann. 22a-26c: 456n93 1.7: 44–5, 190 Epistulae 1.8: 161n14 62: 449n68 1.16–17: 42 129: 441n43 1.16–49: 189 Syrianus Magister (Anon.) 1.16ff.: 211n66 Naumachia 1.17: 45, 159n5, 161n14, 162n18, 163n20 9: 358n66 1.23: 64–5 9.18: 376n144 1.41: 142n81 9.24–7: 346 1.50: 143n83 9.35–40: 346 1.50–1: 92n27 Peri strat. 1.51: 92n28 2.4: 402 1.55–7: 92n27 6: 313 1.56: 92n28 11–13: 359n70 1.60: 92n27 15.89–90: 351n36 1.62: 140n73 16: 352n38 1.65: 142n77 16.3–12: 351n36 1.68: 125 16.5–10: 366n103 1.71: 169n40 16.54–8: 351n36 2.4: 22 17: 294n89, 368 2.6: 146, 171n44 17.12–16: 354n50 2.8: 143n83, 147n92 30: 365n99 2.9–10: 14 33: 343n6 2.12–13: 136 35: 363n90 2.13: 14, 127 36: 367n105 2.14: 126 39.5–12: 376n144 2.17: 134n44, 138n62 39–40: 343n6 2.17–18: 138 40: 370n114 2.21: 127n18, 133n36 42: 252n75 2.22: 140n74 43: 252n78 2.23–4: 146 44.31–36: 354n50 2.26: 25 44–7: 372n126 2.44: 25 Rhet. mil. 50.1: 376n144 2.52: 94n32, 117n105, 141 2.56: 22 Tabari 2.67: 14n72 i.820: 243n27 2.88: 16 i.838–9: 243n27 3.20: 140n71 i.964: 357 3.20–1: 94n32, 117n105, 141 i.2319: 371n125 3.21: 142n79, 143n83 i.2683: 243n26 3.32: 107n71 i.2688–9: 243n26 3.35: 107n71 i.2690–2: 243n26 3.39: 142 Tacitus 3.42: 52 Agr. 3.55: 8

566 index of ancient passages cited

Tacitus (cont.) 15.14: 155n104 3.73–4: 94n32, 117n105 15.15: 153n02 3.74: 142n80, 142n81 15.16: 11n57 3.75.1: 31 15.17: 10 4.2: 46 15.24–5: 12 4.5: 44–6, 55–6 15.25: 97 4.23: 107 15.27: 13 4.23–5: 94n32, 117n105 15.28: 13 4.24: 142n81 15.29: 15, 19 4.25: 140n79, 142–3n83 15.30: 16 4.26: 6 15.31: 12, 16 4.32: 5n11 15.72: 162n17 4.33: 122 16.27: 45 4.46–9: 142n77 Germ. 4.46–51: 90n23 3: 376n146 4.72–3: 92–3, 103n59 5: 21 4.73: 142n80 30: 103n58 4.74: 97n40, 119n108 37: 97 6.11: 47 41: 116n98 6.36: 95n34 Hist. 11.16: 22 1.18: 191n104 11.18–19: 94, 105n33 1.38: 45 11.19–20: 11, 108 1.46: 162n18 11.35: 189n100 1.57: 162n16, 169n38 12.14: 22 1.58: 162n18 12.17: 140 1.79: 93n31, 136n50 12.27–8: 93, 142n81 1.89: 190n102 12.31: 94n33 2.23: 155n109 12.32: 89, 142n77 2.25: 126n17 12.36–7: 19n99 2.25–45: 126n15 12.36–8: 190n102 2.41: 125n13 12.38–40: 142n77 2.42: 132n35, 133n35 12.39: 96 2.45: 139n66 12.56: 56 2.66: 147n92 13.2: 44–5 2.67: 168n35 13.8: 107n70 2.82: 169n40 13.15–16: 95 2.93: 44–5 13.31: 195n59 3.16: 137 13.34: 128n24 3.16–17: 134n43 13.35: 67, 176n59, 191 3.16–25: 126n15 13.36: 140n71 3.18: 133, 133n41, 134n42 13.37–41: 86n17 3.20: 136n52 13.38: 148, 149n94 3.20–4: 137 13.40: 133n41 3.21: 126 13.54: 12–13, 17n92, 94 3.22: 137n52, 138n60 14.25: 12n65 3.23: 60–1, 125, 128, 133, 14.27: 195n59 137–8n38 14.29: 107n70, 146 3.25: 123n4, 138n4 14.31: 193n111 3.26–33: 138 14.31–9: 89 3.33: 140, 155n105 14.32: 125n10 3.50: 162n17 14.34: 70, 126n16 3.51: 123n4 14.34–6: 138 4.8: 107n70 14.36: 125n11 4.12–13: 52 14.37: 139n64 4.23: 155n06 15.5: 13, 155, 155n104 4.29–30: 155n06 15.13: 21n108 4.48: 37

index of ancient passages cited 567

4.60: 155n104 7.5: 325n51 5.14: 125n12 7.5.2: 388n30 13.35: 64 7.6.3: 405 Tertullian 7.6.4: 388n30, 450n74 Apol. 30.4: 337 7.6.5: 388n30, 450n74 Tha‘alibi 7.7.3: 429n14 History, 647: 370n117 7.7.5: 429n14 Themistius 7.8.1: 437n36 Or. 7.8.2: 440 2.37a–c: 334 7.8.5: 438 5.66a: 314n11 7.8.12: 438 5.66a–c: 250n60 7.8.13: 388n30 8.117: 429n11 7.8.15: 387n27 10: 455n91 7.9.1: 438n38 10.136b: 447n64 7.9.2: 438n38 10.136c: 312 7.9.3: 438n38 10.137b-138b: 312 7.9.4: 438n38 16.205: 389n39 7.12.1: 435 19.229: 389n39 7.13.1: 431n21, 431n23 Theodore Lector 7.13.2: 433 Hist. eccl. epit. 60: 384n13 7.13.4: 432 Theodore Syncellus 7.13.5: 299, 432 311.7–312.5: 335 7.13.6.1: 436 Theodoret 7.13.7: 431, 433 Ep. ii: 340 7.13.7.1: 433 Hist. eccl. 7.13.8: 433 3.14: 443n48 7.13.10: 432 5.21: 443n48 7.13.16: 300n101, 433 5.36: 360n75 7.14.1: 436n34, 458n96 5.38: 265n129 7.17.1: 275n27, 280n27 Theodosius II 7.18.1: 436 2.1.9: 445n57 7.18.2: 436 3.13.14: 446n62, 456 7.18.4: 436 5.6.3: 298 7.18.4.3: 435 7.1.1: 453n82 7.18.6: 436 7.1.2: 435 7.18.9: 388n30 7.1.3: 434 7.18.9.1: 435 7.1.5: 430 7.18.10: 437 7.1.8: 430 7.18.11: 436 7.1.12: 429n14 7.18.13: 436 7.1.13: 429n14 7.18.15: 437n35 7.1.15: 458n96 7.18.16: 437 7.1.17: 280n56, 307n120 7.18.17: 437 7.1.18: 388n30 7.20.2.1: 452 7.2.2: 431 7.20.2.2: 452n79 7.2.9: 453 7.20.3: 452 7.4: 324 7.20.3.1: 452 7.4.1: 448n67 7.20.4: 416n156 7.4.2: 352n40 7.20.7: 453n82 7.4.3: 448 7.20.8.1: 453 7.4.5: 324 7.20.11.2: 433n30 7.4.6: 324 7.20.12: 452n80 7.4.11: 448 7.20.12.2: 341 7.4.12: 448 7.22.1: 297n95, 430–1 7.4.16: 448n66 7.22.2: 431n21 7.4.17: 448n67 7.22.4: 431, 431n21 7.4.20: 448n67 7.22.7: 431

568 index of ancient passages cited

Theodosius II (cont.) 2.3.10–13: 375n143 7.22.8: 430 2.4.1–4: 370n119 7.22.9: 430, 445n58 2.4.5–7: 369n111 8.1.10: 276n31, 448n66 2.4.7: 354n50 8.4.6: 448n67 2.6.9: 278n41 8.5.1: 449n70 2.6.10–11: 376n145 8.5.2: 449n70 2.6.10–12: 371n121 8.5.7: 449n69 2.10.8–9: 376n144 8.5.11: 449n70 2.11.3–15.12: 317n25 8.5.17: 449n70 2.16.10–11: 362n82 9.7.9: 439 2.17.1: 370n116 10.22.4: 435n33 3.1.3: 317 11.1.34: 441n44 3.1.11–12: 377n152 11.5.1: 446 3.7.8–10: 376n144 11.6.1: 446n62, 447n65 3.7.15: 376n144 11.7.16: 441n44, 447–8 3.8.2: 390n42 11.16.10: 447 3.11.11: 380n7 11.16.11: 446n62 3.14.6–7: 357n59 12.1.128: 445 3.15.2: 317 12.6.28: 457n95 3.15.13–15: 319 14.10.2: 454 3.16.2: 324 15.12.2: 436n34 3.17.10: 326 16.5.65.3: 443n51 4.11.2–3: 245n36, 246n43 20.16.11: 447n65 4.11.11: 260n109 Theodosius II 5.3.3: 248n51 Nov. 5.10.4: 339 4.1.2: 387n27, 388n30 5.16.1: 323 6.1: 388n30 5.16–6.3: 384n13 24.1: 275n27 5.59.5–7: 376n148 24.5: 255n83 6.2.2–3: 373n133 Theophanes 6.4.7–12: 320 Chron. 6.6.3: 317, 326 305.24–306.2 (AM 6113): 370n116 6.7.6–8.3: 376n145 313.16–314.21 (AM 6116): 370n117 6.8.8: 338 318.19–28 (AM 6118): 375n143, 377n149 6.8.10–12: 315 76.11.14 (AM 5894): 267n145 6.8.13–9.13: 318 82.25–83.2 (AM 5906): 265n129 6.8–9: 350n32 101.21–4 (AM 5941): 239n10 6.9.15: 368n107, 374n137 102.13–103.6 (AM 5941): 239n10 7.1.2–9: 400n86 138.10 (AM 5985): 280n58 7.1.3: 326 251.27 (AM 6074): 283n71 7.2.1–9: 369n112 289.10–14 (AM 6094): 401 7.2.11–13: 373n133 328.13–15 (AM 6120): 164n125 7.3.1–7: 276n31 325.10–12 (AM 6123): 246n45 7.4–5: 350n32, 373n133, 338.18–21 (AM 6126): 254n81 374n137 340.7–10 (AM 6128): 254n81 7.5.1–5: 315 390 (AM 6208): p. 390: 341 7.5.3: 359n68 Theophylact Simocatta 7.12.2: 307 1.4.7: 308 7.12.7: 307 1.7.2: 308, 384n13 8.2.11: 357n59 1.7.3–4: 308 8.2.8–4.1: 329 1.13.5: 319 8.3.1–5: 364n94 1.14.3: 336 8.3.11–15: 350n32 1.15.15: 376n144 8.4.3–5: 330 2.3.1–2: 307 8.4.4–7: 317 2.3.4–6: 377n152 8.6: 317 2.3.4–9: 338–9 8.12.12: 301n106

index of ancient passages cited 569

Tiberius II 3.3: 103 Nov. 163.2: 325 3.4: 372 Ulpian 3.5: 365n99 1.18.13: 223n113 3.6: 329–30, 343n6 Urbicius 3.8: 375n141 Epitedeuma: 363n92 3.9: 373n132 Valentinian III 3.9–11: 343n6 Nov. 3.12: 376n144 313: 457n95 3.14: 352n40, 363n91 6: 422n169 3.14–15: 352n38 15: 422n169 3.15: 133 15.1 (444/5): 387n27 3.16: 363n90, 369n113 Valerius Maximus 3.17: 364n96, 364n97 2.3.1: 208n47 3.18: 376n147, 376n148 2.3.2: 31n2, 63n51 3.18–20: 364n93 2.7.pr.:424 3.19: 369n113 5.2.8: 51 3.19–20: 364n97 5.7: 28 3.20: 363n90 5.8.4: 33 3.21: 138n61 Varro 3.22: 343n6 Ling. 5.90: 161n12 3.23: 354n51 Vegetius 3.26: 103n56, 345, 349n25, Mil. 355n54 1.1: 155n107, 246n43 4: 359n70 1.3: 431n24 4.15: 362n84 1.7: 433 4.17–18: 362n83 1.8: 435n33 4.20: 352n40 1.8–28: 372 4.22: 352n40 1.9: 329 4.23: 362n87 1.9–28: 63 4.24: 362n86 1.12: 133n36 4.31–46: 358n66 1.13: 372 4.37: 359n68 1.15: 353 4.46: 359n68 1.15–16: 60 Velleius Paterculus 1.16: 353 2.39: 202n13 1.17: 279n45, 352–3 2.101–2: 13 1.20: 287n85, 345, 351, 352n40, 355n54, 2.117–22: 189n100 375n40, 415, 428 Victor Tonnensis 1.21–5: 375n141 s.a. 511: 286n83 1.26: 364n97 Virgil 1.27: 368n109, 373n132 Aen. 1.28: 415 1.278–9: 4n3 2.4–18: 345 6.781–2: 4n3 2.5: 387n26, 435n33 Ecl. 2.6: 40 1.70–8: 184n83 2.8: 40 9: 184n83 2.10: 371n121 Vitruvius 2.15: 352n40, 363n90 De arch. 2.15–17: 352n38 10.14.7: 124n7 2.17: 365n101 10.16.11–12: 151 2.18: 60 Xiphilinus 2.19–20: 164n24 8.3: 86n16 2.22: 365n99 Ps.- Zachariah of Mytilene 2.23: 372 Hist. eccl. 2.23–4: 63 7.3: 339, 362n85, 2.25: 60, 363n91 365n102 3.2: 371n121 7.6: 325–6

570 index of ancient passages cited

Ps.- Zachariah of Mytilene (cont.) 2.50.2–3: 353n45 7.8: 386 3.3.4–5: 374n137 9.3: 371n125 3.12.5–13.1: 286n82 9.7: 256n93 3.18.6: 371n124 Zonaras 3.21–2: 362n86 13.5: 370n116 3.23.1–2: 373n133 Zosimus 3.25: 370n118 1.50.3–4: 370 3.30.2–3: 364n95 1.52–3: 354n49 3.30.4: 371n125 1.68: 455n88 4.9.2–4: 374n137 1.69–70: 151 4.20.4: 356n57 1.70: 361n78 4.23.1–4: 363n89 2.1.1: 300n101 4.25.2: 287n85, 415n149 2.9.1: 279n51 4.25.2–3: 351n35 2.9.3: 279n51, 383n10 4.31.1: 454n85 2.12: 246n43 4.38–9: 359n68 2.14.2: 307 4.53.2–3: 395–6 2.18.3–4: 365n101 4.57: 281n65 2.19.2: 365n101 4.57.2: 281 2.22.1–2: 281n61 5.21.2–4: 359n68 2.34: 311, 412–13, 426 5.46.5: 376n145 2.40.3: 383 6.2.5–6: 320 2.43.2: 395 6.5.1: 320

GENERAL INDEX

References in italics denote illustrations.

Abasgi 438 Aegidius (ruler in post-Roman Gaul) 276, 458 Abinnaeus, Flavius (commander of ala v Aelius Aelianus, P. (prefect of legio ii praelectorum, Dionysias); archive 271; business adiutrix) 305 interests 449–50; career 303, 305; complaints, Aelius Aristides 110, 220; see also Aristides, Index requests and appeals to 299, 428, 431–2, 434, of ancient passages cited 445; enforces imperial natron monopoly 444; Aelius Dubitatus (of ninth praetorian unit integrated into community 450; unit’s cohort) 222–3 tax-collecting duties 441 Aelius Gallus (prefect of Egypt) 103 absence without leave 437 Aemilius see Lepidus ; Paullus, Scaurus accommodation, military 68, 450–1; see also aerarium (state treasury) 175 barracks ; camps aerariummilitare (military treasury) 175, 212 Actium, battle of 34, 44, 105, 143, 146; Aetius,¨ Flavius (magister peditum or magister commemoration 186; disposal of forces after utriusque militiae) 255, 308, 397n64, 396–8; 35, 55–6; tactics 144 Bonifatius’ rivalry with 421; ethnically diverse actuarii (quartermasters) 447–8 army 375, 420; negotiations with Huns 255, Ad Decimum, battle of 349 257; political power 308, 396–7 Adamklissi : Tropaeum Traiani 123–4, 132–3, Africa: administration 379–80; Arab conquest 140–1 241; Aspar’s campaign 284; border troops 273, adaptability see flexibility 277–8, 416–17; Caesar’s campaign 19–20, addresses to troops see speeches 134–5, 143, 156; Constantius II’s control 324; Adiabene 13 deserters 437; Donatism 443; economic Adina 330 importance 309, 324, 402, 420–2; field army administration, imperial 77, 305, 397, 431; army’s 277; Firmus’ revolt 275, 440–1; fleet 273; late role 106, 111, 166, 175, 213–15, 224, (gifts and Republican involvement 199–200; perks) 162, 165, 437–8; civil–military low-intensity warfare 115–17, 135, 141–2, 156; relationship 273, 305; command of armies by Maxentius’ campaign against Alexander 307; officials 270, 307; militarization of civilian 69, military commands 37, 273, 275, 277, 309; 379, 427; officials’ dress 379, 406, 427; see also nomads 116–17; see also Tacfarinas ; centralization ; praetorian prefects (in late recruitment in 33, 42, 299, 421; reinforcement, Empire) fourth/fifth-century 281; Vandal kingdom Adrianople, battle of 342, 371, 377–8, 426, 456; 309, 421–2, (expeditions against) 239, 323, 422, consequences 237, 384, 420, 456; failure of (Leo I’s) 239, 277, 281, 304, 334–5, 399, 410, Roman generalship 336, 415–16; negotiations 422 on eve 256, 266; public protests before 426, Justinianic reconquest 241, 334–5, 441; Roman losses 370, 456; tactics 363, 366; 402; Belisarius’ campaign 251, 277, 331, 334, Valens’ death 384, 456 336, 368–9, 398–9, (departure) 338, 386n23, Adrona 451 443–4, (forces) 273, 281, 293, 323, 348–9, 410; Aduatuci 139, 152 organization after 277–8, 299, 379–80, 416–17; advisors, imperial 7, 17–18, 254–5; see also revolts after 318, 400; supply 328; victory consilium, emperor’s celebrations and commemoration 390–1, 399; Aegean islands 325, 408–9 see also Numidia and individual cities

571

572 general index

agentes in rebus 255 Almendralejo missorium of Theodosius I 454 ager publicus 204 Almondbury 455n88 aggression see offensive operations Alpine region 187, 320; see also Raetia Agilo (magister peditum) 308 altars: Ara Pacis, Rome 27;togenius loci 69 agrarian law, Gracchan 32 Amandus (Licinius’ naval commander) 273 Agricola, Cn. Julius (governor of Britain) 5, 94, Amanus, Mount 91 136, 143, 147; Tacitus’ presentation 11, 424 ambushes 17, 98, 156–7, 370 agriculture: economic importance 411–12; effect amici, imperial 7, 17; see also advisors, imperial of warfare 207, 332–3, 408; see also ravaging ; amicitia, international 4, 24 soldiers’ involvement 166, 171, 226, 409; see Amida (Diyarbekir) 251–2, 320, 332; Persian sack also farmer/soldier ideology ; grain supply ; (ad 359) 328, 331n62, 402, 429n12; Persian land ; and under individual areas siege (ad 502/3) 316–17, 330–1, 339, 359; agri deserti 332 Roman spy at 429, 449 Agrippa II, king of Judaea 21 Amiens 426 Agrippa, M. Vipsanius (consul I 37 bc) 144, 146, Ammianus Marcellinus 243, 270–1, 414–15; 187–8 military career 252–3, 256, 270, 427; see also alae (cavalry units): of auxilia 32–3, 38, 50–1, Index of ancient passages cited 54–5, 71, (Caesar’s) 38, (pay) 64, 162, 169, amphibious operations see naval and amphibious (quality) 64, 80 (see also Batavian auxilia); warfare commanders 44, 51–3, 214, 305; late Roman amphitheatres as training grounds 63–4 border troops 280; milliariae 54–5; amphorae 229 quingenariae 54 Ampsivarii 94–5, 99 alae: i Hiberorum 285; v praelectorum 271, analogy with more recent warfare 78 303 (see also Abbinaeus, Flavius);Indiana Anasartha 451 Gallorum 52; Sebosiana 452 Anastasius I, emperor: army structure under 276; Alamanni 16, 315; political organization 240, 314; and Clovis, king of Franks 260–1; coinage in Roman army 299, 455–6; Roman 393–4; donatives 385; ﬁnance and economy campaigns against 283, 319, 332, 350, 358–9 405, 407–8, 422–3; Isaurian war 280, 282, 388, (see also Strasbourg, battle of) ; Valentinian I 390, 399n78, 419; Long Walls refurbished 276, and 238, 247–9, 319, 332 312; nephews’ military commands 304–5, 398; Alamundarus (Arab leader) 275 oaths of loyalty to 385–6; palace 390; Alans 136–7, 246, 258n98, 281; heavy lancer panegyrics 388; and Persia 241, 259, 410, cavalry 60, 139 (develops Dara) 325–6, 332 , (war) 257, 321, Alaric (leader of Goths) 281; invasion of Italy 325–6, 330–1, 336 (see also Amida (Persian 238–9, 255, 360, 416, 420–1 siege)); Vitalian’s revolt 334, 396, 401n88, 419 Alban hills ; base of legio ii Parthica 73 Anatolikon (eastern ﬁeld army) 277 Alesia, siege of 148–52; circumvallation 150 Anatolius (envoy to Attila) 256 Alexander III, the Great, king of Macedon 110 Ancona, naval battle off (ad 551) 358 Alexander, Domitius 307 Andigan (Persian envoy) 269 Alexander Severus see Severus Alexander angareia (requisition) 172 Alexandria, Egypt: army maintains order 111, Anglesey 146–7 224, 443; Christological disputes 319, 443; aniello, equipment decorated with 169 classis Alexandrina 56; destruction of temples animals: pack 61, 411; see also fodder ; horses and idols 442; Diocletian’s visit 329, 440n42; annalistic tradition ; sources 177 legio ii Traiana Fortis 230 annona (tax, and army subsistence allowance) Allat ; temple at Palmyra 440 172, 324, 446; cash substitution 160, 165, 403, Allectus (ruler in Britain) 334 406–8, 455, 457; collection and payment in allies, Roman (socii): contingents in Roman army kind 166, 403–4, 407, 446; transport 171, 32–3, 50–1, 281–2, 355, 375, 417n160, (Italian) 404 32–3, 50, 61, (local knowledge) 156; defeated Anthemius, emperor 239, 284, 383 peoples become 83–4, 96; diplomatic protocol Antioch 273, 312, 316, 444; armies in 274, 426, 4; intelligence from 99; leaders given Roman 429, 437, 439, (Julian’s) 410, 428, 438, 442; positions 281–2; Persian-Roman treaties on Christianity 442–3 (see also Gregory, bishopof 321; Roman understanding for 244; taxation Antioch 170; see also Social War and under logistics Antiochus, king of Commagene 10, 21 allowances: in cash 162, 403, 407–8, 450; in kind antiquarianism 344–5 158–9, 162, 403; Maurice attempts to reinstate Antonia, Palestine 153–4 400, 407; see also annona Antonine Wall 112

general index 573

Antoninus (defector to Persia) 253, 411 architects, military 225 Antonius, L. (consul 41 bc) 34 archives: Persian royal 252; Roman state 8; Antonius, M. see Antony see also Abinnaeus, Flavius ; Vindolanda Antonius Primus, M. 137 (writing tablets) Antony (M. Antonius) 24, 34–5, 44, 55–6, 182; arcuballistae (cross-bows) 352 battles see Actium ; Forum Gallorum ; Mutina Ardabur (elder and younger, father and son of ; and Caesarian legions 34, 185; coinage 44; Aspar) 304 and Octavian 24, 34, 176–7, 186; Parthian Ardashir I, king of Persia 243 campaigns 86–7, 135, 200; veterans 35, 184 Areobindus (magister militum per orientem) 335 Apamea 271, 442–3 aretê, Stoic concept of 28 Aphrahat (attr.) ; Demonstrations 265 Arethas (al-Harith, Ghassanid phylarch) 261 Aphrodisias 4n7 Arianism 268, 443; Germanic peoples 260–1, Aphum 319 266, 397, 397n67, 400 appeals, judicial: to emperor 211, 222, 303;to Ariobarzanes I, king of Cappadocia 28 military authorities 445 Ariovistus, king of Suebi 81, 99 Appian of Alexandria 157, 199; see also Index of Aristides, see Aelius Aristides ancient passages cited aristocracy: competition 83, 202–3; Italian, as aprons, studded leather 59 New Men in Rome 202; see also Senate ; Apronius, L. (suffect consul ad 8) 92–3, 96–7 senatorial class Apuleius 196, 213–14, 218; see also Index of ancient Aristus (magister militum per Illyricum) 326 passages cited arithmos (generic term for unit) 278 Aquileia 44, 201, 313; sieges 334, 359 Arles 34 aquilifer (eagle bearer) 41, 137 armatura (advanced exercise) 372 Aquitania ; Caesar’s campaign 141 armaturae (units of scholae palatinae) 280 Arabian peninsula 243, 248–9 Armenia: campaigning season 317; Christianity Arabs: allies, phylarchs 249–50, 261, 275, 282; 241, 249, 251, 268; diplomacy 10–13, 22, 25, contingents in Roman army 275, 282;moves 258; Heraclius’ campaign 317; wrongly interpreted as attack 241; naval power Parthian-Roman relations over 10–11, 22, 25, 335, 359; Persian-Roman rivalry over 243, 113–14; Persian-Roman relations over 113–14, 248–9, 261, (Arabs exploit) 238, 241, 309; 241–2, 249–50, (war ad 575–8) 317, 321; post-Roman structures 341; raiding 116; recruitment in 282, 300, 355; Roman armies religion , (pre-Islamic) 316–17; see also Islam) 107; field army 276, 278, 285, 323; Justinianic conquests 241, 314, 316, 341; economic command 398; Roman withdrawal 262; see and military effect 423; morale and also Pap ; Parthamasiris ; and under Justinian ; motivation 377; of Persia 243, 316, 341; Roman Nero ; Trajan ; Valens response 238, 277, 309, 341; see also Yarmuk, armentaria (arms stores) 168 battle of the Arminius, leader of Cherusci 16, 81, 115 Aragua 439 Armonius (secretary under Anastasius) 257 Aramaic language 14 Armorican shore 275 Aratius (Persian defector to Rome) 299 armour 58–9, 62–3, 85, 286–8; gladiators’ 59; Arausio 31 horse- 288, 296, 354; late Roman 286, 287, 288, Arbogast (magister peditum or magister utriusque 286–8, 289–294, 351, 351–2, 354–5, 356, 415, militiae) 396, 397;power275, 308, 384n16, (front ranks’ heavier) 294, 351, 365–6, 368; 396 lorica segmentata 59, 62, 70, 168; mail 58, Arcadius, emperor 383–5, 388, 419; coinage 394; 167–8, 287–8, 351; manufacture and supply Gainas’ usurpation 388, 390; portrayal 235, 167–9, 403, 406; scale 287–8, 351; see also 236, 390, 394; and Yazdgerd I 245, 268 helmets ; shields ; and under cavalry archaeology, experimental 59, 124 Arrian (L. Flavius Arrianus): Alan campaign 60, archery: cavalry 295; infantry 60, 353; Persian 136–7, 139; as governor of Cappadocia 60, 64, skill 355–7; Tiridates’ display 22; training in 133; see also Index of ancient passages cited 60, 63, 372 Arrius Maximus (governor of Syria Coele) 273 specialist troops: archer-lancers arrow-guide (solenarion) 352 356–8, 367; auxilia 33, 50, 52, 61, 80; in battle art, visual see iconography 128, 139, 363, 365–7; late Roman units 294, Artemius (dux Aegypti) 442 353, 357, 368; at sieges 151; see also bows ; artillery 60–1, 151, 156, 361, 360–3; accuracy 151; horse-archers Avar traction-powered 362; battlefield 60–1, arches, triumphal: of Galerius, at 128, 363; bolt-shooting 151, 295, 360–3; naval Thessalonica 262; see also under Rome 144, 146, 295; siege 97, 147–9, 151, 360–2;

574 general index

artillery (cont.) term of service 37, 42, 159, 189;troopsin specialist units 294; stone-throwing 151, Rome 44, 48; Vigiles 48 360–2; torsion- to tension-powered change see also under Germany ; Parthia 361–2; towers for 150; see also ballistae ; Aulularia (early fifth-century drama) 457 carroballistae ; catapults ; onager ; scorpiones Aurelian, emperor (L. Domitius Aurelianus) 18, Arzanene 332 160, 337, 381; coinage reform 165, 173; military Asemus 276 career 307, 370, 381, 439; walls of Rome 74, 312 Asia, province of 42, 203, 207 Aurelius, Marcus, emperor: diplomacy 12, 17–18, Asia Minor 200, 218, 239, 422; Goths in 266, 22, 24–5; donatives 162, 212; finance 175; and 339; see also individual places and areas Iazyges 6–7; legions raised by 42–3, 71; and Aspar (magister militum praesentalis) 308, Marcomanni 16, 24, 175; monuments in 396–8; African campaign 284; family 304, 335, Rome, (arch) 18, 17–19, (column) 65–6, 380 ; 397 philanthropia 24; settles Sarmatians in Britain assault see under siege warfare 454; and Senate 7 assemblies, popular 181–2, 210–11; ratification of Aurelius Aboul of Hermopolis, Egypt 428, 450 war and peace 6–7, 9 Aurelius Augustianus (dux) 273 Athanaric, leader of Tervingi 322 Aurelius Gaius (third-century soldier) 273 Athaulf, leader of Goths 260 Aurelius Isidorus (procurator of lower Athens 313 Thebaid) 447 Atlas, middle 13 Aurelius Sacaon (of Theadelphia, Egypt) 445 Atreni of Hatra 153–4 Aurelius Victor 427; see also Index of ancient Attacotti 242 passages cited Attalus III, king of Pergamum 203 Aureolus 307 Attila, king of Huns: campaigns against 416, aurumcoronarium and aurumoblaticium 420, 458; death 240; demands no-man’s land (taxes) 404–5 on Danube 326, 332; embassies to 255–7, 268; aurumtironicum (payment in lieu of recruits) 433 (Priscus’) 257–8, 260; exploits Roman Ausonius, Decimus Magnus 313 distraction 239, 323, 422; and Persia 314 Autun 453 auction, tax on sales by 175 auxilia 50–5; allied 32–3, 50–1, 208–9, 281; battle Augustine of Hippo, St 341; see also Index of deployment 128, 137; cavalry see alae ; ancient passages cited citizenship 51, 163, 208–9, 220, 222; cohortes Augustus, emperor (C. Octavius, Octavian) ; milliariae and quingenariae peditatae and civil war 34–5, 185, (and Antony) 24, 34, equitatae 53–4; command: in battle 137, 176–7, 186, (and Caesarian legions) 34, 36, 185, (centurions) 53, 55, (decurions) 53, (equestrian (and Sextus Pompeius) 55–6, 177, 186; and officers) 44, 51–5, (tribal leaders) 14, 52; client kingdoms 7, 14; coinage 114; cultural assimilation to Rome 14; discharge colonization programme 35, 184, 188, 206; benefits 160–1, 163; dona militaria 66; consulships 37, 186; diplomacy 12, 17, 17, 19, donatives 160–2; equipment 61–2; ethnic 23, 114; expansion of empire 187; gifts from character 52, 61, 301; light infantry 80; subjects 21; iconography 17, 17, 19, 114; Indian low-intensity warfare 141–3; palatina 279, contacts 21, 246; and Jews 19; military 301–2, 351; part-mounted 53–4, 156; pay and legitimation 188; monuments 140, 186–7; allowances 64, 160–2, 169; quality 64, 80, 169; political settlement 176–7, 185–9; and raising of new units 51, 72; specialization 52, provinces 37, 186; and ratification of war and 80; strength of units 53–4, 71; see also alae ; peace 15; Res Gestae see Index of ancient passages Batavian auxilia ; numeri ; and under archery ; cited ; as restoring Republic 182, 186; runner slings service 9; and Senate 7, 15, 186, 188; title of Avaricum 102, 148, 152–3 Augustus 36–7, 186; victory ideology and Avars: artillery 362; ascendancy in Europe 240, commemoration 140, 186–7 315; and booty 315; campaigning season 317; army 37, 177; aerariummilitare 175, 212; cavalry 347, 349, 357, 369–70, 372, 377; grande auxilia 44, 51–2; discharge bonuses 37, 42, chasse training exercises 373; in Haemus 320; 162–3, 175, 187, 212; donatives 162; family’s Heraclius’ near-capture by 259n102, 322; commands 187–8; finance 48, 175, 187, 212; imperial family as hostages with 322; fleets 55–6; legal status of soldiers 187, 225; manpower 315; in Pannonia 315–16; payments legions 34, 36, 185, 187;pay159; praetorians by Romans 320–2; and Persia 242, 280, 314; 44; relationshipwith soldiers 188–9, 211; Roman structural changes in response to 277; standing army created 35–7, 51, 80, 187–8, 198; as ‘Scythians’ 243; siege warfare 242, 280,

general index 575

314–15, 325, 359, 362 ; Sirmium captured by Batavian auxilia 52, 142, 156, 284; amphibious 262, 269, 277, 325; and Slavs 269, 316, 362; operations 64, 146–7; become auxilia palatina tactics against 329, 356, 364; threat to empire 279; cohors ix Batavorum 52; see also 315–16, 329, 423; see also under Constantinople Vindolanda ; equites singulares Augusti ; Justin II ; Maurice ; Tiberius II recruited from 50 Avidius Cassius, C. 7 bathing: military bath-houses 68–9; in rivers Avienus (envoy to Attila) 268 429; soldier entering ladies’ baths 427–8 Avitus, Eparchius, emperor 383 battering rams 151, 362 avoidance of battle 85–6, 90, 95–6, 98, 121, 330; battle 125–41, 330, 363–71; in civil wars 120, 125, in civil war 200; stratagems as alternative 343 127, 136, 333; command 136–8, 335, 365, 370; awards for bravery (dona militaria) 66, 137–8, communications 137, 365; literary accounts 140; in sieges 66, 153–4 123, 350, 416; mock 373; naval see naval and Axum 248–9, 266 amphibious warfare ; Roman superiority in Aykelah brothers (Egyptian rebels) 318 95, 125, 155, 363, 366; terrain 125–6, 363–4; visibility 137; wars concluded by 85, 95 bacaudae 318 phases 130–6; preparations 125–6, 343, Bacurius (magister militum) 281 363, (psychological) 125, 338–9, 376–7, 386; Baetica 171 deployment 125–30, 137, 284, 363, 368–9; baggage trains 91, 104, 140, 376, 411 preliminary skirmishing and barrage 130–2, Baian, Avar Khagan 268–9 353–4, 365; contact 131–3, 135–6; combat see Balearic islands, slingers from 33, 50 under individual types of troops ; aftermath Ballista (praetorian prefect) 446 138–41, 370–1; see also under individual types of ballistae ; battlefield use 60–1, 128; earlier forces and flight ; plunder ; pursuit stone-throwing 60–1, 128, 151; late Roman see also avoidance of battle, awards for bolt-projecting 360–2; specialists in legions bravery ; casualties ; reserves (tactical 294 deployment) ; and under terrain Balmach (Hunnic military commander) 281 battle-cry 123, 132, 366, 376 banditry 206, 239, 243–4, 330, 436–7, 453; Bawit, monastery of St Apollo 298 operations against 223, 276, 318 Belgic tribes 84–6, 116–17 bandon (type of unit) 283 Belgrade (Singidunum) 56, 70, 268–9 Barates and Regina (Palmyran flag-seller and Belisarius 336; bodyguard 282, 365; consulship wife in South Shields) 450 399;atDara336, 349, 410; Justinian’s barbarians: consuls 260–1, 456; cultural relationshipwith 398–400;asmagister interchange with Romans 456–7; dress militum per Orientem 273, 276, 277; and adopted in Rome 454; flight to 457; mutiny in Africa 400; and Nika riot 399; ideological attitudes to 5–6, 11–12, 19, 243–4 Persian campaign 275, 319, 331; popularity (see also stereotypes below) ; marriage with 398–400; Procopius on staff 252, 270; and Romans banned 454, 456; recruitment 342, religion 338, 443–4; size of forces 410; tactics 345, 375, 417, 458, (inside empire) 298–9, 409, 282, 293, 348–50, 356, 365; triumphal 417n160, 453–4, (outside empire) 24, 251, 281, procession 399; see also Africa and Italy (under 300–1, 430, 434, (Pacatus on) 235–6, 246, Justinianic reconquest) 456–7; Roman efforts to understand 244 ; belts: barbarian-style buckles 454; cingulum 379, settlement within empire 298–9, 409, 453–7 427 (see also under Goths);size of armies 417–18; beneficiarii (orderlies) 41, 223 stereotypes 6, 16, 24–5, 243–4; see also Beroea 400 individual peoples and ethnicity ; ethnography, Bezabde 267, 276 classical ; Germanic peoples ; tribal societies biarchus (military rank) 302 Barberini ivory 382, 392 Bibulus, L. Calpurnius (consul 59 bc) 91 Bar Kochba revolt 90 billeting 170, 426, 437–48; abuses 218, 374, barracks 68, 424, 426, 451 438–40, 442–3 barriers, linear see fortifications (linear) Birdoswald ; post-Roman hall 458 barritus (war-cry) 376 biremes 57 bases, military 166–8, 320, 325–6; see also depots, Birrens 70 supply ; forts and fortresses birthdays, imperial 65, 162 Basil of Caesarea, St 341 Bishapur reliefs 27, 28–9 Basiliscus (magister militum) 277, 304; revolt bishops 267–8, 338–9; civic leaders 267, 339, 360; against Zeno 334, 395, 419 diplomacy 251, 257, 267–8

576 general index

Bithynia ; Nicomedes III bequeaths to Rome 203 bows 288, 295, 355 Bithynia–Pontus 11, 225 braggart soldier (literary type) 192 Black Sea fleet (classis Pontica) 57 bravery 137, 335; see also awards for bravery Blaesus, Q. Junius (suffect consul ad 10) 94, 107, bread ration 324, 403 107n71 bribery see corruption Bleda (Hunnic leader) 257 bridges 100–2, 109, 225, 330, 331; mounted on blockades 360 boats 101, 102, 146 boarding tactics, naval 144–6, 358 brigades, late Roman 274, 282–4, 307 boastful soldier (literary type) 192 brigandage see banditry boats 146, 173, 280, 295, 324; bridges mounted Brigantes 449n71 on 101, 102, 146; lifeboats 145; patrol 280, Brigetio tablet 382–3 358–9; Valens negotiates with Tervingi on 319, Britain: abandonment of northern by Rome 115; 322 Agricola in 5, 94, 136, 143, 147; army’s political bodyguards see guards and security role 98–9, 193; barbarian attacks Bologna (Bononia) 201 on 242, 275; barbarian groups settled in 454–5; Bonifatius (comes Africae) 284, 421 Caesar’s expeditions 84, 98, 105, 138, 146–7; Bonitus (Frank, general under Constantine) 304 casualty figures in 139; centurions, ’regional’ Bonn 70 98–9; chiefs visit Rome 15; Claudius’ conquest Bonosus (standard bearer, Christian 19, 89, 105, 152, 190, 212; comes rei militaris 275; martyr) 442n47 Constantine I’s recruitment in 300, 395; duces Bonus (general under Justin II) 254 273, 275; eastern units in 52, 284; forts and Bonus (quaestor exercitus under Justinian) 270, fortresses 70, 424–5; grain supply to Rhine 307 armies 325; hill-forts 88, 152; low-intensity boots 62 warfare 89, 115–16, 141–2; marching camps 83; booty 24, 84; diffusion of military technology naval operations 57, 273, 280–1, 323, (Caesar’s) 371; distribution 162, 371, 399; as motive for 98, 105, 146, (Constantius’) 334; oppida 88; war 209–10, 315, 319, 330–2, 376; raiders post-Roman period 458; punitive expeditions impeded by 93–4, 320 103; Scapula’s campaigns 94; Severus’ Bordeaux 313 campaign 26–8; size of Roman garrison 118; border troops (limitanei, ripenses) 273–4,280; Suetonius Paulinus’ campaigns 70, 90, 139, commanders 275, 306–7 (see also duces); 146, 424; tribal organization 85; Vespasian in desertion 435; ethnicity 301; and field armies 88, 152; see also Allectus ; Antonine Wall ; 275–8, 286, 306, 416; forts provided by local Boudicca ; Caratacus ; Carausius ; Hadrian’s communities 451–2; integration into Wall ; Saxon shore ; Vindolanda community 444, 450–1; Justinian and 277–8, British empire ; military theory 142 416–17, 452; land ownership 409; latest Brumath, battle of 364 evidence for 276, 280; low visibility in sources Brundisium, Treaty of 34, 185 416; naval vessels used by 295; privileges 416; Brutus, M. Junius 34; see also conspirators pseudocomitatenses 275–6; recruitment 298, Brutus Albinus, D. Junius (consul 42 bc) 14, 430, 433–5; siege warfare 359; term of service 207 301; Theodosius II and 255; value 311, 416–17; buccellatum (hard tack) 324, 328 in watchtowers 112, 116 bucellarii (bodyguards) ; generals’ 282, 365; borders see border troops ; frontiers landowners’ 458 Boscoreale cup 17, 17, 19 bucellarii (elite´ cavalry unit) 283, 356 Bosphorus, Crimea 12, 267 bucklers 351 Bosphorus (Istanbul Strait), naval battle of 334, Budapest 70 358 buddy-groups 65 Bostra 214, 226 building: by army 80, 100, 166, 224–6, 231, 271, Boudicca, queen of Iceni : revolt 65, 70, 90, 107, 450; civilian under empire 167, 175; funded by 139 imperialism 186–7, 201–3; see also forts and Boulogne 57 fortresses boundary markers: Belgian hedges 116–17; Bulgars 240, 390, 408 Roman monumental linear 109, 112, 119 (see bull as legionary emblem 36 also Hadrian’s Wall) Bu Njem ostraca 158, 213, 226–8 Boux-el-Khanzir 451 bureaucracy see administration Bouzes see Buzes Burebista, king of Dacia 81 Bovianum 34 burgarii (border troops) 273–4

general index 577

Burgh Castle (Gariannonor) 74, 272 campaigning seasons see under seasons Burgundians 247, 454–5 Campania 33–4, 184n81, 201, 205 burial of dead: after battles 140–1, 371; European camp-followers 426 weapons burials 116; late Roman camps: attacks on 66, 127, 140, 371; at battlefields Germanic-style 457 126–7, 138, 140, 371; besieging forces’ 149–50; Busas see Buzes construction 64, 100–1, 126, 166, 375, 415; Busta Gallorum, battle of 293 Domitian limits to single legion 106–7, 121; Buzes, dux of Phoenice Libanensis 275, 307, marching 66, 83, 126–7; permanent 67; 328–30 temporary 61, 64, 100–1 (see also marching Byzantine empire 341 above);territoria 226; turf practice-camps 64; Byzantium, city of 123, 224; see also winter quarters 67, 166; workshops 167 Constantinople Camulodunum 88 canabae (civilian settlements) 231 Caecina Severus, A. (suffect consul 1bc) 92 canals 121 Caerleon 40, 63, 425 candidati (imperial bodyguard) 280 Caesar, C. Julius (dictator, triumvir) 33–5; Cannae, battle of 32, 313 African campaign 134–5, 143, 156; and cannibalism, allegations of 123, 150 Ariovistus 99; army’s relationshipwith 33, 184; Canninefates 142, 147 Augustus and memory of 36; baggage trains capital punishment 11, 299, 370, 374, 436, 91, 104; battle deployment and tactics 30, 92, 439 128–30, 133–5; bridges Rhine 101; building in capitals, imperial 254–5, 312; see also individual Rome 201; cavalry 38, 135; coinage 85; capitals commentaries 122–3 (see also Index of ancient capite censi in legions 32, 180, 204, 208 passages cited ) ; communications 99; death capitus (cavalry fodder allowance) 403 185; diplomacy 16, 19–20; field fortifications Cappadocia 28, 175; Arrian’s command 60, 64, 100; in Greece 102, 148; intelligence 98–9; 133 legions 33–6, 38, 184–5; logistics 102; capricorn as legionary emblem 36 low-intensity warfare 87, 141; pay increase for capsarii (wound-dressers) 69 army 159; popular support 210–11; and Senate captives see prisoners 38, 106, 182, 210–11; siege warfare 148, 151; caput porcinum (‘swine’s head’ formation) 364 Spanish campaign 127; speed of operation 89, Caracalla, emperor (M. Aurelius Antoninus) 22, 91, 143, 148, 156, 183, 206; veterans (in civil 172–3; diplomacy 14, 19, 21; and northern wars) 155, (colonies) 33–4, 184, 204–5; victories tribes 16, 19, 22; and Parthia 14, 21, 160, 174–5; when outnumbered 81; wealth 202;atZela36 payments to soldiers 159–60, 162–3, 165, 212 gallic wars 4, 85, 80–91, 96, 102, 139, Caratacus, British leader 19, 88, 141–2 200, 202, 210–11; speed of response 89–90, 99; Carausius, M. Aurelius Maus. 323, 334 types of warfare 84–5, 87, 92, 141, 148; see also career structure 214–15, 296–309, 424, 426–7; see Alesia, siege of ; Belgic tribes ; Helvetii ; also politics (and military career) and under Nervii ; Veneti ; and under Britain centurions ; equestrian order ; principales ; relations with pompey 184; senatorial class ; tribunes, military circumstances of rivalry 121, 182, 200, 206, Caria 325, 339, 408–9 208; forces 33, 155, 183–4; military campaigns Carnuntum 328, 425 121, 153, 177, 183; see also Pharsalus, battle of ; carpenters, ship’s 168 see also Index of ancient passages cited Carpi 9 Caesar, C. Julius (son of Agrippa) 13 Carrhae, battle of 114, 188 Caesarea (Cherchel), Mauretania Caesariensis carroballistae (battlefield artillery) 363 56 Carthage: Council of Church 263; under Calatia 33–4 Justinian 251, 277; in Punic Wars 114, 199; Caledonians 26–7 Roman provincial capital 48; under Vandals calendar, Roman ritual, from Dura-Europus 65, 251, 421 336–7 cartography 5, 8, 82–3 Calgacus (Caledonian leader) 216 Carus, M. Aurelius, emperor 318, 381 Caligula (Gaius), emperor 8–9, 42–4; Casilinum 33–4; battle of 335, 350, 356, 364, relationshipwith army 37, 47, 190–1 (Roman battle line) 363–4, 366 Callinicum, battle of 282, 330, 336, 367, 410 Caspian Gates 14, 249 Calpurnius Piso, Cn. (consul 7bc) 108 Cassianus (dux Mesopotamiae) 306 Camillus, M. Furius (consul ad 8) 93 Cassius Longinus, C. 34, 137

578 general index

Cassius Dio: imperial advisor 8, 28; social skirmishing 130; withdrawal and renewed attitudes 7, 176, 209, 213–15; topoi 123; see also attack 135, 368–9, 373 Index of ancient passages cited interaction with infantry: casualties 138–41, 156, 371; in assaults on cooperation 349–50, 369; infantry withstand fortifications 86, 315; asymmetrical 366, 370–1; charge 133, 135–6, 354–5, 366–7; proportion in in civil wars 139, 333–4; in naval battles 145 armies 106, 291–3, 348–50; social superiority Catallaunian Fields, battle of 416, 458 349 cataphractarii (front ranks of cavalry) 294–5, 368 units 50, 64; comites 272–3; Illyricani 272, cataphractarii Biturigenses (cavalry regiment) 284 279–80, 307; optimates 283; see also equites ; see cataphracti (heavily armoured cavalry) 296, 297; also cataphractarii ; cataphracti ; clibanarii ; Palmyrene 370; Persian 357; Roman 135–6, equites singulares Augusti ; fodder ; 294, 354–5, 357; see also clibanarii horse-archers ; lanciarii ; speculatores ; and catapultae (bolt-shooting artillery) 60–1, 126, under Numidia ; Parthia ; Persia ; praetorians 360–1 Celer (magister officiorum) 255, 257, 259 catapults 124, 128, 129, 134, 151; see also ballistae ; Celtae and Petulantes, brigade of 274, 283–4 catapultae ; scorpiones Celtiberians 86 Catiline (L. Sergius Catilina) 121, 177, 200, Celtic language 14 206 census: abolition of requirement for legionary Cato, M. Porcius, the younger 16, 202 service 32, 158–9, 167, 180, 204, 208; to assess Catuvellauni 88, 449n71, 450 annona liability 404 Caucasus 242–3, 245, 249, 260, 321; see also centenarius (military rank) 302 Lazica ; Tzani centralization: grand strategy and causes of war, structural 199–200 frontiers 106–8; Stilicho’s of western army causeways 101–2 structure 275, 397; supply 167, 169; see also caution, tactical and strategic 85–6, 90, 95–6, 98, provinces (central control) 121, 200 Centumcellae naval detachment 56 cavalry 294–5, 353–8; archery 295, 368 (see also centuries 37–9, 65, 130 horse-archers) ; armour 61–2, 64, 288, 295–7, centurions 39–42, 156; accommodation 68; 354, 368, (heavily armoured) 348; see also administration and policing 193, 214, 223;of cataphractarii ; cataphracti ; clibanarii ; auxilia auxilia 51, 53, 55; awards 66; in battle 137; (see alae) ; barbarian influence on Roman 347, career structure 40–1, 107, 214, 283, 305, 307 349, 357, 369–70, 372, 377; border troops 280; (see also under primi pili) ; centuries named cohort 38, 45, 49, 64, 71, 160–1, 169; after 65; Christian martyr 340; diplomacy dismounting to fight 350, 369; equestrian 12–14, 98–9; and discipline 64–5; doctors with order as 33, 38; equipment 61, 64, 135, 169, rank of 70; equestrian status 40–1, 214, 305; 295, 354, 357 (see also saddles ; stirrups) ; in equipment 59–60, 289–91; late sixth-century field armies 272–3, 307; foederati 281, 283; 301; length of service 30–1, 40; marks of rank Gallienus’ development 73; heavily armoured 60, 62; naval equivalent rank 57; pay and see under armour above ; horses 169, 404, benefits 161–3; praetorian 45, 305; regional, in (money in lieu) 403, 407–8; irregular Britain 98–9; social standing 214; Sulla formations 369, 373; lancers 60, 272–3, 295, supported by 31; of Vigiles 48; see also primi 354, 357, (composite archer-lancers) 356–8, pili 367; late Roman types and equipment 294–5; Cerealis (dux in Cyrenaica) 449 legionary see cohort above ; light 134–5, 294, Cerealis, Flavius (prefect of cohors ix Batavorum) 298; low-intensity warfare 141, 143; missiles ceremonial, diplomatic 258–9 134–5, 354; pay and allowances 64, 160–2, 169; Cestius Gallus, C. (suffect consul ad 42) 84 psychological impact 354–5, 368; pursuit Chaeronea, battle of (86 bc) 129, 133 138–9, 354, 370–1; river crossings 64; Chalcedon 242, 456; Council of 396, 443 Sarmatian 354; scholae palatinae 280; strength Chalons,ˆ battle of 375 71; testudo-like formation 134; training 64, 358, Chamavi 322 370, 372–3 (see also hippica gymnasia); chaplains, military 340, 377 Vegetius’ satisfaction with 345, 367; versatility Charietto (‘brigand’) 333 354, 357 Chatti 16, 93 in battle 127–8, 130, 134–6, 349, 353–8, Chauci 11, 94–5, 108 363, 367–71; charge 133, 135–6, 354–5, 368; Cherusci 93, 147; see also Arminius close-order combat 134–5, 357, 367–8, 377–8; Chester 70, 424–5 cohesion 368, 370; feigned flight 370; chevaux-de-frise 61, 346, 363

general index 579

chieftains, tribal 81, 98–9, 115, 241; auxiliary armies’ impact 410, 440; relative influence of commanders 52 local elites´ 193–4; spatial intrusion 425–6, 429; chiliarchoi (commanders) 283–4, 306–7 see also billeting China 4n8, 243, 359 see also siege warfare ; urban planning ; and Christianity: in army 338–40, 376, 386, 442; under plunder ; walls (chaplains) 340, 377, (preparation for action) citizenship, extension of Roman 33, 208–9, 217; 338–9, 377, 443–4; churches provide forts to auxilia 51, 163, 208–9, 220, 222; to client 451–2; civic leadership 267, 339, 360; Councils kings 21–2;toequites singulares Augusti 50; 251n65, 263, 396, 443; and emperor’s universal ineffective against officialdom 441 dominion 263–4, 266, 268; Germanic 260–1, citizenship, Latin 33 266, 397n64; see also under Arianism ; heretics civil service see administration excluded from army 297; and international civil wars 121, 177, 200, 333–4, 419; battles 120, relations 268; under Julian 442; justification of 125, 127, 136, 333; casualty levels 139, 333-4; war 264; missionaries 266; and morale 339, defection and desertion 121, 334; literary topoi 360, 376–7; Nestorian dispute 265; oaths 267, 123; plunder 127, 138, 334; prestige of success 269, 386; pacifism 340–1; pagan temples in 387n32; sieges and assaults on cities 138, 155, destroyed 319, 442–3; persecution , (by Goths) 334; social and economic effects 162, 200, 266, (in Persia) 264–6, (Roman) 262–3, 337, 205–6, 418–20; treatment of prisoners 371; 442; Persian 251–2, 264–7; pilgrimages 251; and western collapse and eastern survival 419, policing of 442–4; and state 263–4, 267–8; 421; see also individual wars theological schools 251; unrest caused by 319, civilians 379, 424–58; army’s integration with 443–4; and victory 338, 388; see also Arianism ; 441–2, 450–1; and barbarian settlers 453–7; bishops ; clergy, Christian ; Donatists ; icons, command of armies 270, 307; morale 339, 360; Christian ; martyrs, Christian ; monks, oppression by soldiers 192–3, 196, 216, 219, Christian ; Monophysite controversy ; relics, 374, 427–9, 444; post-Roman relationship Christian ; and under Armenia ; Edessa with military 457–8; protection by soldiers Christodorus (poet from Coptus) 388 219, 441–2; and supply system 228–9; and Chrysaphius (chamberlain to Theodosius II) 255 veterans 194–5, 221–2, 424, 452–3; workers chrysargyron see collatio lustralis with army 166, 170; see also administration ; Chrysostom, John 389, 428–9; see also Index of billeting ; cities ; labour ; militarization of ancient passages cited state ; policing ; recruitment ; requisition ; Church see clergy, Christian ; Christianity taxation ; and under forts and fortresses Cicero, M. Tullius 199; political career 91, 177, class, social 199, 209; see also aristocracy ; 184n81, 203, 206; see alsoIndex of ancient equestrian order ; capite censi ; curiales ; Senate passages cited ; senatorial class Cicero, Q. Tullius 38, 89, 99 classes see navy, Roman (fleets ; flotillas) Cilicia 10, 91, 200, 203, 330 Claudius I, emperor (Tiberius Claudius Nero Cimbri 31, 33, 38 Germanicus) 12–13, 19, 42, 190; and army cingulum (military belt) 379, 427 42–3, 51, 53, 65, 188, 190–1, (donatives) 162, Circesium 276 212, (praetorians) 38–47, 190, 212, (strategic circitor (military rank) 302 control) 11, 108; British campaign 19, 89, 105, circumvallation 100, 150–1, 360 152, 190, 212; and Corbulo 11, 108 circus factions 318–19 Claudius II Gothicus, emperor 307, 381 Citharizon 332 Claudius Severus (governor of Arabia) 214 cities ; in civil wars 121, 138; clergy as civic leaders clavarium (payment for long marches) 162 267, 339, 360; and defence in depth policy clementia (clemency) 19 312–13; development around forts 70, 196, Cleopatra VII, queen of Egypt 24 230–1; and economic development 172, 176; clergy, Christian: civic leadership 267, 339, 360; finance 175; immunity from civic duties 163, diplomacy 251, 257, 266–8; and military 193, 219, 221–2, 452; negotiate with attackers service 341, 433; rites before combat 338–9, 377 267–9, 314, 328; policing 193–4, 223–4, 442–4; clibanarii (heavily armoured cavalry) 135–6, 288, religion and morale 339, 360; sacking 95, 97, 294, 295, 354–5, 387 113, 152–3, 162, 362; withdrawal into, after client states 4, 10, 26–7; bequeathed to Rome 20, battle 138–9 203; establishment 25, 83–4; imperial cult in 15; army stationed in and near 67, Julio-Claudian use 108–9; military agreements 4, 111, 118, 230–1, 311, 437–48; civilian complaints 13–14, 50; Roman relations 413–14, 426; economic effect 195–6; field with kings 12, 15, (appointment) 14, 21, 25,

580 general index

client states (cont.) Opsikion 277; Orientis 435; rei militaris 275, (grants of citizenship) 21–2; senators’ personal 283, 307–8,(duces temporarily promoted to) patronage 6–8 275, 306; sacrarumlargitionum 404–5 clientela 32, 210, 212–13 Commagene 10, 21, 108–109n76 Clodius Pulcher, P. 6, 184 command 39, 272–8, 302–9, 335–6; army level clothing: barbarization of late Roman 454; civil 273–5, 307–9; civilians’ military 270, 307; service 379, 406, 427; court 406; military failures 415–16; east/west divergence 336, 397; 58–9, 62, 288, 291, (regimental colours) 375, imperial family members 187–8, 212–13, (supply and allowances) 103, 230, 400, 403, 304–5, 335, 398; literary ideal 80; members in 405–6, 408, 450 sacrumconsistorium 254; in political career 39, Clovis, king of Franks 260–1 305, 335; and Roman success 81, 156; special clubs (weapons) 354 commands under Republic 10; unit cohesion: Islamic armies 377; Roman units commanders 305–6; see also individual ranks; 365–6, 368, 374–5 emperors (command in field) ; generals and cohorts 30, 32, 37–8, 127–30; border troops 280, generalship; officers ; politics(and military 306; cavalry 38, 45, 49, 64, 71, 160–1, 169; career) ; Senate (military commands) ; and commanders 53, 214, 305–6; milliariae and under battle ; border troops ; field armies ; quingenariae peditatae and equitatae 53–4; governors ; navy, Roman strengths 45, 47–8; i Felix Theodosiana 272; i commentarienses (recorders) 41 veterana Hispanorumequitata 228; vi Commius the Atrebatian 87 Commagenorum 64; xx Palmyrenorum Commodus, L. Aurelius, emperor 7, 24–5, 72 milliaria equitata 71, 445, 450–1 communications 9, 320; by besieging forces coinage: administration 404; Aurelian’s reform 150–1; literacy and 227; naval 145–6; speed 9, 165, 173; collapse of monetary system 165, 173; 253; and supply 167; see also cursus publicus ; debasement, third-century 403; Diocletian’s roads ; shipping ; transport of supplies ; travel reforms 165, 173; for donatives 391;of ; troops transports, naval ; and under battle Gallienus 73; iconography and ideology 7, 25, competition, aristocratic 83, 202–3 65–6, 391–4; for military pay 159, 163–4, 171; Concordia 271 reforms under Republic 159; weight as conditions of military service 42, 45, 374, 424, economic indicator 409–10; see also under 430, 435–6; see also allowances, military ; Antony ; Arcadius ; Augustus ; Caesar, C. discharge benefits ; donatives ; pay ; term of Julius ; Trajan ; Valentinian I service collatio lustralis or chrysargyron (tax) 404–5 confidence, Roman 81, 97–8 collective responsibility 374 Conon (tribune of Isaurian regiment) 283, Colluthus (poet) 388 306 Cologne 56, 315 conquest, wars of see offensive operations colonies, Roman 184; second-century bc citizen conscription 37, 177, 297–9, 424, 429, 431–5; 162, 179, 184, 201; late Republican veteran annual levies 298–9, 430–1; avoidance 213, 33–5, 184–5, 188, 206; veteran, under empire 297, 299, 432–3; cash substitution 433;of 163, 195 clergy during crises 341; landowners harbour columns, monumental: of Arcadius, deserters for 436; tattooing of recruits 435; see Constantinople 390; of Marcus Aurelius, also labour (forced) ; sons of soldiers/veterans Rome 380; see also Trajan (column) consilium, emperor’s 6, 8, 28 combat 122–56, 342–77; continuities in practice consistorium, sacrum 254–5 342–3; see also battle ; low-intensity warfare ; conspirators (Caesar’s killers) 121, 177, 182, 184, morale ; naval and amphibious warfare ; siege 200 warfare ; training ; and individual types of force Constans, emperor 274, 382, 392, 395, 419 combined arms capability 279 Constantia (sister of Constantius II) 395n58 Comentiolus (magister militum) 245n38, 308, Constantina, battle of 367 317, 317n25 Constantine I, emperor: arch in Rome 288, 334; comes see comites barbarian consuls under 456; Christianity comitatenses see field armies 264–6, 338, 340; civil wars 333, (against comites (elite´ cavalry regiments) 272–3 Licinius) 279–81, 334, 358, 419, (against comites (officials and commanders) 276; Maxentius) 263, 301, 333, 334, 338, 419; Argentoratensis 275; domesticorum 280, 305–8; coinage 391; defence policies 311, 332, 412–13, excubitorum 282, 303; foederatorum 283; 427; generalship 274, 336; invasion of Italy Mauretaniae Tingitanae 306; obsequii 308–9; 300; naval operations 281, 358; offensive wars

general index 581

329; and Persia 264, 266, 321, 329; discipline 64, 191; and emperor 10–11, 108, preparations for campaign 322–3; religious 190; German campaigns 11, 94, 105, 108 freedom under 263; army 382, 395; auxilia Corduene ; Ammianus’ mission 252–3, 256 palatina 279, 301; Christianity 338, 340; field Corinth, isthmus of 312, 320 armies 273–4, 311, 413–14; praetorians 279–80, Corippus ; panegyric on Justin II 389, 389n41; see 307–8; structure 273–4, 307–8; veterans 452 also Index of ancient passages cited Constantine II, emperor 274, 382, 392, cornicularii (chiefs of staff) 41 419 coronae (awards) 66 Constantine III, emperor 238–9, 275, 333, corruption 20, 199–200; of military 457 administrators 162, 165, 193, 437–9 Constantiniaci (unit) 283 Cotta, L. Aurunculeius 89 Constantinople: Arcadius’ column 390; Cotyaeum, battle of 280 Avaro-Slavic siege (ad 626) 242, 280, 314, counts see comites 331n62, 335, 359, 362, (and Persian threat) 314, courage see bravery 335, 418; Belisarius’ triumph 399; Epiphanius couriers 41, 253, 404; see also cursus publicus ; as bishop 338; forces based at 273–4; Haghia frumentarii Sophia, church of 258–9, 264, 338, 390n44; court, imperial 254–5, 335, 389, 406; see also Hebdomon 338, 385, 401; hippodrome 385, advisors, imperial and individual officials 390, (obelisk of Theodosius I) 235, 236; Huns cowardice, punishment of 140 attack (ad 559) 280; imperial accession craft production: in army 166, 168, 225–6; ceremonies 385, 401; military tombstones 271; civilian 168–9, 404–5; of military equipment public protests before Adrianople 426, 441; 167–9; taxation 404–5 riots 456, (Nika) 318–19, 399, 444; Senate 237, Crassus, M. Licinius 177, 202; in Parthia 13, 98, 390; statues of Justinian 390; Vitalian’s naval 135, 188, 200 attack 334; walls 312, 313, (Long) 276, 308, 312, Cremona, second battle of (ad 69) 61, 125–6, 137 320; see also Byzantium, city of Crete 33, 50, 273 Constantius I, Flavius Valerius (Chlorus), crime 49, 223 emperor 279, 298–9, 334, 395 Crimea 12, 267 Constantius II, emperor: and army 382, 427, 453; crises: of Republic 180–3;ofad 68–70 44, 49, 52, Christianity and foreign policy 266; civil wars 57, 191, 424; third-century 320, 329, 379–82, 387n32, (against Magnentius) 419, (against 422 Julian) 270, 324, 333, 411, (unpopularity with Crispus, son of Constantine 273 Julian’s troops) 244, 284, 323, 395, 434, (and Cross, True 264 Vetranio) 334; coinage 392; magistri militum cross-bows 288, 352 274; multiple threats to 238, 329; and Persia crowd : symbolism in diplomacy 17, 18, 17–18 248n53, 266, 274, 276, 317, 320, 329, (passive crowning of emperor with torque 385 strategy) 323, 329, (war) 238, 244, 253, 284, crowns as military awards 66 323, 395, 434; supply 324, 324n50, 411 crucifixion 97 Constantius (secretary, envoy to Huns) 257 Ctesiphon 113, 162, 317–18, 370 Constantius, Flavius (magister utriusque cuirasses 62, 287–8 militiae) 384, 420 culture, Roman: contacts with foreign 22, 457; constitution, Roman 181 provinces’ assimilation 208, 216; see also construction see building superiority, Roman sense of cultural consuls: Augustus 37, 186; barbarian 260–1, 456; cunei : irregular formations of auxilia 55; late Belisarius 399; size of forces allocated to 106; Roman cavalry units 280; tactical wedge viri militares 215 formation 364, 369 contractors (publicani) 166, 170–1; army dress curiales 53, 297, 404–5 and equipment 58, 167; private business 170; Curio, C. Scribonius 134–5 transport 170–2 cursus publicus (imperial post) 9, 253, 404 contubernia (eight-man groups) 61, 65, 67–8, 375 customs dues 163, 452 contus (cavalry lance) 60–1, 354 Cutilzis (Hunnic military commander) 281 conubium (type of marriage) 51, 220 Cutzes (dux of Phoenice Libanensis) 275, 307 cooking 61, 68 Cutzinas (Numidian military leader) 281–2 Coptus 283, 434–5 Cynegius (praetorian prefect) 442–3 Corbridge 455n88 Cyprus 325, 408–9 Corbulo, Cn. Domitius 126, 424; Armenian Cyrene 203 campaign 10, 148; diplomacy 13, 16–17; Cyzicus, battle of 146

582 general index

Dacia 5–6, 14, 60, 81, 115, 299; Domitian and 97, demography 204, 223, 412 119; see also Decebalus ; Trajan (and Dacia; demons, possession by 268 column) deployment 424–5, 429; in battle 125–30, 284, daggers 59, 62 363, 368–9 Dalmatia 26, 73, 190 depopulation, deliberate 96, 116, 326, 332 Damasus, pope 427 depots, supply 410–11 damnatio memoriae 65 deserters 334, 363, 374, 435–7; punishment 65, Danube frontier: Augustus’ expansion 187; 370–1; treaties on return of 24, 261–2; see also Batavian cavalry river crossing 64; defences defectors 67, 247, 312, 425, (Rhine–Danube re-entrant) deserts 103, 142–3, 223, 226 112, 166; ducates 273; empty tract to south devastation of land see ravaging 326, 332; low-intensity warfare 332–3, 350; diet 69 map; naval operations 56, 146, 324, 334, 358–9; dilectus see conscription quaestura exercitus 270, 325, 408–9; ravaging Dio Cassius, see Cassius Dio 325, 332–3; recruitment on 42, 56, 72–3, 299; Diocletian, emperor (C. Aurelius Valerius Rome’s opponents, see also Avars 240; Goths ; Diocletianus) ; in Alexandria 329, 440n42; Huns; Slavs ; shipping and supply 325; Trajan’s coinage reform 165, 173; comitatenses 272–3; bridging 101, 102; unrest in army , (ad 14) 42, conscription 431; and Jupiter 262, 338;low 189, 195, 212,(ad 68–70) 191,(ad 590s) 400; birth 305; militarization of state 273, 379; and Valens’ peace negotiations on boat on 319, pay 160; price edict 165, 237, 450; provinces 322, 332; see also individual provinces and cities under ; size of army 279, 284, 379, 425; success Daphne by Antioch 427–8 237, 381; taxation reform 173, 324, 379, 403–4; Dara 257, 259, 269, 326, 325–6, 327, 332; Zosimus’ admiration 413 Roman-Persian conflict over 250, 259, 332; Dionysias, Egypt see Abinnaeus, Flavius battle, (ad 530) 330, 336, 349, 410, (treaty, ad diplomacy 3, 6–8, 14, 25, 262; in civil wars 121; 562) 261, (Persian siege, ad 573) 316–17, clementia 19; communities negotiate with 359 attackers 267–9, 314, 328; cultural exchange Dardania 332–3 22; distance and time and 9; and domination darts, lead-weighted 288, 352–3, 366 without occupation 119; embassies on rulers’ De rebus bellicis 345–6, 351, 361; on army and accession 257; exploitation of enemy weakness economy 237, 402, 445–6, 452–3; see also Index 248–9, 310; fetial rituals 14–15; and imperial of ancient passages cited ideology 4, 15, 236, 235–7, 248, 250, 259–61, death, soldiers’ 168; see also burial of dead ; 269; intelligence gathering 99, 252; principles casualties ; wills and Roman expectations 3, 25; and religion debt 206 14–16, 258; Roman turn to 246–50, 269; Decebalus, king of Dacia 12–13, 86, 97, 119; secrecy distrusted 19; symbolism 16–22, 25, 250 arrogance 12, 19, 20; retainers 81, 115 personnel 6–9, 11, 257; choice and role deception 142, 154, 359–60 of envoys 255–9, 266; clergy 251, 257, 266–8; decimation 65, 141, 374 imperial family 7, 255, 260, 322; social status Decius, emperor (C. Messius Quintus 12–13; treatment 16, 258, 262 Decius) 337 see also hostages ; peace ; subsidies, declaration of war 14–15 diplomatic ; treaties ; and under individual decorations 65–6, 154; see also awards rulers and peoples and clergy, Christian ; decurions: civilian see curiales ; military 53, 137, emperors ; marriage ; multiple fronts, war on ; 161, 223 oaths ; officers ; Senate ; superiority, Roman dediticii 298–9 sense of cultural ; supremacy, Roman defeat: Roman refusal to concede 96–7, 148; universal ; temples ; treachery ; women treatment of defeated 96–7, 299 diplomata 9, 51 defectors 121, 253, 299, 371, 411 disbandment of units as punishment 65 defences see fortifications discharge benefits 162–3, 452; Augustan 37, 42, defensive strategy, late Roman 74, 310–16, 329; 162–3, 175, 187, 212; auxilia 160–1, 163; defence in depth 109, 310–13, 425–6; defensive financing 174–6; length of service for full 301; wars 319–20, (siege defence) 359, (supply as lost on dishonourable discharge 65; and weapon) 324–6 loyalty to generals 180; and morale 66, 165; Deiotarus, king of Galatia 36 Sulla’s failure to provide 204, 206; and Demetrius (of Ibion, Egypt) 428, 450 veterans’ relative economic status 195, 213, Demetrius of Thessalonica, St 339, 340 222; see also under land

general index 583

discipline 64–5, 81, 130, 149, 155–6; and civilian Durotriges 88, 449n71 contacts 67, 374, 428–9; harsh 42, 178, 191–2; duces 271–3, 306–7; field commands 73, 273, late Roman 365, 371, 374, 377–8, 428, (alleged 283–4, 306–7, (temporary promotion to comes decline) 342, 414–16, 428–9; Roman pride in rei militaris) 275, 306; frontier commands 178, 335, 424; see also punishments 273–5, 306–7; Pusaeus (Persian defector) as display: cavalry 64, 124, 134; of foreign envoys to 299 people 17, 22; intimidatory 97, 153, by region: Aegypti 442; Aegypti 259 Thebaidos utrarumque Libyarum 273; Ditubistus (friend of Justin I) 299 Mesopotamiae 273, 276, 306; Pannoniae primae division of empire 239, 274; see also east and west et Norici ripensis 273; Phoenices 275, 299; diwan (Islamic list of those receiving tax Phoenices Libanensis 276, 307 revenues) 341 dyeing 62, 406 Dobunni 88 dynastic succession 382, 395, 419 dolabra (entrenching tool) 61, 126 Dyrrachium 100, 153 domestici (generals’ bodyguards) 282 domination without occupation 119 eagles see standards Domitian, emperor (T. Flavius Domitianus) 60, east and west 412–23; cities and military sites in 175; and army 49, 106–7, 121, 163, 192, (pay 230–1; command structures differ 336, 397; increase) 159, 165, 172, 192, 212, (and division 239, 274; magistri militum with praetorians) 44, 47; campaigns 96–7, 119, 190, careers spanning 308; see also western empire 192; diplomacy 16, 24 eastern frontier: border troops 273, 275, 277, 286; Domitian, bishopof Melitene 267–8 field armies 274–5, 277, 286, (eastern regional) dona militaria see awards for bravery 274, 285–6; frontier crossings and controls Donatists 443 250–1, 261–2; see also individual provinces and donatives 66, 162–3, 211–12, 385, 403; Arabs ; Armenia ; Parthia ; Persia administration 163–4, 175, 404; for auxilia Ebchester 455n88 160–2; financing of 175–6, 391, 404–5; Eburones 89 Justinian’s alleged abolition 385n21;to economy 77, 173–6, 226–30, 401–12; Anastasius’ praetorians 45, 162, 212; receipts show unit good management 405, 422–3; army as net strengths 285 burden 401–3, 409–11; army as stimulus 176, Dorylaeum 280 195–6, 232, 449–50; civil wars and 418–20; doryphoroi (bodyguards) 282 coin weight as indicator 409–10; coinage Dover 57 reforms and 165, 173; land as economic base dress and equipment, military 63; manufacture 411–12, 422–3; monetization 176, (collapse) and repair 69, 167–9; provision and purchase 165, 173; plague and 423; soldiers’ private 58, 159, 163, 165; variation and homogeneity enterprises 176, 449–50; soldiers’ relative 58, 127; see also armour ; clothing ; equipment status 163–5, 176, 195, 213, 222, 229; transport ; footwear, military ; weapons requisitioning and 449; and western collapse drill 81 and eastern survival 423 dromones (warships) 295, 358 Edeco (Hunnic envoy to Theodosius II) 255 drungus (cavalry formation) 369 Edessa: Christianity 251, 339, 439, 443; Drusus, Nero Claudius (brother of Tiberius) Roman-Persian wars 325, 330–1, 331n62, 332, 188 439 Drusus Julius Caesar (son of Tiberius) 190, 212 education: in generalship 39, 335–6, 344; level of ducenarius (military rank) 302 soldiers’ 213–14 duels before battle, late Roman 376–7 Egypt: Arab conquest 277, 423; Aykelah Dumnonii 449n71 brothers’ revolt 318; bequest to Rome duplicarius (rank) 53 unfulfilled 203; Christianity 319, 433, 442–3; Dura-Europus (base of cohors xx Palmyrenorum civilian/military relations 194–6, 217–18, 428, milliaria equitata) : armour 62–3, 287, 296; 444, 450; desert routes 223, 226; Diocletian’s civilian–military relations 224, 230, 440, 445; visit 329, 440n42; fabricae 168; fleets 56, 143, dux ripae Mesopotamiae commands 273; 273; governor (prefect) 214, 305; grain 56, 170, entertainments 450; infantryman and armour 223, 228; law and order 111, 193, 222–4, 443; 287; out-posting of detachments 227, 450–1; natron monopoly 444; Palmyrene control 422; papyri 12, 158, 216, (duty rosters) 222, 227; Persian occupation, seventh-century 335; ritual calendar, (feriale duranum) 65, 336–7; prefect 214, 305; prices 165; supply 158, 171–3, synagogue 286; unit strength 71 226–30; of campaigns in east) 410,

584 general index

Egypt: Arab conquest (cont.) envelopment 135, 138, 363–4 (requisition) 218 (see also grain above); eparchoi (unit commanders) 306 taxation 405, 441, 447; transport 218, 228 Ephrem Bar Aphiana, patriarch of Antioch 443 military establishment: Epictetus 218; see also Index of ancient passages administration 213, 224; centurions 193; comes cited rei militaris 275; legal status of soldiers 189, Epigenes (scholar and diplomat) 256 219–20; legions 111, 278–9, 305; military Epiphanius, bishop of Constantinople 338 sectors in towns 440; outposting 171, 223;pay equestrian order: auxiliary commands 44, 51–5; records 160; prefect 214, 305 awards 66; career structure, militia equestris see also individual places and Abinnaeus, 53,(militia quarta) 55; as cavalry 33, 38; Flavius centurions 40–1, 214, 305; governors 214; Eiliphredias (dux Phoenices Libanensis) 307 military command passes to 37, 74, 212–13, Eining 425 305, 335, 426–7; professionalization of military El Lejjun 425 72–4; see also duces ; prefects ; procurators ; Elagabalus, emperor 16, 160 tribunes (military) Elephantine 272 equestrian statues 390 elephants 362 equipment 156, 165–73, 286–91; allowances in embassies see diplomacy cash 400, 403; cavalry 61, 64, 169, 357; emblems, legionary 36 decoration 169; foreign influences 61, 85, 156, emperors: accession 257, 382, 384–5, 401, 371, 371n124, 375; front rank given better 294, (donatives) 162, 385, 403; and Alexander the 351, 365–6, 368; private provision 167–9, 450; Great 110; appeals to 211, 222, 303; appoint production 167–9, 406; repair and re-supply officers 107, 303, 305; army’s relationshipwith 167–8; soldiers’ carrying of own 31; 35, 65–6, 189–92, 211–12, 382–7, 424 standardization 168; supply 167–9, 230, (kingmaking) 47, 190–1, 212, 380–1, 426, 405–6, 450; 354–5, 167–9; see also individual (personal armies) 121 (see also under oaths ; items and types of equipment and under cavalry praetorians) ; birthday celebrations 65; equitatae (part-mounted) units 53–4, 141, 156 challenges to power 106, 108, 110, 121, 336, equites (cavalry) units : Dalmatae 279; Delmetae 380, 395–401, (generals seeking to control) 73; Illyriciani 280; Mauri 279; Perso-Justiniani 395–400, (unrest in army) 395, 400–1,(see also 387; promoti 272–3, 279, 289–91; scutarii 279; mutinies ; usurpation) ; command in field 190, scutarii Aureliaci 284; singulares 49–50, 72, 272–4, 307–8, 329, 335, 381–2, (abandoned) 279; singulares Augusti 49–50, 71, 73; 254, 379, 383–4, (distribute awards) 66; and Stablesiani Garianenses 272; Theodosiaci diplomacy 6–7, 12–13, 20–1, 253–4, 257–61; iuniores 278; Theodosiani 387 finance ; blurring of private and state 212; gifts escalation dominance (Luttwak’s term) 81 to 20–1; and governors 8, 10–11, 108, 121; and escort duties 44 oppression of civilians 196, 217; purple espionage 252–3, 429, 449 clothing 62; religious commemoration 336–7; estates, imperial 171, 219, 404 soldier emperors 379–83, 422; titles 246–7, Ethiopia 12 262, 388; universal dominion 263–4, 266, 268; ethnicity: of late Roman army 301, 342, 374–5, and victory ideology 246–7, 380, 384, 387–94; 420; perceptions of 5–6, 243–4, 300–1; war and peace ratified by 7, 11, 212, 258; young specialist troops 33, 52, 61, 353, 375; see also on accession 383–4; see also advisors, imperial ; individual peoples and under stereotypes consilium ; donatives ; dynastic succession ; ethnography, classical 243–4, 347, 378 guards (imperial) ; iconography (imperial) ; Etruria 205 legitimation, imperial Eudocia (daughter of Valentinian III) 260 enemies see opponents, Rome’s Eugenius, Flavius (usurper) 281, 338, 396, 419 engineering 80; army as workforce 80, 106, Eunapius 413; see alsoIndex of ancient passages 224–6; field 61, 101, 126; Julian’s lost treatise cited on 343; see also building ; bridges ; camps ; Euphemia and the Goth (Syriac tale) 439 mining, siege ; roads ; siege engines ; siege Euphrates river 320, 326 warfare (siege-works) Euphratesia, ducate of 275 Ennes (Isaurian officer) 282–3, 300 Europe, northern ; Roman geographical Enomius, bishopof Theodosiopolis perceptions 5; see also individual regions and (Resaina) 360 peoples entertainments 440, 450 Eustathius 256 entrenchment 61, 100, 126, 149 Eutropius (minister of Arcadius) 420

general index 585

evacuation of populations 262 Constantine 274; transfer of units between evocati Augusti 45 284 evocatio (religious ritual) 15 fieldworks 100 exarchs: cavalry (junior officers) 302; magistri finance 158–76; aerariummilitare 175, 212; militum 277, 309 Anastasius’ management 405, 407–8, 422–3; excubitores (imperial bodyguards) 282, 299, 397–8 Augustus and 48, 175, 187, 212; for building execution 41; Caesar’s mass, of tribal elders 96; works 175, 201; cost of army 173–4, 212; see also capital punishment ; crucifixion imperial and state funds blurred 212; and exercises: display 64, 124, 134; exercise grounds international relations 12, 237–8; for local 63–4; field training 373 government and defence 175, 257, 451–2; exile of defeated populations 96 praetorian prefects’ administration 404; see expansionism 4–5, 30, 110 also coinage ; fiscus ; inflation ; pay ; taxation ; expedita forces (without baggage) 104, 143 and under discharge benefits ; donatives expeditionary forces 272–3, 277, 284–6; see also fire: in naval combat 144, 335, 358; ravagers burn under individual regions, emperors and settlements 91–2; urban fire service 49 generals fire temple, Takht-i Suleiman 319 experimental archaeology 59 Firmus (chieftain of Jubaleni) 275, 440–1 exploratores 55, 72, 252 fiscus (emperor’s finance staff) 175 extent of empire 42, 237–43, 402, 422; concepts flag-seller, Palmyran, in South Shields 450 of 3–6 flanking manoeuvres 130, 135, 363–4 extortion 219, 427, 441, 454 Flavoleius, P. (legionary) ; tombstone from Mainz 43 Fabius, C. (Caesar’s subordinate) 99 Flavius Cerealis (prefect of cohors ix Fabius Maximus Verrucosus (Cunctator), Q. Batavorum) 52 (consul i 233) 98 Flavius Cyrus (centurion in Syene) 301 fabricae, state 167–9, 406, 408; in forts and Flavius Memorius (comes Mauretaniae fortresses 68–9, 168 Tingitanae) 301, 306 falx (sickle-shaped weapon) 60 Flavius Priscus (Egyptian veteran) 445 families, soldiers’ : barbarian 138; Roman 189, Flavius Zeno (emperor) see Zeno 220–2, 433–5, 451; see also kinship ; sons of Flavius Zeno (general under Theodosius soldiers/veterans II) 396n62 family, imperial see imperial family fleets see naval combat ; navy, Roman ; navies of famines caused by army’s presence 410, 440 Rome’s opponents farmer/soldier ideology 159, 177–80, 205, 431 Flevum, Frisia 92–3 Felix (freedman of Claudius) 24 flexibility of Roman armies: structural 80, 270, Felix, bishopof Treviso 267 309; tactical 95–6, 126, (match tactics to feriale duranum 65, 336–7 opponents) 76, 88–9, 91–2, 94, 142, 356–7, 378 festivals, traditional Roman 65, 336–7 flight: in battle 134–6, 138, 354, 370–1, (cavalry fetiales and fetial rituals 14–15 withdrawal and regrouping) 135, 368–9, 373; fides (faith), and just war 25–6 feigned 370; late Roman, from empire 457;in field armies (comitatenses) 73, 272–5; allied units naval combat 145; from responsibilities attached to 281–2; and border troops 275–8, (anachoresis) 223 286, 306, 416; brigades 282, 284; cavalry Florentius (praetorian prefect) 446 272–3, 307; command structure 273, 275, flotillas, naval (classes) 280, 334, 358–9 306–7; see also magistri militum ; fodder: capitus (cavalry allowance) 403; logistics Constantine’s creation 273–4, 311, 413–14; 103–4, 169–71, 228–9, 411 development 272–5; families of soldiers 434; foederati : allies 261, 281; cavalry regiments 281, flexibility of response 414; Gallienus’ at Milan 283, 301 73; Justinian’s creations 277; known as food supply 103–4, 171, 226, 319; shortages 205, katalogoi 282; praesental 274–7, 286 (see also 241, 410, 440; see also annona ; foraging ; grain magistri militum (praesentales)) ; ranks 301–2, supply ; rations 306–7; recruitment 300, 434; regional 274–5, footwear, military 58–9, 62 285–6, 308, (eastern) 274, 285–6, (at Ravenna) foraging 103–4, 166, 227, 324–5, 448–9 277 (see also magistri militum (regional) and forced labour 444, 449 under Africa; Armenia (Roman armies); Gaul foreign relations see diplomacy ; international ; Illyricum ; Spain ; Thrace) ; strengths 285–6; relations term of service 301; three, under sons of forgery of documents 436

586 general index

fortifications: field 100–1; frontier 119, 247, Galba, emperor (Severus Sulpicius Galba) 47, 311–12, 321, 424, (linear) 112, 116–17, 119, 166, 191 311, see also Hadrian’s Wall , linear, within Galen 70 empire 100, 312, 320, see also Long Walls ; Galerius, emperor (C. Galerius Valerius supplies protected by 324–6; taking of 80–1, Maximianus) 245, 263, 305, 307, 318;archin 149, 315; see also forts and fortresses ; siege Thessalonica 262, 297 warfare ; towers ; walls Galla Placidia 260 forts and fortresses 66–71, 100; amphitheatres galleys, oared 145, 295 63–4; in cities 425–6; civilian extra-mural Gallic empire 238, 379, 422 settlements 70, 196, 230–1; civilians and Gallienus, emperor (P. Licinius Egnatius Church provide 451–2; defences 67–8, 74, 118, Gallienus) 73–4, 427 166, 425–6; Justinian’s in Balkans 330; land see Gallipoli peninsula 320 prata legionis ; territoriumlegionis ; late games, training see hippica gymnasia Roman decline 424–5, 451; layout 40, 67–9, Gannascus (chief of Chauci) 105 71; location 109–10, 424–6; on Persian frontier Ganzak 317 319; temporary 64; territoria 429; training Garamantes 14 facilities 63–4 Gariannonor (Burgh Castle) 74, 272 Forum Gallorum, battle of 127, 139–40 Gaudentius (son of Aetius)¨ 397n64 Forum Iulii (Frejus)´ : naval squadron 55–6 Gaul (including Transalpine Gaul) : Caligula’s Four Emperors, Year of the (ad 69) 44, 49, 52, expedition 190; depth of raids into 312, 320, 57, 191, 424 425; economic effect of barbarian settlement fragmentation of units 70–1, 87, 227, 278–9, 420–2; equipment adopted by legions 61; field 424–5 army based in 274, 276, 285; fleet 273, 280–1; Franks 240, 248, 314, 350; consulships 260–1, Franks settled in 240–1, 298–9; ‘Gallic empire’ 456; settle in Gaul 240–1, 298–9 238, 379, 422; Gannascus’ naval raids 105; freedmen 7, 48–57 Germanic invasion (ad 406) 316, 420–2; Frejus´ (Forum Iulii) : naval squadron Goths settled in southern 240–1, 249, 416, 55–6 420; Huns defeated in 416, 420, 458; Laeti Frigidus campaign 281, 333–4, 320, 454; nature of warfare in 85, 115–16, 207, 338 (Caesar’s wars) 84–5, 87, 92, 141, 148; Frisians 92–4, 96–7, 99 post-Roman structures 276, 458; recruitment Fritigern (Gothic leader) 266, 315 in 33, 38, 42, 50, (late Roman) 298–301, 421; frontiers 120, 310–12; Byzantine defence 341; revolt (ad 21) 52; slave trade 170; tribal commands see border troops ; duces ; organization 85, 87; Valentinian I’s campaign Constantine and 413; controls 119, 251–2, 274; wine trade 170, 229; winter campaigning 261–2, 311; cross-border contacts 250–1; 103; see also under Caesar, C. Julius ; Julian depopulated areas along 116, 326, 332; Gaul, Cisalpine 33–4, 207 emperors’ presence on 253–4; nomads on Gaza 442–3 116–17, 241; raiding on 118–19; strategy 94, Gelimer, king of Vandals 399 109, 111–12, 120, 310–12, (defence in depth generals and generalship 156, 335–6; in battle model) 109, 310–13, 425–6; trade 119, 311; 136–7, 335, 365; disciplinarian 191–2; honours watchtowers 112, 116; see also border troops ; 66; in late Empire 335–6, (seek to control extent of empire ; and under fortifications emperor) 395–400; naval commands 273;in Frontinus, Sex. Julius 124–5, 154; see also Index of Republic , (political interests) 210–11, ancient passages cited (soldiers’ relationships with) 32–5, 183–5, frumentarii (couriers, secret service) 41, 208–10; and supply 170; see also caution ; 50n27 risk-taking ; strategy ; tactics ; and under fulcum (shield-wall) 366–7 education ; guards ; morale funerary monuments 43, 58, 123–4, 158, 168, 271; Geneva missorium of Valentinian I 247–8 on battle sites 140–1; and military identity 185, genius loci 69 188–9, 192 Gennesaret, Lake 146 gentiles (barbarians settled in empire) 298–9; Gainas (magister militum praesentalis) 281, 305, units of scholae palatinae 280 384, 388, 390, 397 geography: ancient conceptions 5, 82–3, 117; Gaiseric, king of Vandals 260 tactical knowledge 121, 317–18, 320, 322–3, Gaius, emperor see Caligula 329–30, (from locally levied troops) 142, 156 Galatia 36, 42 geopolitics of late antiquity 237–43

general index 587

Gepids 240 (diplomacy and campaigns) 250, 256, 266, Gergovia 148 319–20, 322, 360 (see also Adrianople, battle Germani corporis custodes (emperors’ German of) ; Zeno and 240, 249, 260, 281, 286, 317, bodyguard) 44, 49–50 325, 332–3, 410; see also Ostrogoths ; Visigoths Germanic peoples: balance of power Goudouis (taxiarchos) 307 among 240–1; diplomacy 12–13, 22–3, 244, governors 11, 37; in civil wars 120; command of 257, 322, (marriage alliances) 260–1, (terms of military forces 37, 272–3, 306, (discipline) 64, treaties) 24–5; equipment influences Roman 196, 217, (limits) 11, 107–8; death sentences on 61–2; Marius and 200; nature of warfare 62, 8–9, 11; decision-making 11; diplomacy 9, 115–16, 141, 241, 319, 332, 359; Rhine crossing 11–13, 15; and emperors 8, 10–11, 108, 121; (ad 406) 316, 418, 420–2; in Roman army 38, equestrian 214; and frontier fortifications 312; 50, 244, 299–301, (emperor’s bodyguard) 44, guards 44, 49–50, 72, 282, 386; laws on 49–50; tribal organization 23, 81, 85, 239–40, conduct 9; legati Augusti 38; legati Augusti pro 315–16; see also individual peoples and under praetore 37; limits on independence 9–11, Christianity 107–8; profits 203; protection of civilians 196, Germanicus Julius Caesar 188–90, 196, 337; 217; staffs (officia) 69, 74, 99, 203, 224; and German campaigns 92, 146, 189–90, 212 supply 171, 227–8; unrest during transitions Germanus (nephew of Justin I) 398 between 94 Germany: Augustan campaigns 92, 146, 187–90, Gracchus, C. Sempronius 177, 179, 182, 184 212, (Varian disaster) 89, 98, 142, 189; Gracchus, Tiberius Sempronius 177, 203; Corbulo’s campaigns 11, 94, 105, 108; reforms 6, 32, 179, 182, 184 depopulated strip along frontier 116; grain supply 56, 224, 226, 325; Egyptian 56, 170, Domitian’s campaigns 47, 97, 192; limes 112; 223, 228 marching camps 83; mutinies 42, 189, 195, 212; granaries 326, 404, 447–8 naval combat 105, 146; recruitment in 42, 244; grand strategy see under strategy Roman geographical knowledge 5, 83, 142; grappling hooks 144 subjugation as on-going struggle 97; vici 231; Gratian, emperor (Flavius Gratianus) 382, 395–6, winter campaigns 103 435 Getae 24 Graupius, battle of Mons 136, 139 Ghassanids (Arab dynasty) 249–50, 261, 282 gravestones see funerary monuments gifts: diplomatic 14, 20–1, 260–1, (payments to grazing 170–1, 429 barbarians presented as) 250, 259–60; greaves 288, 351 generals’, for political support 184; supplies Greece 102, 199, 238, 312, 452; view of Roman acquired through 170; see also corruption empire 4, 110 gladiators 27, 59, 436n34; training of army by 31, Greek fire 334 63 Greek language : lingua franca in east 14 gladius Hispaniensis (sword) 59 Gregory I, pope 339 glory, martial 83, 212–13; see also prestige, Gregory, bishopof Antioch 267–8 military ; victory Grepes, king of Heruli 267 Gomphi 148 Greuthungi 240 Gordian III, emperor 9 Grod, king of Crimean Huns 267 Goths 240, 420, 455–6; armoured horsemen 342; guard duty in provinces 222–3 in Asia Minor 266, 339; in Balkans 325, 360, guards: generals’ body- 44, 282, 365; governors’ 408, 455; and Christianity 266; contingents in body- 44, 49–50, 282, 386; imperial , (body-) Roman army 246, 249, 281, 283, 300, 420, 279–80, 282, 299, 303, 303–4, 397–8 (see also 455–6; diplomacy 255–6, 266, 319, 322; excubitores ; Germani corporis custodes);see also equipment captured from Romans 371; under praetorians ; scholae palatinae Honorius 238–9, 244, 255, 390, 420; Huns guerrilla-style warfare 314, 319, 328; see also attack 240, 315; in Italy , (Alaric’s invasion) low-intensity warfare 238–9, 255, 360, 416, 420–1 (see also under Ostrogoths) ; naval raiding 334; Roman Hadrian’s Wall 449, 451, 453–4, 458; purpose and attitudes to 244–5, 456; as ‘Scythians’ 243; functioning 112, 118–19, 166, 311; see also settlement in empire 254–5, 266, 418, 420, Vindolanda 455–6, (in Gaul) 240–1, 249, 416, 420; siege Hadrian, emperor (P. Aelius Hadrianus) 50, 64, warfare 315, 362; social and political 87, 162, 220, 225; addresses to troops 64, 66, organization 240; supply 325; under Valens , 169 (admission to empire) 254–5, 420, 455–6, Haemus mountains 317, 320, 360

588 general index

hair used as rope 123 hostelry (xenona) 440 Hama, archers from 52 humanitas and barbaritas 5–6 handbooks, military see manuals Huneric (son of Vandal leader) 260 hard tack (buccellatum) 324, 328 Hungarian plain 62, 315 al-Harith (Arethas, Ghassanid phylarch) 261 Huns: Ammianus’ ethnographic prejudice 243; hastati (grouping of infantry) 30, 39 ascendancy 240–1, 315, 325; and booty 315; Hatra, siege of 153–4 cavalry 349, 369–70; attack Constantinople Helion (magister officiorum) 255 280; Crimean 267; exploit Roman Hellenistic kingdoms, requisition in 170 over-extension 239, 323, 422; and Goths 240, helmets 58–60, 62–3; cavalry 61, 64; late Roman, 315; horse-archers 355, 375; manpower 315, 359; with facemasks 288 migrations caused by 241, 315; nature of threat helmsmen (gubernatores) 57 to Rome 315–16; payments by Rome 260, Helvetii 84–5, 99–100, 116, 128–9, 140 320–2; and Persia 242–3, 249, 314; in Roman Hephthalites 321 armies 246, 281, 375; Roman tactics against Heracleia on Sea of Marmara 317, 322 356; as ‘Scythians’ 243; sieges and assaults 315, Heraclius, emperor: and Avars 259n102, 322; 332, 359; Theodosius II and 255–6; in Thrace command in field 308, 336; eastern campaigns 239, 408; see also Attila ; Sabir Huns 239, 309, 318, (against Arabs), see also Yarmuk, hunting 60, 373 battle of the 238, (in Armenia) 317, (against hygiene 69 Persia) 242, 246, 264, 269, 317, 338, 423; Ps.-Hyginus 67, 143; see also Index of ancient Indian diplomatic contacts 246 passages cited Hercules, Maximian and 262, 338 hypaspistai (generals’ bodyguards) 282 Herculiani (legion) 272, 279 Hypatius (magister militum praesentalis) 304–5, Hermogenes (magister officiorum) 255 398 Hermopolis 280, 428, 440, 445 hypospondoi (parties to treaty) 261 Herod the Great, king of Judaea 7–8, 89 Herodian 5, 8; see also Index of ancient passages Iazyges 6–7 cited Iberia, Caucasus 15, 23, 250 Heruls 240, 267, 283–4, 364 Ibion, Egypt 450 hierarchies: separation of military and civil 273, Iceni 89 305; see also command; officers; ranks, military iconoclasm, Byzantine 341 hill-forts, western 88, 152 iconography: of combat 27, 123–4; imperial Himyar 266–7 16–19, 25, 235, 246, 394, (religious aspects) hippica gymnasia (cavalry exercises) 124, 134 262; see also under coinage Hirtius, A. (consul 43 bc) 80–91 icons, Christian 338–9, 341, 377 historiography, rhetorical nature of ancient 8, 11, identity, military 177–8, 215, 220; inscriptions 123 demonstrating 185, 188–9, 192; unit 31, 65, 375 Hnaudfridius (Germanic leader in Britain) 453–4 ideology: of war and peace 28; see also Hod Hill 152 farmer-soldier ideology ; iconography and homaichmiai (allied units) 281 under imperialism ; victory Honoriaci (cavalry unit) 281 Ilchester 449n71 Honorius, emperor 393;archinRome390; and Ildigisal (Lombard leader) 329 army 383–5, 387, 419; and Constantine III Iliger (Hun military commander) 281 238–9, 333; and Goths 238–9, 244, 255, 390, Illus (Isaurian general) 281, 388, 396, 419 420; portraits 235, 236, 391, 393; and Stilicho Illyriciani (cavalry units) 272, 279–80, 307 255, 384, 396–7, 456; usurpations against 238–9 Illyricum 115–16, 299; field armies , (Illyrian) honour 112, 125; see also glory ; prestige, military 274–5, 277, 285–6, (western Illyrian) 275, 285; honours, public 66, 224, 260–1; see also awards see also Illyriciani for bravery ; triumphs imagery see iconography Hormizd IV, king of Persia 245 Immae, battle of 307, 370 horse-archers 74, 356; Armenian and Saracen 355; immunes (soldiers with immunity from ‘composite archer-lancers’ 355–8, 367;Hun fatigues) 41–2, 45, 48–53, 57, 168, 214 355, 375; Parthian 130–1, 135; Persian 355, 357; immunity see privileges, soldiers’ Roman 294, 349, 355–7, 375 imperial cult 15 horses 63, 68; see also under armour ; cavalry imperial family: commemoration by army 65, hospitals, Roman military 68, 70 337; and international relations 7, 255, 260, hostages 11, 13–14, 22–3, 322 322; loyalty of army to 188, 395, 397; military

general index 589

appointments 187–8, 212–13, 304–5, 335, 398; intimidation 84, 89, 97–8, 101, 259; in siege women 255, 260, 395n58 warfare 97, 147–8, 151–3 imperialism, Roman: ideology 3–6, invasions 425–6; defence in depth and 310–13, 262–3, (and international relations) 4, 236, 425–6; naval transport 105; Roman campaigns 235–7, 243–7, 259–61, 269 (see also under in response to 84, 95, 319–20, 416; supply as diplomacy) ; social and economic effects 198, weapon against 324–6; see also individual 200–8; see also under iconography ; victory peoples imperium 43–4, 104–5 inviolability of envoys 16, 258 incendiaries 144, 358, 361 Ioviani (legion) 272, 279, 301, 306 Inchtuthil 40, 167 Iovii Cornuti seniores (regiment) 274 India 21, 246 Ireland 5 indictions and superindictions 446 irregular combat see low-intensity combat ; infantry: combat operations other than raiding battle 350–3; depictions of 286–294, 351; irrigation channels 225n127 discipline and morale 354–5, 365; light 80, Isaac, B. 109–11, 116 138–9, 143, 294, 351, 353,(velites) 32, 127; Isauria 276, 396; Anastasius’ war 280, 282, 388, low-intensity warfare 142–3, 350; missiles 390, 399n78, 419; comitiva 275–6; recruitment 352–3, 366; replacement of front line 133–4;in in 282–3, 299–300, 353 siege warfare 142, 350; specialization 294, (and Islam: and iconoclasm 341; and morale and reversal) 353; training 365, 372; versatility 142, motivation 377 353 Issus, battle of (ad 194) 130–1 in battle 132, 130–4, 350, 365–7; and Istanbul see Byzantium, city of ; Constantinople cavalry charges 133, 135–6, 354–5, 366–7; Italy: agriculture 179; allied auxilia 32–3, 50, 61; close-order combat 133–4, 352–3, 365–7, 372, border troops 277; building 201; Caesar’s 377–8; deployment 127–8, 352–3, 363;in advance 183; Cimbri invade 31; citizenship 33, pursuit 139; see also armour ; cavalry 208–9; colonization programmes (interaction with infantry); (second-century bc) 162, 179, 184, 201; late legions ; phalanx ; shields ; shield-wall ; and Republican) 33–4, 184–5, 188, 206,(Nero’s) under archery ; spears 195; comes rei militaris of 275; Constantine’s inflation 403 invasion 300; effect of wars 162, 200, 202, informal fighting see low-intensity warfare ; 205–6; exarchate 277, 309; fleets 273, 280–1 raiding (see also under Misenum, Ravenna); Germanic inheritance 175, 193, 219–20; see also wills invasions , (Goths under Alaric) 238–9, 255, initiative: Roman loss of strategic 310; soldiers’ 360, 416, 420–1, (Lombards) 241, (Ostrogoths) personal 154–5 240–1, 249, 260, 276, 281; Laeti 454; map ; inscriptions 158, 160, 195, 214, 271, 337; and Maximianus’ campaign 307;NewMen202; military identity 185, 188–9, 192; see also population 204; praesental army 274, 276; funerary monuments province of tracks and forests of 210–11; integration of army into communities 441–2, Radagaisus’ invasion 300; recruitment in 32–3, 450–1 42–3, 50, 61, 208–9; settlement patterns and intelligence 98–100, 250–3, 322–3, 330, 411; density 179; Severus increases garrison 121; Justin II’s use 254; in low-intensity warfare socio-economic effects of Roman imperialism 142; pre-battle 363; in sieges 149; see also 201–6; taxation 175, 201, 203, 212, 404–5; espionage ; reconnaissance ; and under Vandal attacks 281; wine exports 170, 229 Ammianus Marcellinus justinianic reconquest 241, 318, international relations 3–29, 235–68; cooperation 350, 379–80, 390–1, 402; Belisarius’ campaign 249; decision making 6–9, 11; division of 270, 277, 328, 336, 349, 356, 399–400; Narses’ empire and 239; geographical misconceptions campaigns 281, 293, 331, 364; siege and and 5; geopolitics of late antiquity 237–43; counter-siege 331–2; see also Casilinum, and ideology 15, 28, 112, 243–6, 248, 250, 259–61, individual places and Social War 269; intelligence 250–3; religion and 14–16, itineraries, written and pictured 5, 330; 258, 262–8; symbolism 16–22, 25, 250; see also ItinerariumAlexandri 317 individual peoples, diplomacy ; hostages ; ivories, carved 356, 382, 391, 392, 393 opponents, Rome’s ; peace ; subsidies, diplomatic ; treaties ; and under individual javelins 31–2, 59, 67, 352; cavalry use 61, 134, 288, rulers and client states ; finance ; symbolism 354; infantry use 32, 62, 130–2, 288, 352, 366; interpreters 14, 19, 252, 256 specialist units 139, 353

590 general index

Jerome, St 427; see also Index of ancient passages Julius Saturninus, governor of Syria 218 cited Julius Severus, Sex. (consul ad 127) 90 Jerusalem 84, 89, 224, 264; Council of Church Junius Dubitatus (of legio viii Augusta) 131 251n65; siege 148, 150, 153–4, 162, 167 Jupiter 338, 442–3; Dolichenus 69 JerusalemTalmud 437–8 justification of war 15, 25–6, 28, 264, 341 Jews 19, 21, 146, 251 justice 9, 49, 223, 404; local commanders John (Justin II’s envoy to Syria) 257 dispense 224, 444–5; soldiers’ status 193, 219, John (primicerius notariorum, usurper) 333, 419 444–5 John, bishopof Amida 339 Justin I, emperor 299, 303, 308; coinage 393–4 John, bishopof Thessalonica 339 Justin II, emperor: accession 385, 389, 389n41; John the Baptist 218 aggression 248, 254; and army 380n7, 385; and John Chrysostom 389, 428–9 Avars 246, 248, 254, 259–60; coinage 393–4; John Gibbus (consul) 399n78 and intelligence 251, 254; madness 255, 259; John Lydus 284; see also Index of ancient passages payments to foreigners 254, 260, 321; and cited Persia 251, 254, 259, 318, 321; relatives as John Mystacon (magister militum) 308 generals 398; and Turks 248, 323 John the Scythian (consul) 399n78 Justin (general, great-nephew of Justin I) 398 John Troglita 339 Justinian, emperor: and Armenia 258, 398; and John, usurper 419 army 386, 386n23, 387, 398, (border troops) Josephus, Flavius 64, 154; see also Index of ancient 277–8, 416–17, 452; scholae palatinae) 280, passages cited (structural changes) 276–7, 398; Barberini Jovian, emperor 303, 382; treaty with Persia 250, ivory, possible portrait, fig. 11.1 391; and 262, 313–14 Belisarius 398–400; Bulgar campaign 390; Jovinianus (satrapof Corduene) 256 Christianity in foreign policy 264, 266–7; Jovinus (usurper) 420 coinage 393–4; defensive/offensive balance Jovius (quaestor sacri palatii) 270, 307 329; diplomacy 246, 248, 256, 258, 267; Judaea 111; Roman campaigns 84, 87, 89, 91; see donatives 385n21; finance and economy 237–8, also Jerusalem 402, 422–3, 452; fortifications 312, 330, 332; Jugurthine War 31, 86, 149, 154, 178, 199–200 legal code see Index of ancient passages cited ; Julia (daughter of Octavian) 24 logistics 270, 325, 328; militarization of Julian, emperor: accession ceremonial 382, 385; provinces 379–80; payments to foreigners 254, army’s treatment of civilians 428, 438, 442; 259–60; and Persia 242, 256, 258–60, 266–7, barbarian consuls under 456; and Chamavi (campaigns) 251, 310, 317, 321, 330, 388–90; 322; and Christianity 442; coinage 392; death political control 258, 398; quaestura exercitus 335, 384; education 336;inGaul274, 312, 314, 270, 325, 408–9; reconquest of west 237–8, 320, 325, 425, 428, (campaigns across Rhine) 246–7, 264, 310, 323, 331, (revolts in reaction 295, 319 (see also Strasbourg, battle of); to) 318, 400; see also Justinianic generalship 336, 364; and Goths 244–5; reconquest under Africa and Italy) ; roads Leontius inducted as protector by 305; logistics and bridges 330, 331; and Senate 391; siege 325–6, 410; and Lucillianus 324; reserves 335, warfare 331–2; and Slavs 330; victory ideology 364; siege of Aquileia 334; size and and commemoration 390–1 composition of armies , (in Gaul) 285, 293, Justinian (relative and general of Justin II) 398 348, 375, 410; (in Persia) 270, 274–5, 286; and Justiniana prima 339 tax abuses 446–7; treatise on military Justiniani Persae, Perso-Justiniani (regiment) 283 engineering 343 Justiniani Vandali (regiment) 283, 299, 387 persian campaign 244–5, 310, 317–18, Juthungi 18 323, 326, 329, 364; army’s effect on Antioch 410, 428, 438, 442; captures equipment Karabisianoi (naval command) 278, 408–9 371n124; composition of army 270, 274–5, Karanis 213–14, 220–2, 226, 432 286; defeat and death 313–14, 335, 384, 415–16; Kartir, Persian high priest 264–5 see also Index of ancient passages cited and under katalogoi (field army troops) 282 Constantius II (civil wars) Kavadh I, king of Persia 258–9, 321; war against Julius Alexander, Tibenius 196 Rome see under Anastasius Julius Apollinarius, of Karanis 214 Khazars 240 Julius Caesar see under Caesar Khorasan 242–3 Julius Ianuarius (of ala Sebosiana) 452 Khusro I, king of Persia 418; death 332, Julius Indus (Treveran noble) 52 (premature rumours of) 254; diplomacy

general index 591

245n38, 251–2, 259–60; wars 310, 317, 323, 328, landowners 432–3, 436, 451–2, 458 331–2, 400 languages, knowledge of 14, 22 Khusro II, king of Persia 245, 418; and Christians Laronius Secundus, prefect of cohors xx 265, 267–8; expulsion 242; Maurice’s dealings Palmyrenorum 445 with 245, 249–50, 267–8, 321–2; wars with lassoes 288 Rome see under Heraclius latifundia 204 kidnapping 206, 247, 249, 299 Latin citizens 33 Kinda dynasty 282 Latin language, dissemination of 14, 22 kings 6, 12, 22; see also under client states latrines 68–9 kinship, and military appointment 304–5, law and order 193, 198, 222–4, 226, 444; see also 335; imperial 187–8, 212–13, 304–5, 335, justice ; policing 398 law(s) 271; on governors’ conduct 9; Gracchan Kotrigur Bulgars 240 agrarian 32; on oppression of civilians 217; Kotrigur Huns 248 Sullan on maiestas 108; on use of soldiers as Kushanshahs 242 workforce 225; Valentinian I’s enforcement 299; see also legal status of soldiers and La Turbie, Monaco 140 individual codes in Index of ancient passages Labienus, Q. 23 cited Labienus, T. 87, 99, 143 Lazica 249–50, 438; campaigns , (ad 545-50) 321, labour: civilian construction 166; forced 166, 369,(ad 554/6) 281–3, 300 444, 449; military 166, 224–6, 231, 271; leadership: Islamic 377; and morale 365, 375–6; seasonality of agricultural 180 in tribal societies 94, 96, 115; see also command Lactantius 284, 425, 445; see also Index of ancient ; generals and generalship passages cited leather, eating of soaked 123 Lactarius, battle of Mons 350 leave 435–6; absence without 437 ladders, scaling 151 legal status of soldiers 187, 193, 195, 219–20, laeti (barbarians settled in empire) 298–9, 320, 444–5 454 legati 38, 68, 137, 305; legati Augusti pro praetore Lakhmids 249 37–8 Lambaesis 40, 158, 160; Hadrian’s speech 64, 66, legions 37–43; Augustan reorganization 35–7, 169 187; auxilia become less distinct from 194, Lancaster 452 208–9; battle order 61, 127–30; Caesar’s 33–6, lancea (spear), Sallustius Lucullus’ design for 60 38, 184–5; cavalry see cavalry (cohort) ; central lances: cavalry 60–1, 295, 354, 357; horse-archers’ planning of distribution 106–7; citizenship 355, 356 208–9, 222; command 38–9, 41, 305; emblems lanciarii (Diocletian’s elite´ cavalry) 272–3 36; fragmentation 227; late Roman increase in lanciarii (specialist units and sub-units) 272–3, numbers 425; organization under Principate 279, 294, 353 37–43; regional variation 127; reinforcement land 179–80, 203–5, 422; army’s intrusion onto by other legions 107; senatorial control ended civilian 429; conﬁscation 35, 162; as economic 37; standards 15, 32; strengths 37–8, 279, 425; base 196, 411–12, (losses, and fall of west) 422; titles 36; legiones: i Armeniaca 275–6; i grazing 170–1, 429; issue in late Republic Flavia Constantia 387; i Germanica 36; i 179–80, 199, 203–5; latifundia 204; public and Illyricorum 279, 283, 307; i Italica 71; i Parthica municipal 166–7, 170–1, 204, 429; soldiers’ 71–3; ii Adiutrix 305; ii Armeniaca 275–6; ii owning of 196, 219–20, 222, 409, 442, 450, Augusta 36, 63, 88; ii Herculia 279, 305; ii 457–8; vacant 332, 452–3, 455, (depopulated Italica 42–3, 71; ii Parthica 71–3, 272–3; ii frontier zones) 116, 326, 332; discharge Traiana fortis 230, 279, 289–91; iii Augusta 36, benefit 33, 162–4, 195, 204, 209–10, 409; 107, 160, 273; iii Cyrenaica 36; iii Diocletiana bought with cash bonus 213; after Civil Wars Thebaeorum 278–9, 387; iii Gallica 36, 279, 35, 163, 184; discontent over quality 42, 453;as 283, 307; iii Italica 42–3, 71; iii Parthica 71–3; motive for military service 32–3, 158–9, 167, iv Flavia 272; iv Macedonica 36; iv Martia 425; 209–10; in provinces 42, 163, 452–3; Sulla’s iv Parthica 278; iv Scythica 36; v (Caesar’s) 34; failure to provide 204, 206; vacant land as v Alaudae 36; v Macedonica 36, 278; vi 452–3 (Caesar’s) 34; vi ferrata 36; vi victrix 36; vii see also barbarians (settlement in empire); (Caesar’s) 33–4; vii Claudia pia ﬁdelis 65, 272; territoriumlegionis vii paterna (later Claudia) 36; viii (Caesar’s) landing craft 146 33–4; viii Augusta 36, 131; ix (Caesar’s) 34;

592 general index

legions (cont.) livestock, soldiers’ production of 226 ix Hispaniensis (later Hispana) 36, 94, 107; x Livia, empress 7 (Caesar’s) 34; x equestris (later Gemina) 36, 38; Livy (T. Livius) ; emphasis on foreign affairs 199; x Fretensis 36; x Gemina 278; xi (Caesar’s) 34, see also Index of ancient passages cited 36, 80–91; xi Claudia 272, 305; xii (Caesar’s) loans 168–9, 176 34; xii Fulminata 36, 137; xiii (Caesar’s) 34; locally levied troops 142, 146–7, 156, 213, 221, xiii Gemina 36; xiv Gemina Martia victrix 36, 433–4, 452 43, 65, 70; xv Apollinaris 36, 137; xv lochagoi (field army tribunes) 306 primigenia 42–3, 61; xvi Gallica 36; xvii 36; logistics and supply 104, 165–73, 226–9; xviii 36; xix 36; xx Valeria victrix 36, 70, 425; administration 102, 166, 170–3, 277, 307, xxi Rapax 36; xxii Deiotariana 36; xxii (centralization) 167, 169, (corruption and Primigenia 42–3; see also centuries ; centurions abuses) 165, 172–3, 448–9 (see also ; cohorts ; Herculiani ; infantry ; Ioviani contractors) ; allies and 103, 167, 169–70, 281; legitimation, imperial 380–94; by blood ties with attacks on 86–7, 102–3, 105; Caesar’s 102;on imperial family 395, 397; ideology of victory campaign 102–3, 172, 307, 324–8, 409–11; and 380, 384, 387–94; military 188, 380–94; confiscation 103–4; in defensive campaigns non-military 190–1 320, 325–6; denial of supplies to invaders 320, El Lejjun 425 325–6; depots 324–6, 410–11; and disposition length of service see term of service of units 111, 311; finance 174–5; horses for Leo I, emperor: and army 385, 387; and Aspar cavalry 169, 404; imperial estates and 171, 219, 396–8; founds excubitores 282, 299, 397–8; 404; local supply 69, 103–4, 227, 450 (see also Vandal expedition 239, 277, 281, 304, 334–5, foraging; requisition); in low-intensity warfare 399, 410, 422; and Zeno 397 142–3; and morale 374, 376; preparations for Leo I, bishopof Rome 268 war 324–8, 410; prices 171–2; quaestura Leones clibanarii (unit) 387 exercitus and 270, 325, 408–9; raw materials for Leontius (protector) 305 fabricae 406; receipts show unit strengths 285; Lepidus, M. Aemilius (consul ad 11) 107n71 and Roman success 156; Rome’s opponents , Lepidus, M. Aemilius (triumvir) 34, 177, 185, (Parthia) 103, (Persia) 325, (tribal societies) 81, 205–6 103, 418; siege warfare 86–7, 147, 153, 167; levis armatura (light-armed units) 143 wayside stations 9, 330; see also animals (pack) Libanius 426–7; see also Index of ancient passages ; annona ; armour (manufacture and supply) ; cited baggage trains ; clothing (supply and Libila (magister militum) 276 allowances) ; Egypt (supply) ; equipment Libino (comes rei militaris) 283 (supply) ; fodder ; foraging ; grain supply ; liburnians (vessels) 144 purchase, compulsory ; rations ; requisition ; Libyes Justiniani (unit) 387 shipping ; transport ; troop transports, naval Licinianus (protector of schola senior peditum) 305 Loire valley ; cemeteries 457 Licinius, emperor (Valerius Licinianus Licinius) Lollius Urbicus, Q. 98 263, 338, 382–3; war against Constantine Lombards 240–1, 248, 267, 281 279–81, 334, 358, 419 Long Walls, Constantinople 276, 308, 312, 320 lictors 17, 17 Longinus (hostage in Dacia) 13 lifeboats 145 looting see plunder light-armed forces 33, 143; see also archery; lorica hamata (armour) 58 infantry (light); javelins; missiles; slings; velites lorica segmentata (armour) 59, 62, 70, 168 Ligurians 96, 154 low-intensity warfare: Republic and Principate Ligustinus, Sp. (centurion) 30–1, 178 116, 119–20, 141–3, 156–7; late Roman 314, 319, limes, German 112 328, 350, 416; see also raiding limitanei see border troops loyalty: to generals 180, 209–10; to imperial literacy 213–14, 227 family 188, 395, 397; to imperial regime´ 65–6, literature 122–3; battle narratives 123, 350, 416; 188, 211–12, 335; Persians doubt Christians’ braggart soldier stereotype 192; cavalry 252, 266–7; to Republic 209–10; revolts as test overemphasized 348, 350; topoi 123;on of 217; to unit 374 training 80; see also individual authors and Luca 270 historiography ; manuals, military Lucillianus (comes) 324 liturgies, imperial and civic: soldiers and Lucius, bishopof Alexandria 443 veterans’ exemption 163, 193, 219, 221–2, 452; Lucullus, L. Licinius (consul 74 bc) 81, 184n84, supply duties 169, 171–2 202

general index 593

Lusitanians 93 (Strategicon) ; Syrianus Magister (Anon.) ; Luttwak, E. N. 109–11 Urbicius ; Vegetius Renatus, P. Flavius ; and Lycaonia, comitiva of 276 Index of ancient passages cited Lydney 443 manuballistae (cross-bows) 288, 352 Lyons (Lugdunum) 48, 315, 320 maps 82–3 Maranga, battle of 364 Macedon, kingdom of 182 Marcellus (centurion, Christian martyr) Macedonia 34, 46, 121, 124, 178, 228; map 340 maces 288, 354 Marcellus, M. Claudius (consul I 166 bc) 88 Macrianus, king of Alamanni 247–8, 332 Marcellus of Apamea 319 Macrinus, emperor (M. Opellius Macrinus) 7, marches 64, 288, 329–30; forced 94; logistics 159–60, 174–5 410–11; payment for long (clavarium) 162; Macro, Q. Naevius Sutorius (prefect of vigiles) 49 speed 9, 329; see also camps (marching) Maeatae 26–7 Marcian, emperor 297–8, 308, 385, 390, 396, magic 16, 22 398 magistrates 21, 106, 231; see also individual ranks Marcian (usurper) 334, 395 magistri equitum 274 Marcianopolis 275 magistri equitum et peditum 274 Marcomanni 14, 16, 24; wars against 16, 72, magistri militum 308–9; Aspar’s family 304; 175 Constantius II’s two 274; duces given title of Marcus Aurelius, emperor see under Aurelius 306–7; Justinianic ; Africa, Italy, Spain 277; Mardin 360 praesentales 255, 274, 281–2, 304–5, 308; marines 57, 143, 358 regional 275,(per Armeniam) 276,(per Marius, C. (consul I 107 bc) 208; citizenshipfor Illyricum) 308, 326,(per Orientem) 273, 276, auxilia 51; civil war 120, 177, 184, 200, 210; 277, 308, 398,(per Thracias) 277, 286, 308; colonization programme 184; German themes commanded by 277; upgradings to campaigns 63, 200; Numidian command 38, exarch 277; western assert influence in east 239 86, 178; reforms 32, 158–9, 180, 204, 208; and magistri officiorum 255, 280, 394 Saturninus 180 magistri peditum 274–5, 307–8 Mark Antony see Antony magistri utriusque militiae 274, 308 markets, supervision of 224 Magnentius Flavius Magnus 333, 395, 419 Maroboduus, prince of Marcomanni 81, 115 Maiden Castle 152 marriage: barbarian-Roman 193–4, 454, 456; maiestas law, Sullan 108 conubium 51, 220; diplomatic 24, 260; legal Mainz 43, 70, 132, 295 status of soldiers 51, 193–4, 219–20; remarriage Maiozamalcha 301 of soldiers’ widows 434 Majorian, Julius Valerius, emperor 383, 422 Marseilles, siege of 151 Mamertinus, edict of 218 Martin of Tours, St 297, 341, 433, 452n78 mandata, imperial 10, 108 Martyropolis 250, 317 manicae (sword-arm guards) 168 martyrs, Christian 251, 340, 442; of Edessa 439; Manichaeism 245, 263 Persian 264–5 maniples 30–2, 68, 127, 133 Marutha, bishopof Martyropolis 268 Manlius Torquatus, T. (quaestor 43 bc) 127 marvels as gifts to emperor 20–1 manoeuvres: training 373; see also flanking Mary, Virgin 339 manoeuvres Maryport 70 manpower: abolition of census requirement 32, Masada 91, 148–50, 152–3, 164 180, 204, 208; client kingdoms’ provision 4, Mattiaci (auxilia) 279 50; Hun and Avar 315, 359; late Roman 72, mattiobarbuli (darts) 288, 352–3 237–8, 296–8, 319, 429–30, (losses in battle) Mauretania Caesariensis 56 333–4, 456, (loss of territory and) 420–1; see Mauretania Tingitana 13 also allies (contingents in Roman army); Maurice, emperor: and allowances 400, 407; recruitment Avar campaigns 307, 317n25; career before mansiones (posting stations) 9 accession 308, 336; and Christianity 267–8, mansiones publicae (public storehouses) 447–8 338, (and clergy) 339, 341; coinage 393–4; manuals, military 125, 271, 335–6, 343–8;on command in field when emperor 308, 383; infantry/cavalry balance 293; on naval warfare conscription 341; and Khusro II 245, 249–50, 346; on siege warfare 359;onspies252;on 267–8; mutiny leading to overthrow 301, 317, supply 227; see also De rebus bellicis ; Maurice 320, 374, 400–1; and al-Nu’man 250;

594 general index

Maurice, emperor (cont.) Misenum ; ﬂeet (classis Misenatium) 56–8, Persian campaigns 319, 326, 329, 332, 336; 167n32, 169n39 Persian wars provoked by overthrow 321; missiles: battle deployment 128, 130–3; cavalry relatives’ military preferment 305, 398, 401; use 134–5, 354; incendiaries 144, 358, 361; structural changes to forces 277; Thracian infantry use 352–3, 366; late Roman specialist campaigns 308, 383 units 294; naval 144, 146, 358; in pursuit Strategicon 271, 277, 347–8, (on 138–9; in siege assault 360; see also archery ; cavalry) 347, 357, 367–9, 372–3; bows ; darts ; javelins ; slings ; spears infantry/cavalry balance 293, (on composite missionaries, Christian 266 archer-lancer) 358, (and education in missorium of Theodosius I 303, 454 generalship) 335–6, (ethnography) 347, 378, misthotoi (allied units) 281 (on fulcum) 366–7, (on ideal strength for Mithras, cult of 15, 69 army) 285, (on reserves) 364, (on Slavs) 319, Mithridates VI, king of Pontus 10, 180–1, 200, (on training) 372–3; see also Index of ancient 206–7, 210 passages cited mobility, social 214–15, 305 Maxentius, M. Aurelius Valerius 279–80, 307; mobility of Roman army 104, 111, 118–19, 121, war against Constantine 263, 301, 333, 334, 142–3; expeditae cohortes 143; Gallienus’ 338, 419 cavalry force 73; speed of army movement 9, Maximian, emperor (M. Aurelius Valerius 148, 324, 329; velocissimi 143; see also marches ; Maximianus) 262, 323, 338, 381–2 shipping (troop transfers) Maximianus (praetorian prefect) 307 Modares (Roman general) 287, 351n35 Maximilianus (standard bearer, Christian Moesia 11, 95, 119, 405; Inferior 9; II, in quaestura martyr) 442n47 exercitus 325, 408–9 Maximinus, C. Valerius Galerius, emperor 334, moirai (brigades) 282–4 338 monetization 176; collapse 165, Maximinus Thrax, emperor (C. Julius Verus 173 Maximinus) 4–5, 160, 381 monks, Christian 360, 433, 443 Maximus, Magnus (usurper) 235, 328–9, 333, Monocarton 317, 329, 400 395–6, 419 Monophysite controversy 396, 443 meat 324, 403, 447 Mons Claudianus 171, 226, 229 medical services 68, 70, 140, 371, 437 Mons Graupius, battle of 136, 139 Meherdates (Parthian pretender) 22 Mons Lactarius, battle of 350 Menapii 87 monuments: victory ideology 47, 140–1, 190, merchant marine 8, 280 192, 380, 389–1; see also arches, triumphal ; merchants 70, 203, 404–5, 450 columns, monumental; funerary monuments; Mesopotamia 73, 113, 225–6, 251, 276, 355; and under Augustus; Aurelius, Marcus; Trajan ﬁnance and supply 158, 257, 325–6; see also Moors 282, 300, 376 individual places morale 65–6, 149, 156, 342, 373–7; in battle 125, messengers 9, 137, 151; see also couriers 130, 135, 137, 354–5, 365; civilian 339, 360; metals 168, 225; barbarian-style belt-buckles 454; generals and 86, 136–7, 365, 375–6; see also precious 21, 391, 404; see also coinage under religion ; siege warfare Metellus Numidicus, Q. Caecilius (consul 109 morality 5–6, 177–8 bc) 31, 86], 149 Morini 87 Metellus Pius, Q. Caecilius (consul 80 bc) mortality rates, legions’ 163 177 motivation: for combat 83–4, 373–7, 409; for Metropolis, Thessaly 148 military service 209–10; see also morale migration 99, 115, 240–1; see also individual mounds, siege 362 peoples mountain warfare 141–2 Milan 73, 274, 313 movement: of recruits from home milestones 330 communities 433–5; see also marches ; militarization of state 69, 379–80, 427; migration ; mobility of Roman army ; roads ; separation of military and civil hierarchies shipping ; travel ; troop transports, naval 273, 305 Mucianus (praetorian centurio protector) 305 mills, state textile 406, 408 mules 61 Milvian Bridge, battle of 263, 333, 334, 338 multiple fronts, war on 199, 238, 310, 329, 423; mines and minerals 225 diplomacy in times of 248–9, 268–9, 310; mining, siege 151–2, 287, 362 enemies’ exploitation of Rome’s 241–2, 310,

general index 595

314, 323, 421–2, (Persia’s) 238, 269, 310, 321, in border commands 280–1, 295; civilian 323; field armies facilitate response 414; and workers 169n39; Colosseum sunshade worked passive strategies 323; Persia’s 241–3, 248, 316, by 143; command 57–8, 145–6, 273; duties 56; 418 finance 167; fleets of early empire , (Misenum) Muluccha 154 56–8, 167n32, 169n39, (provincial) 55–7, al-Mundhir (Ghassanid) 250 (Ravenna) 56–7, 169n39; fleets of late empire Mundus (magister) 335 273, 280, 334; flotillas 55–7, 280, 334, 358–9; Mursa, battle of 334, 419 freedmen in 56–7; Karabisianoi, command of Musa, queen of Parthia 21, 24 408–9; marines 57, 358; organization 57–8, mushroom as diplomatic gift 14 143, 273;pay160; requisition of ships 170, musical instruments in battle 137, 365 280; riverine operations 56–7, 105, 324, 326, Muslim conquests see Arabs (conquests) 334, 358–9,(see also under Danube frontier ; Musonianus, Strategius (praetorian prefect) Rhine frontier) ; strength 280–1, 284; term of 248n53, 250 service 57; transport and supply 57, 146, 295, mutilation to avoid conscription 431–3 334, (protection of seaborne supply lines) 56, Mutina 201, 205 105, (trooptransfers) 57, 105, 146, 295, 323–4, mutinies 212, 374, 386, 395, 400–1; Africa (ad 334; vessels 57, 105, 144, 145, 146, 170, 295,(see 536-7) 400; Balkan, against Maurice (ad 602) also boats) 301, 317, 320, 374, 400–1; Beroea (ad 540) Navitta (Frank, consul) 456 400; British invasion force (ad 43) 212; Nepos, emperor 383 Caesar’s troops 184; Daphne, under Severus Nepotianus Constantinus, Flavius Julius Alexander 428; Germany (ad 14) 42, 189, 195, Popilius 395 212; Hatra, of Severus’ army 154; Monocarton Nero, emperor (Nero Claudius Caesar) : (ad 588) 400; Pannonia (ad 14) 42, 189, 195, Armenian expedition 10, 148, 174; and army 212; preventive measures 106–7, 121; 47, 162, 190–1; colonization programme 195; punishments for 65 diplomacy 10–13, (Tiridates’ embassy) 12, Mylae, naval battle of 144–6 15–16, 19; fall 47, 191, 424; Judaean campaigns mystery cults, eastern 69 87; non-military legitimation 190–1; and Parthia 10–13, 122; and praetorians 47, 162 Nabataea 103 Nerobriges 88 Naissus, siege of 332, 359 Nerva, M. Cocceius, emperor 47, 49 name evidence on barbarization 300 Nervii 89, 133–5, 279 Naqsh-i Rustam 242n24 Nessana 445, 451 Narbonne 34 Nestorian dispute 265 Narses 277, 339, 376; generalship 336, 364–5; networks, local social 194–5 Italian campaign 281, 293, 331, 364 Neuss 40, 70 Nasmones 96 New Men 202 natron, imperial monopoly of 444 New Testament 217–18, 427 Natuspardo (Alaman in Roman army) 456 Nicaea 312–13; Council of 251n65 Naulochus, naval battle of 105, 144 Nicomedes III, king of Bithynia 203 naval and amphibious warfare 105, 143–7, 334–5, Niger Iustus, see under Pescennius Niger 358–9; amphibious operations 143, 146–7; night operations 126, 317n25, 350 artillery 144; Caesar’s against Veneti 85, 105; Nika riot 318–19, 399, 444 casualties 145; in civil wars 105, 177, 334; Nisibis 251, 254, 318, 320, 325–6, 332 command and control 145–6, 273;fireas no man’s land 116, 326, 332 weapon 144, 358, (fire ships) 335; flight and nomads 109, 116–17, 241–3; see also Arabs ; pursuit 145; late Roman 334–5, 358–9; lifeboats Tacfarinas 145; missiles 144, 146, 358; mock battles 56; non-combatants see civilians obsolescence 155; against pirates and raiders Noricum 46, 276, 280 105, 143, 334; raids 146; Syrianus Magister’s northern tribes see Germanic peoples and Naumachica on 346; tactics 144–6, 295, individual peoples 358 Notitia Dignitatum 252, 256, 273, 278, 293, 394, navies of Rome’s opponents: Arabs 335, 359; 406; and estimates of strengths 285–6; Egypt 143; Goths 334; Persia 335; Slavs 335, 359; technical terminology 271–2; see also Index of Vandals 252, 334–5, 358, 421 ancient passages cited navy, Roman: 55–8; and army , (navy as part of al-Nu’man (Ghassanid) 250 army) 104–5, 273, (reciprocal support) 105–6; Numantia 86, 149–50, 314

596 general index

numeri (units of auxilia) 55, 72, 278; orderlies (beneficiarii) 41 exploratorumGermanicianorumDivitiensium ornamenta triumphalia 66 55; of the Most Loyal Theodosians 451 Osrhoene 325, 355 Numidae Justiniani (regiment) 280, 283, 285, Ostia 48–9, 56 387 ostraca 158, 213, 223, 228 Numidia 38, 50, 222–3; Caesar and 19–20, 134–5; Ostrogoths 239, 242, 314, 369–70; Roman tactics cavalry 52, 135; map ; see also Jugurthine War ; against 356, 367; see also Italy (Germanic Tacfarinas invasions (Ostrogoths);Justinianic reconquest) ; Theoderic the Amal oaths: before battle 375–6, 386; Christian 267, Otho, emperor (M. Salvius Otho) 47, 133, 191 269, 386; diplomatic 267, 269; military, of outflanking manoeuvres 130, 135, 363–4 loyalty to emperor 65, 211, 385–6 out-posting 227 obelisk of Theodosius I, Constantinople 235, 236 ovatio 66 obsequi, obsequium (formerly scholae Oxyrhynchus ; military sector 440 palatinae) 280, 307 obstacles on battlefield, use of 363–4 Pacatus 235–6, 246; see also Index of ancient occupation, attitudes to Roman 109–11, 216–17 passages cited Ocean 4–5 Pachomius, St 435 Octavian see Augustus pacifism 340–1 odological thinking 5, 8 Paetus, L. Caesennius (consul ad 61) 10–11, 153 offensive operations: in Republic and early painting, and ideology of victory 389 Empire 84–9, 97–8, 108, 118–19; late Roman palaces, imperial 390–1 237, 246–7, 318, 325–9 Palestine: Arab capture 423; Christianity 251, officers 38–9, 214–15, 302–9; administrative posts 265, 443; cross-border contacts 251; last border 214–15; considerations in appointment 107; troops in east 280; Persian conquest 265; diplomatic gifts of symbols of 21; diplomatic Samaritan unrest 318; see also Jerusalem; Judaea role 257; dress and equipment 62, 302, 304; Palladius (imperial courier) 253 emperors drawn from 381;pay161;of Palmyra 276, 440, 450; cohors xx Palmyrenorum, regionally recruited units 300; and Roman see Dura-Europus ; third-century empire 23, success 156; working conditions 226; see also 238, 307, 370, 379, 422 individual ranks and command ; generals and Pamphylia 276 generalship panegyric 388–89; see also Index of ancient officia (staffs) 41, 69 passages cited officials, civilian see administration, imperial Paniscus (Egyptian conscript) 434–5, 450 oil, olive 171, 196, 403 Pannonia 12, 238, 249, 254, 315–16; map ; mutiny Olibriones 458 (ad 14) 42, 189, 195, 212 Olympius (dux Mesopotamiae) 258 Pap, king of Armenia 241–2, 250 Olympius (leader of Hun foederati) 281 papyri: value as source 158, 213, 218, 271; see also onager (artillery piece) 361 Abinnaeus, Flavius and under Dura-Europus Onasander 124–5; see also Index of ancient parade grounds 68–9 passages cited parades, and morale 153 opinatores (quartermasters) 447–8 paraetonitae Justiniani (unit) 387 oppida 86, 88 parazonium (ornamental dagger) 62 opponents, Rome’s 80–1, 113, 239–43, 310, Parma 34, 201 314–16, 378; Roman superiority to 81, 85, Parthamasiris, king of Armenia 19, 25 156–7; social and political organization 80–1, Parthia: Antony’s campaigns 86–7, 135, 200; 85, 87–8, 239–40, 314–16, 320, 418, (Persian) archers see cavalry below ; and Armenia 10–11, 235, 316, 377, 418; tactics matched to 76, 88–9, 22, 25, 113–14; Augustus and 13, 21–2, 24, 114, 91–2, 94, 142, 356–7, 378; see also tribal 187–8; Caracalla and Macrinus and 7, 14, 21, societies and under logistics and supply 174–5; cavalry and mounted archers 80–1, Ops (flagshipof Misenum fleet) 57 130–1, 135, 305; Crassus’ campaigns 13, 98, 114, Opsikion (praesental army) 277 135, 188, 200; diplomacy 12–14, 21–2, 26, 114, optimates: brigade 284; cavalry unit 283 114–15, (Musa as gift to king) 21, 24, (treaties) optiones (junior officers) 41, 53, 57 7, 10; Greek language 14; Labienus in 23; oracles 339 logistics 103; Meherdates denounced for Orchomenus, battle of 136–7 Romanization 22; Nero and 10–11, 122, 153; order, public see law and order Roman treatment of 21–2, 97, 110, 113–15; siege

general index 597

warfare 155–6; and Sulla 11; threat to Romans Roman army 300; reliefs, rock-cut see 109, 200, (to Syria) 113, 200, 217; Tiberius I Bishapur ; Naqsh-i Rustam ; religion 251, 321, and 10, 13, 21, 23; Trajan and 9, 21–2, 25, 26, 377 (see also under Christianity) ; Roman 146; women 22; see also Vologaeses I attitudes to 110, 113–15, 235, 245; Roman parthosagittarii (unit) 305 tactics against 356–7, 364, 367; Romans passes (permits) for use of desert routes 223 withstand 316, 418; royal archives 252; password in battle 339 similarities to Rome 316, 377, 418; siege Patricius, Julius (son of Aspar) 397 warfare 316, 331–2, 359, 362; size of forces 316; patrimonium (emperor’s private funds) 175 supply 325; theoretical works on combat 343; patronage 6–8, 107, 215, 221 threat to Rome 27, 109, 239, 242, 316, 418, (to Paul the Silentiary 258–9; see also Index of ancient Constantinople in ad 626) 314, 335, 418; passages cited treaties with Rome 249, 261–2, 321–2, Paullus, L. Aemilius (consul I 182 bc) 178 (Jovian’s, ad 363) 250, 262, 313–14, 321,(ad Paulus (Isaurian ofﬁcer) 283 408/9) 262, (seven-year truce, ad 506) 321, Pausanias (of Coptus, father of army recruit) 434 (Endless Peace, ad 532) 262, 321, (Fifty Years’ Pautalia, Dardania 332–3 Peace, ad 561),(ad 562) 261–2,(ad 576) 262; pay (stipendium) 164, 158–65; arrears 297, 374, and Turks 248; see also individual kings and 386, 400, 457; Augustus establishes annual places in Persia ; Amida; Edessa; Dara; Mardin; 159; auxilia 64, 160–2, 169; cavalry 64, 160–2, and under individual Roman emperors and 169; deductions for equipment and supplies archery; Armenia; Avars; cavalry; Christianity; 58, 159, 163, 168, 172, 195; deterioration in Huns; multiple fronts, war on; requisition value 403; increases 211–12, (Aurelian) 160, personal armies 121, 458 (Caesar) 159, (Caracalla) 159–60, 165, 212, Pescennius Niger Iustus, C. 120, 146 (Domitian) 159, 165, 172, 192, 212, Peter (brother and general of Maurice) 276, 305, (Maximinus Thrax) 160, (Severus) 159–60, 398, 401 165, 212–13, 380; and morale 66, 189, 209–10, Peter the Patrician 255 376; mutinies and unrest over 42, 189, 374, Petronius Arbiter 196, 218; see also Index of 386, 400; payment methods 159, 163–4, 171; ancient passages cited rates and total cost 159–61, 173–4, Petulantes 274, 283–4 (praetorians’) 45, 159–61,(principales)’ 41, 161; Phaenae 218, 440 and relative economic status of soldiers 70, phalanx: late Roman infantry 352–3; Macedonian 213; rewards and punishments 65, 160–1; see 124; supposed Roman ‘phalangic tendency’ 133 also allowances ; donatives ; savings Pharasmenes (stratelates of Edessa) 443 payments to foreign peoples see subsidies, Pharsalus, battle of 125, 129–30, 135, 139, 155 diplomatic Philadelphia, Egypt 230, 428, 450 peace: cities purchase immunity 314, 328; Roman Philadelphia, Lydia 454 conception of 112–13, 314 (see also treaties ; war Philagris 428 and peace philanthropia, Stoic 24, 28 Pergamum 203, 341 Philippi, battle of 34–5, 44, 137 periploi 5 Philippicus (brother-in-law and general of persecution: of Manichaeism 262–3; see also Maurice) 305, 336, 338–9, 398 under Christianity Philippopolis 313 Persia 242–3; and Arabs 243, 248–9, 261, Philo 4; see also Index of ancient passages cited (conquest by) 243, 316, 341; booty as motive Phocas, emperor 239, 401 319, 330–2; Carus’ invasion 318; casualties Phoenice, ducate of 275 concealed from enemy 371; and Caucasus Phoenice Libanensis, ducate of 275–6 passes 245, 249, 260, 321; cavalry 80–1, 354–5, Phoenicia 6, 335 357, 370; and China 243; diplomacy 242, 257, phylarchs, Arab 250, 261, 275, 282 (with Rome) 21–2, 114–15, 245, 248–9, 259, Piazza Armerina 289 262, 268, 313–14, 418 (see also treaties with Picenum 34 Rome below and under individual rulers and Picts 242 Armenia) ; duration of wars against 321; Pietrabbondante 202 equipment 371n124; Galerius’ campaigns 245, pila (javelins) 31–2, 59 307; Greek language 14; low-intensity warfare pilani (grouping of infantry) 30, 39 319, 330–2; military prestige of rulers 316; navy pilgrimage, Christian 251 335; payments by Rome 259–60, 321; piracy 105, 143, 421; Pompey’s special command post-Roman structures 341; recruits in late 10, 96, 104–5, 210

598 general index

Pisidia, comitiva of 276 popular opinion 27–8, 426, 429, 441; see also Piso, Cn. Calpurnius (consul 7bc) 108 assemblies, popular ; riots placidi Valentinianici felices (unit) 387 populares (popular politicians) 6, 10, plague 165, 223, 238, 423 182 planning, central 106–8 population, size of 204, 223, 412 Plautius, A. 88 possession, demonic 268 Plautius Silvanus, Ti. (governor of Moesia) 11, 95 post, imperial see cursus publicus Pliny the Elder 57–8; see also Index of ancient post-Roman period 341, 457–8 passages cited pottery 196, 229 Pliny the Younger 11, 192, 225; see also Index of Po valley 360 ancient passages cited poverty see capite censi plumbatae (darts) 288, 352–3, 366 praefecti see prefects plunder: after battles 140, 370–1; of cities 138, Praeneste 145 152–4, 209; in civil wars 127, 138, 334 praepositi (commanding officers) 283, 306–7 policing 47–8, 193–4, 214, 223–4, 232, praesental armies 274–6, 286; renamed Opsikion 442–4 277; see also magistri militum (praesentales) politics 196; Augustan settlement 34–5, 176–7, praetoria (headquarters) 68 185–9; civil wars and 34–5, 176–7; crisis of praetorian prefects: in early Empire, military 45, Republic 180–3; early imperial army and 49, 214 (see also Sejanus) ; in late Empire, 189–92; fall of Republic 211; and military civilian 277, 284, 307–8, 404, (and supply) career 106–7, 210–11, 231–2, (in late Empire) 277, 307, 406 305, 335, 380, 424, 426–7; political influence praetorians 46, 44–7, 279–80; cavalry 45, 49, of soldiery 34–5, 183–5, 191–2, 424; popular 279, 280; centurions 45, 305; at Cremona (ad politicians 6, 10, 182; provincial armies and 69) 61; discharge benefits 45, 163; donatives 192–7; religious associations and 453; 45, 162, 212; equipment 61; ninth cohort in Republic, concept of 182–3; second-century Numidia 222–3; officers 45, (former primi pili) bc army and 180; and size of armies 107; 41, 45, (tribunes) 45, 279 (see also praetorian sources’ emphasis on domestic 199; prefects);pay45, 159–61; rations 162; traditionalism 182; wealth and political power recruitment 42, 45–7, 72–3, 161; speculatores 210; see also assemblies, popular ; Republic, 45, 49; standards 65; strength 44–5, 73; term concept of ; Senate of service 45, 73 Polybius 181, 199; see also Index of ancient passages relations with emperors 44–5, 47, cited 65, 212; accessions due to 47, 190–1; Caligula pomerium (sacred boundary of Rome) 43–4 47; Caracalla 159–60, 162; Claudius 47, 190, Pompeius (nephew of Anastasius) 398 212; Constantine 279–80, 307–8; Domitian Pompeius, Sex. 35, 55–6, 177, 186; battle of Mylae 47; Galba 47, 191; Gallienus 73; Marcus 144–6 Aurelius 212; Nero 47, 162;Nerva47, 49; Pompeius Strabo, Cn. (father of Pompey the Otho 47, 191; Severus 72–3; Tiberius I 190; Great) 51 Titus 47; Trajan 47, 49; Vespasian 47; Pompey the Great (Cn. Pompeius Magnus, Vitellius 47; see also praetorian prefects triumvir) ; Anastasius’ panegyricist and 388; praetors 106; Thraciae 276–7; symbols given to army identifies with 33; and client kingdoms Agrippa II of Judaea 21 10, 28; colonization programme 184, 204–5; prata legionis (grazing land) 170–1 economic value of commands 210; prefects (praefecti) 214;ofanala 214, 305;of generalship 81; and Lepidus 205–6; and auxilia 137; camp 41, 45; city 47, 49, (of pirates 10, 96, 104–5, 210; recruiting grounds Constantinople) 235; of a cohort 214, 305;of 183; and Senate 10, 106, 182; and Sertorius 177; corn supply 214;ofEgypt214, 305; judicial and Spartacus’ rebellion 177; supply 174; role 49, 224; late Roman unit commanders theatre and portico in Rome 201; trophy 306; legionary 73, 305; naval 57–8;pay161;of monuments in Pyrenees 140; see also Caesar, vigiles 48–9; see also praetorian prefects C. Julius (relations with pompey) preparations for war 322–8, 410; see also under Pomponius Secundus, P. (suffect consul ad battle (process) 44) 93 press-gangs 431–2 Pontus, kingdom of 10–11, 133; see also prestige, military 188, 231–2, 316, 387n32; see also Mithridates VI glory ; victory poor, the see capite censi prices 160, 165, 171–2; Diocletian’s edict on 165, Popaedius, Q. 23 237, 450 Poppaeus Sabinus, C. (consul ad 9) 90 priesthoods ; fetiales 14–15

general index 599

primicerius (late Roman rank) 302; domesticorum creation 25, 83–4, 110–11, 203; cultural 303 assimilation 208, 216; demilitarization of primi felices Justiniani (unit) 387 populations 81; effects of Roman imperialism primi pili (senior centurions of legions) 40, 66, 206–8; land ownershipby soldiers and 161; further careers 40–1, 45, 48, 57; primi pili veterans 35, 163, 219–20, 222; legal status of bis 41, 45; promotion to equestrian order 41, soldiers 219–20; occupation by Rome, 214 attitudes to 216–17; recruitment in 42, 51, 194, principales (junior officers) 41, 45, 48–53, 57, 213, 221; senators’ loss of clientela 212–13; state 59–60, 66; accommodation 68; career investment 226; see also individual provinces structure 40–2, 53, 214; naval 57;pay161 and cities ; governors principes (grouping of infantry) 30, 39 Pselkis 171 principia (headquarters building) 68–9 pseudocomitatenses (border troops transferred to Priscian 388 field armies) 275–6 Priscus of Panium 247, 364; embassy to Attila psychological factors: effect of cavalry 257–8, 260; see also Index of ancient passages charges 354–5, 368; and preparation for battle cited 125, 338–9, 376–7, 386; see also intimidation ; prisoners 24, 363; treatment 140, 200–1, 299, 371; morale see also under slaves Ptolemy Apion, king of Cyrenaica 203 private armies 121, 458 Ptolemy XI Alexander II, king of Egypt 203 privileges, soldiers’ 188–9, 222; appeal to public amenities financed by war 201 emperor 211, 222, 303; for border troops 416; public opinion see popular opinion denial by local officials 221; granted by Pulcheria (sister of Theodosius II) 255 emperors 192–3, 382–3; legal 193, 195, 219–20, Punic Wars 114, 199, 201, 205, 209 222, (status of families) 189; and punishments punishments 64–5, 439, 452; for cowardice 140; 452; see also under liturgies, imperial and civic for evasion of service 299, 436 ; taxation ; veterans punitive expeditions 84, 93, 103, 319–20;as Probus, emperor 324, 381, 446, 454–5 response to raids, real or alleged 84–5, 91, Probus, Anicius Petronius, diptych of 393 118–19 Procopius (usurper, d. ad 366) 238, 334, 395, 419, purchase, compulsory 170–2, 408 456 purple dyes 62 Procopius of Caesarea 252, 270–1; emphasis on pursuit: land 134, 138, 354, 370–1; naval 145 cavalry 348–50; on horse-archers 355–6; see also Pusaeus (Persian defector, dux) 299 Index of ancient passages cited Pusai (Persian Christian martyr) 265 Procopius of Gaza 388; see also Index of ancient Puteoli (Pozzuoli) 48–9, 56 passages cited Pyrenees 140, 320 Proculus (urban prefect of Constantinople) 235 Qasr Qarun see Dionysias procurators 41, 171, 214, 224, 447; procuratores Quadi 16, 238, 254, 314, 322, 328 Augusti 175 quadriremes 57, 144 professional status of army 72, 118, 198, 205, 213, quaestor sacri palatii 270 309 quaestura exercitus 270, 325, 408–9 profit of empire 186–7, 200–3, 217 quality of late Roman troops 414–17 promoti (independent formations) 279; equites quarries, public 166–7, 225–6 272–3, 279, 289–91 quartermasters 447–8 promotion, factors affecting 303–5 quinqueremes 57, 144 propaganda 25, 36, 211; see also iconography ; ideology rabbinical texts, on taxation 446 property qualification see census Radagaisus (Gothic leader) 299–300, 416, 421, property rights, soldiers’ 219–20 433 proretae (naval officers) 57 Raetia 52, 276, 306, 411 proscriptions, Sullan 206 rafts 146 prostitution 70, 440, 450 raiding: booty as hindrance 93–4, 320; in late protectores (staff officers) 437; Augusti 305–6; antiquity 319, 330–2, 350–1, 425–6, (naval) divini lateris 73–4; domestici 74, 252 334–5; in Republic and Principate 95–6, Proterius, patriarch of Alexandria 319, 443 115–19, 207, (naval) 143; warlords’ legitimation provinces: army as wall round 4, 110; Augustus’ through 241; wars in response to real or authority 37, 186; central control 9–11, 108; alleged 84–5, 91, 118–19; see also ravaging citizenship 217; and client kingdoms 4, 203; ramparts 61, 67–8

600 general index

rams and ramming: naval 144, 295, 358; in sieges 376–7; oracles 339; pagan-Christian 151, 362 continuity 263; policing of 442–4 (see also ranks, military 38–9, 214–15; sources’ persecution) ; sacrifice and offerings 15, 168–9, terminology 271–2, 301; see also individual 337, 341, 443; standards as sacred 15, 68–9, 377; ranks and career structure ; officers unrest over 319, 442; and victory 337–9; see ransom 371 also Christianity ; Islam ; Manichaeism ; rape 439 Zoroastrianism rations 69, 169–70, 324; carrying of 288, 324; for remuneration: other than pay 161, 165; see also civilian officials 379; content 169–70, 324, 328, allowances ; discharge benefits ; donatives ; 403, (wheat) 159, 162, 170, Goths demand pay ; rations access to Roman 325, payment and allowances reparation, in fetial rituals 15 for 160, 162–3, 165, 403 reprisal see punitive expeditions ; redress ; ravaging 91–2, 95, 97, 324; in civil wars 205, 334; vengeance late antiquity 319, 332–3; wars concluded by Republic, concept of 182–3, 186 87, 95 requisition 170, 172, 193, 198, 227; abuse 172–3, Ravenna 274, 277, 318; fleet 56–7, 169n39, 273; 193, 218–19, 427; Anastasius limits 407–8; Throne of Maximian 293 control 227–8; of equipment 169; Persian 170, rebellion see revolt 172; transport 9, 170, 172, 218–19, 427, 449, recklessness, generals’ 80–1, 97–8, 148 (merchant ships) 280; see also billeting reconnaissance 82–3, 98, 329–30 Resaina (Theodosiopolis) 360 reconstruction, modern: of catapults 124;of reserves: discharged troops in 37, 45; tactical legionary apron 59 deployment 128–30, 133, 136, 335, 364–5 record-keeping 41, 227, 229 resilience, Roman 329, 422 recovery, Roman capacity for 329, 422 resistance to Roman rule 109–11; see also revolt recruit (tiro), rank of 301 retreat 134, 138, 354, 367, 370; see also flight ; recruitment 30–7, 42–3, 204, 296–301, 345, pursuit 429–31; local 142, 146–7, 156, 213, 221, 433–4, revenge see punitive expeditions ; redress ; 452; loss of territory affects 420–1; prisoners vengeance 371; regional units 300; and Romanization reviling of enemy before battle 376–7 453; see also conscription ; press-gangs ; revolt: in client kingdoms 12; in provinces 26–7, volunteers ; and under individual regions and 216–17, 423, (nature of forces) 81, (reaction to peoples and barbarians ; border troops ; Caesar, Justinianic reconquest) 318, 400, (suppression) C. Julius ; field armies ; Pompey the Great ; 84, 87, 91, 318; see also individual revolts praetorians ; provinces ; slaves rewards 161, 376; see also awards for bravery redress: for civilians, against military 219;in Rhecithangus (dux) 306 international relations 15 Rhine frontier: Caesar’s bridge 101; cemeteries re-enactment in victory celebrations 124 457; comitiva Argentoratensis 275; depth of refugees 23–4, 261–2 barbarian raids across 312, 425; duces 273; regimental structures 278–95; distinctive colours fortifications 67, 247, 312, (Rhine–Danube 375; seniores and iuniores 274; trooptypesand re-entrant) 112, 166; Germanic invasion (ad numbers 284–6; see also fragmentation of 406) 316, 418, 420–2; low-intensity warfare units ; legions 332–3, 350; naval and amphibious operations regional variation in fighting styles 127, 56, 146–7, 295, 334, 358–9; Nero expels tribes 142 94–5; Roman forays across 84, 92, 295, 319; reinforcement of Africa, supply of armies from Britain 325; Valentinian fourth/fifth-century 281; of legions 107; I and 238, 247–8; see also Germanic peoples reciprocal, between late Roman border and Rhodes 273 field commands 275–8, 286, 306, 416 Richborough 74 relics, Christian 264, 377 Ricimer (magister peditum or utriusque religion 69, 336–41; Arab pre-Islamic 316–17; militiae) 239, 308, 396–7 associations restricted 453; and burial of dead riots, urban: Alexandria 319, 443; Antioch 444; 371; and eligibility for throne 397; envoys Constantinople 318–19, 399, 444, 456 sacrosanct 16; evocatio 15; festivals, traditional riparii, ripenses see border troops Roman 336–7; fetiales and fetial rituals 14–15; risk-taking 80–1, 97–8, 148 freedom of worship 263, 321; and imperial rivers: bathing in 429; bridges 100–2, 109, 225, ideology 262–3; and international relations 330; communications along 105, 325–8; 14–16, 258, 262–8; and morale 339, 360, crossings 64, 100, 295; diplomatic meetings at

general index 601

17, (on boat on) 319, 322, 332; flotillas 105, Saltus Burritanus (Sidi Ali Djebin) 358–9; laws against polluting 429; symbolic 441 importance 17, 101; transport 325–8; see also salus (safety or health), and just war 25–6 navy, Roman (riverine operations) Salvian 457 roads 166, 223, 231, 330; construction 101–2, Samaritans 318 201–2, 225; military use 109, 111, 121, 323, 330; Sambre, battle of the 85, 116–17 vici located near 231 Samnites 314 Romanitas : army spreads 417, 453, 456; sandals, Roman military 58 post-Roman maintenance 458 Sangarius, Justinian’s bridge over 330, 331 Rome, city of 121, 176, 205; army units 43–50, Saracens 254, 281, 355, 454 73, 124 (see also praetorians ; urban cohorts ; Sarmatians 238, 254, 354, 369–70, 454 vigiles) ; Gothic sack 420; Justinianic Sarmizegethusa 86 reconquest 331n62, 349, 356 Sarus (Goth in Roman army) 299 monumental buildings 192, 201, Satala, battle of 330 380; Altar of Peace (Ara Pacis) 27; arches , (of Saturninus, L. Appuleius 180 Augustus) 186, (of Constantine 288, 334, (of Saul (Roman officer at Frigidus) 281 Honorius) 390–1, (of Marcus Aurelius) 18, savings, soldiers’ 121, 163–4 17–18, (of Septimius Severus) 380, (of Titus) Saxon shore 74, 272, 275, 334, 454 380; Caesar’s basilica in Forum 201; Campus Saxons 244 Martius 12, 201; Capitol 15–16; Colosseum 56, scaling of walls 66, 151, 153–4 143; Forum Romanum 16–17, 186, 201; forum Scaptopara 438–9 of Augustus 186–7; Palatine, emperor’s Scapula, P. Ostorius 94, 96 residence on 44, 186; Pompey’s theatre and scars, display of battle 178 portico 201; Santa Maria Maggiore 291; Scaurus, M. Aemilius (fl. 102 bc) 33, 38 temples 201 (Hadrianeum) 27, (deified Julius) Scaurus, M. Aemilius (praetor 56 bc) 202 186, (Jupiter Optimus Maximus) 15, (Mars scholae palatinae 280, 297, 301, 305–6, 414–15; Ultor) 15–16, 187, (Palatine Apollo) 16, 186; become obsequium 280, 305–7; ranks Villa Publica 12, 201; walls, Aurelianic 74, 312; 301–2 see also Trajan (column) Scipio Aemilianus Africanus, P. Cornelius Romula 226 (consul I 147 bc) 86, 183 routes, knowledge of 5, 83 Scipio family ; rapport with soldiers 178 Rufinus (sixth-century envoy to Persia) 256, Sciri 298 258 scorched-earth tactics 320, 326 Rufinus, Flavius (praetorian prefect) Scordisci 31 420 scorpiones (artillery pieces) 128, 151 Rufus, P. Sulpicius (tribune 88 bc) 210 Scotland 40, 70, 143, 167 runners 9 Scots 242 Rutilius Rufus, P. (consul 105 bc) 31 scouts 55, 98, 363; see also exploratores scribones (staff officers) 306 Saba, St 297–8, 434 Scribonianus, L. Arruntius Furius Camillus 190 Sabinianus Magnus (magister militum per Scriptores Historiae Augustae 427; see also Index of Illyricum) 317, 336 ancient passages cited Sabinus, Q. Titurius 89 scutarii (units) 280, 284 Sabir Huns 249, 281 scutum (shield) 59–60, 62–3, 130–1 sacking of cities 95, 97, 113, 152–3, 162, 362 Scythae Justiniani (unit) 387 sacramentum (military oath) 65 Scythia 11, 280, 325, 405, 408–9 sacrifice 15, 337, 341 ‘Scythians’ ; application of term 243 sacrosanctity of envoys 16, 258 sea see naval and amphibious combat ; navy, saddles 63, 355, 357–8 Roman; navies of Rome’s opponents; shipping safe passage 16 seasons: campaigning 9, 103, 316–17; see also sagittarii (units of archers) 353, 357 winter saints, patron 339, 340 Sebastianus (magister peditum) 307, 363 Salamis on the Orontes 451 secretaries, imperial 13, 256 Salih (Arab dynasty) 282 security, internal 193–4, 311, 318; see also law and Sallust (C. Sallustius Crispus) 198–9, 209; see also order ; policing Index of ancient passages cited Sejanus (L. Aelius Seianus) 46–7, 49, 190 Sallustius Lucullus (governor of Britain) 60 Seleucia ; classis Syriaca 56

602 general index

Seleucia–Ctesiphon 319 siege engines 147–8, 151, 156, 362; Hun and Avar semissalis (rank) 302 315, 359; towers 152, 315, 362 Senate: allocation of armies 106; and Catiline siege warfare 80, 86–7, 149, 147–55, 331–2, 177; and client kingdoms 6–8, 20; diplomacy 359–62; assault 148–9, 151–3, 315, 360–2; 6–7, (under Republic) 6, 9–10, 12–13, 15–16, avoidance 86, 95–6; award for first man on 20, (under Principate) 6–8, 16; emperors cease wall 66, 153; besiegers’ experience 149, 153; to come from 381; emperors’ visits 44; and fall blockade 360; circum- and contravallation of Republic 208, 210–11; and finance 237; and 100, 150–1, 360; in civil wars 138, 155, 334; Lepidus 177; and Marius 180; military deception 154, 360; defence 154–5, 359; food commands 44, 51–2, 83, 210–11, 231–2, 305, shortages 150; against hill-forts 152; infantry 424, (pass to equestrians) 37, 74, 212–13, 305, forces 142, 350; intimidatory tactics 97, 147–8, 335, 426–7; popular assemblies and politicians 151–3; literary accounts 123; logistics 86–7, 147, bypass 6, 210–11; ratification of war and peace 153, 167; morale , (besiegers) 149–50, 153–4, 108; and rise of dynasts 208; rivalries within (defenders and civilians) 153–5, 360–1; plunder 20, 106; Stilicho disliked in 456; and supply 140, 153–4; Roman skill 95–6; siege-works 61, 170; see also senatorial class and under 148, 152, 166, 362; specialists 147; speed 148, Augustus ; Caesar, C. Julius ; Justinian ; 152; surprise 148, 154; surrender 140, 150, 152, Pompey the Great ; Tiberius I 155; theoretical handbooks on 359; veterans senator (military rank) 302 defend own towns 453; wars concluded by 95; senatorial class 426–7, 437, 456; officers 38–9, 62, in winter 147, 317; see also artillery (siege); 66, 68; taxation 404–5 battering rams ; mining, siege ; sacking of seniores and iuniores 274 cities ; siege engines ; and under Avars ; Goths Senones 12 ; Huns ; Parthia ; Persia ; treachery Septimius Severus, L. see under Severus signalling 137, 365 Serapion (of Philadelphia, Egypt) 428, 450 signifer (rank) 41, 53, 57 Sergius (Roman interpreter) 252 Silures 96, 141–2 Sergius of Resafa, St 267 Silva, L. Flavius 149 Sertorius, Q. 14, 177, 209 Silvanus (son of Bonitus, general) 300–1, 304 Servilius, M. 178 Sindual (Herul cavalry commander) 283 sesquiplicarii (junior officers) 53 Singara 316, 320, 329 Settefinestre, villa of 204n26 Singidunum (Belgrade) 56, 70, 268–9 settlement patterns: in Italy 179; near military single combat before battle 376–7 establishments 70, 196, 230–1 Sirmium 254, 274, 324, 324n50; Avars capture Severus, L. Septimius, emperor: arch in 262, 269, 277, 325 Rome 151–2, 380; army reforms 71–3, 121, Sisauranon 319 219–20, (pay increase) 159–60, 165, 212–13, Sitifis 279 380; British campaigns 26–8; eastern Sittas (Justinian’s brother-in-law) 398 campaign 130–1, 153–4, 160; and Pescennius size of armies: late Roman 379, 410, 425, 429–30 Niger 120, 146; troops’ arrival in Rome 440 (see also under Diocletian ; Julian) ; northern Severus, Sex. Julius (consul ad 127) 90 barbarians 314, 417–18; Persian 316; under Severus Alexander, M. Aurelius, emperor 11–12, Republic 106–7, 120; see also strength of 160, 381, 428 Roman forces sexual offences 439 skirmishing 130, 351, 353–4, 365 Shahvaraz (Persian commander) 242 slaves 170, 436; prisoners enslaved 83, 140, Shapur I, king of Persia 28–9, 265, 37 200–1, 371; recruitment into army 32, 297, Shapur II, king of Persia 241, 243, 253, 265, 332, 300, 433; Spartacus’ revolt 177, 200, 206 418; Roman diplomacy 248n53, 250, 256, Slavs 240, 330; and Avars 269, 316, (joint sieges) 266 335, 359, 362 (see also Constantinople, shelters, mobile siege 151–2 Avaro-Slavic siege) ; low-intensity warfare 314, shields 61–3, 131; late Roman 287–8, 351–2, 354, 319–20, 350; Maurice proposes winter 375; raising of new emperor on 385, 401; campaign 301, 317, 320, 374, 400–1; naval shield-wall 366–7; see also scutum operations 335, 359; organizational fluidity 314, shipping 8–9; contractors 172; riverine transport 320; successes against Romans 315–16 56, 325–8; transport of supplies 57, 102, 172, slings 61, 288; non-specialist use 63, 134, 353; 325–8, 334; see also boats ; navy, Roman ; specialist troops, auxilia 61, 80, 128, 151, 365, navies of Rome’s opponents (Balearic) 33, 50 Sicily 170–1, 185, 203, 252 small-scale warfare see low-intensity warfare Sidi Ali Djebin (Saltus Burritanus) 441 smuggling 444

general index 603

Social War 23, 177; causes and effects 199–200, stationarii 223 202, 205; and extension of Roman citizenship stereotypes: braggart soldier 192; ethnic 5–6, 16, 33, 208–9 24–5, 243–4 society 180, 198–232; centurions’ social standing Stilicho (magister peditum or magister utriusque 214; civil wars and 162, 200, 205–6; militiae) 255, 299, 396, 397n64, 456; army composition of army 180, 213–15; effects of centralized under 275, 397; consular diptych military presence 192–9, 215–17, 220–2, 224–6, 304; control of western empire 275, 308, 232, 450–1; and fall of Republic 211; insecurity 396–7; and eastern court 239, 420; execution 195; mobility 214–15, 305; Republican 421, 456; Honorius and 255, 384, 396–7, 456 imperialism and 200–8; see also tribal societies stipendiumsee pay and individual aspects of Roman society stirrups 63, 357–8 sol invictus, Aurelian and 337 Stobi 228 Solachon, battle of 307, 329, 338–9 Stoicism 24, 27–8 solenarion (arrow-guide) 352 stonemasons 225–6 Solomon (praetorian prefect of Africa) 304 stones and stone-throwers 134, 315, 361 sons of soldiers/veterans, conscription 297–9, storehouses, public 404, 447–8 430–1; St Martin of Tours 297, 341, 433 Strabo 110; see also Index of ancient passages cited Sophia, empress (Aelia Sophia, wife of Justin II) Strasbourg, battle of 314, 363n89, 370, 410; 255, 257, 259 reserves 335, 364; Roman battle line 363, 366; sources see individual authors, iconography ; size and composition of Roman army 285, inscriptions ; literature ; ostraca ; papyri ; and 293, 348, 375, 410 under individual topics stratagems: as alternative to battle 343; cavalry South Shields 450 369–70; Frontinus’ collection 124–5; see also Spain 167, 187, 379–80, 457; field army 275, 277; tactics Germanic migrations 241, 275, 420–1; strategoi, Egyptian (nome officials) 228 low-intensity warfare 115–16, 142; recruitment strategy 79–105; in civil wars 121; odological in 33, 42, 46, 50; Republican armies in 127, thinking and 5, 8; permanent factors 79–81; 177, 183, 207, 209 practicalities 105; targets and objectives 95; Spartacus, revolt of 177, 200, 206 types of war 83–5, 95–6, 318 spatha (sword) 62–3, 288, 352, 366 grand 77–9, 106–20; central planning spears: cavalry 61, 134, 288, 354; infantry 61, 288, 106–8; and frontiers 108–13, 120; opponents 366; Sallustius Lucullus’ lancea 60; thrusting 113; and scale of warfare 119–20; see also 32, 61, 352, 366 defensive strategy, late Roman ; generals and specialization 80, 156; late Roman reversal 353, generalship; risk-taking ; stratagems 357; local and ethnic 33, 52, 61, 353, 375; Stratonicaea 339 specialist sub-units 294; see also under archery; strength of Roman forces 71–2, 117–18; late artillery ; auxilia; ethnicity; javelins; lanciarii ; Roman 74, 278–9, 284–6; see also size of siege warfare; slings armies speculatores 41, 45, 49 stripping of dead 140 speeches: commanders’ pre-battle 123, 375; submission to Rome 4, 15, 17, 19, 20, 25; see also emperors’ 64–6, 169, 386 supremacy, Roman universal speed: of armies’ movement 9, 148, 324, 329;of subsidies, diplomatic 24; Roman payment 24, communications and travel 9, 253 97, 254, 320–2, (by cities) 314, 328, (presented Spello 34 as magnanimity) 250, 259–60 spies 252–3, 429, 449 success, Roman military 155–7, 378 spolia, construction using 312–13 Suebi 92; see also Ariovistus staffs see officia ; protectores ; and under governors Suetonius Paulinus, C. (governor of Britain) 70, standards 32, 53, 65, 137; bearers 41, 59, 137, 156, 90, 139, 146, 424 442n47; captured 114, 139–40, 188; sacredness suffering, attitudes to 27–8 15, 68–9, 377 Sulla Felix, L. Cornelius (dictator 82–81 bc); standing army, Roman 35–7, 172, 227, 232, 309; army’s support 31, 33, 180–2, 210; civil war 120, creation 35–7, 51, 80, 187–8, 198; value 79–80, 177, 180–1, 184, 210, (social effects) 200, 205; 155–6 elite´ attitudes to 180–2, 209; Greek campaign state: and Church 267–8; late Roman 379–423, 129, 136–7; maiestas law and proscriptions 108, (western collapse and eastern survival) 412–23; 206; Parthian approach to 11; and veterans see also administration ; centralization ; 204, 206 emperors ; finance ; militarization of state ; Sulmenli 219 politics ; taxation Sulpicius Galba, Ser. (praetor 54 bc) 139–40

604 general index

Sulpicius Rufus, P. (tribune 88 bc) 210 tactics, Roman: Caesar’s 30, 92, 128–30, 133–4; superiority, Roman sense of cultural 22, 245–6, matched to opponents 76, 88–9, 91–2, 94, 142, 266; and diplomacy 11–13, 15–22, 24; see also 356–7, 378; roles of infantry and cavalry 359; supremacy, Roman universal simplicity 39; see also boarding tactics, naval ; supply see logistics and supply caution, tactical and strategic ; deployment supremacy, Roman universal 235–7, 246–7, (in battle) ; envelopment ; geography (tactical 263–4, 268; diplomatic presentation 248, 250; knowledge) ; intimidation ; outflanking see also submission to Rome ; superiority, manoeuvres ; reserves (tactical deployment) ; Roman sense of cultural ; universal dominion, scorched-earth tactics ; stratagems ; wedge imperial formations ; and under individual opponents surprise 91, 95–6, 146, 418; in siege warfare 148, and Actium ; Adrianople ; Belisarius 154; against Tacfarinas 94, 143 Taginae, battle of 350, 356, 363–4, 367, 376 surrender 140, 150, 152, 155 tagma (term for unit/regiment) 278 surveyors 225 Takht-i Suleiman 319 Sutorius Macro, Q. Naevius (prefect of vigiles) Tanukh (Arab dynasty) 282 49 Tarentum 32 swagger-sticks, centurions’ 60 Targites (Avar envoy to Justin II) 246, 260 swimming 63, 429 Taroutia 451 ‘swine’s head’ formation (caput porcinum) 364 tattooing 432, 435 sword-arm guards (manicae) 168 taxation 445–9; abuses 441, 446–56; of allies 170; swords 60–3, 132–3; gladius Hispaniensis 59; and army upkeep 175–6, 201, 212, 404–5, 420, spatha 62–3, 288, 352, 366 445–9; cash substitution 171, 406–8, 455, 457, Syagrius, Afranius (ruler in post-Roman (illegal demands for) 447–8; collection 403–4, Gaul) 276, 458 447, (by army) 222, 224, 441–2; of commerce Syene 279, 301, 445, 451 163, 404–5, 452; contraction of base 223, symbolism: in international relations 16–22, 25, 420–1; of curial class 404–5; donatives funded 250; martial, in Europe 116; rivers 17, 101; see from 404–5; flight from responsibilities 223; also iconography, imperial on inheritance 175; in kind 169–71, 226 (see symmachoi (allied units) 281 also under annona) ; poll tax 222; privileges Symmachus 247, 247n49; see also Index of ancient for soldiers and veterans 189, 193, 222, 274, passages cited 416, 452–3; profits for tax-farmers 203; and synagogues 440 public resentment of military failure 429;of Synesius 383–4, 419, 456; see also Index of ancient senatorial class 404–5; see also annona ; aurum passages cited coronarium ; aurumoblaticium ; collatio Syracuse 335 lustralis ; tributum ; vestis militaris ; and under Syria: administrative role of army 224; Arab Diocletian ; Egypt ; Italy conquest 423; Christianity 251, 442–3; cities taxiarchoi (brigade commanders) 283–4, 307 111, 218, 225–6 (see also individual cities) ; fleet Tebesta, battle of 376 56; governors 8–9, 12, 108, 218, 306; and technology, military 156, 371; see also artillery ; Parthia 12, 217, (invasions from) 113, 200; siege engines ; weapons Persian invasions 113, 310, 323, 328, 331–2, 400; Teias (Gothic leader) 331 province created by Pompey 10; recruitment temples: commandeered by army 440; in 42, 52; Roman forces in 34, 64, 111, 218, destruction 319, 442–3; diplomatic functions 224–6, 284; veterans in 222; see also individual 15–16; financed by profits of war 201; see also places under Rome Syria Coele 273 tenancy agreements 221 Syriac tale, Euphemia and the Goth 439 Teneteri 16 Syrianus Magister 346–7; see also Index of ancient tents 61, 67, 169 passages cited (Syrianus (Anon.)) Terentianus (veteran in Egypt) 221 terminology, technical 270–2, 278, 301 tablets, wooden writing see under Vindolanda ; term of service 30–1; sixteen-year 37, 159, Vindonissa (exceeded) 42, 189; 25-year 37, 50, 159, 301;in Tacfarinas (Numidian rebel) 93–4, 103, 107, 117, late empire 274, 301; praetorians 45, 73 143; low-intensity warfare against 117, terrain: for battle 125–6, 144, 363–4; rough 148, 141–2 156–7, 350–1, 367 Tacitus, Cornelius 16, 96–7, 122–3, 424; Agricola territorial commands, late and as presented by 11, 424; see also Index of ancient post-Roman 277–8, 409 passages cited territoriumlegionis 226, 231, 429

general index 605

territory see extent of empire ; land Thmouis 223 terror see intimidation ‘Thomas the Apostle’ (stone-throwing Tervingi 314, 332; see also Athanaric machine) 360 tesserarii (junior officers) 41, 53, 57 Thrace: Aristus’ campaign 326; economy 408–9; testudo (cover of shields) 130–1, 134 field army 275, 277–9, 285–6; Goths settled in tetrarchy, first 262–3, 381–2, 391; armies 272–3, 410, 455; Hun invasion 239; low-intensity 279–80, 284; imperial iconography 262, 302, warfare 115–16, 141–2; Maurice’s campaign 383; 381; see also Constantius I ; Diocletian ; rebellion (ad 26) 90; recruitment in 282; Galerius ; Maximian sixth/seventh-century Roman territory 238; tetrarchy, second 333; see also Constantius I ; vestis militaris tax in 405; winter quarters 326; Galerius ; Maximinus Zeno prepares to campaign in 383, 410 Teutoburger Wald ; Varian disaster 89, 98, 142, Thraso 444 189 throne, Justinian’s golden 391 Teutones 31 Tiberiani (unit) 300, 387 Theadelphia, Egypt 445 Tiberius I, emperor: and army 35, 46–7, 107, theatre: foreign envoys in 12–13, 17, 22; 189–90, 211, 217 (command under Augustus) performers paid by army 440, 450 188; and German tribes 16, 96–7; and themes (territorial commands) 277–8, Germanicus 188–90; and mutinies of ad 14 409 189, 212; and Parthia 10, 13, 21, 23; provinces Themistius 428–9; see also Index of ancient under 10, 107, 175; and Sejanus 190; and passages cited Senate 190 Theoderic the Amal, king of Ostrogoths 252, Tiberius II, emperor 250, 269, 303, 325, 385n21, 280, 322, 332–3; invasion of Italy 240, 249, 393–4; and army 300, 380n7, 387; and Avars 260, 276, 281 238, 268–9; commander in Balkans 254; Theoderic Strabo (magister militum diplomacy 238, 248, 256, 259–60, 269; and praesentalis) 281–2 Italian cities 248, 269; over-extension 238, 248, Theodorus (envoy to Persia) 252, 256 268–9; and Persia 238, 256, 259–60, 269, 300 Theodorus (Tzannian officer) 300 tiles, terracotta roof- 167 Theodosian Code 271; see also Index of ancient timber 103, 166–7 passages cited timing of campaigns see seasons Theodosiopolis (Resaina) 360 Tingitania 13, 275 Theodosius I, emperor: allied contingents in Tiridates, king of Armenia 12, 15–17, 19, 22 army 281; and army 382, 435; Christianity 338, tiro (recruit, rank of) 301 454; division of empire on death 239; and titles, imperial 246–7, 262, 388 Goths 281, 456; international relations 235–7; Titus, emperor 47, 150, 154, 380 military basis of power 382; obelisk of, Togodumnus (British leader) 88 Constantinople 235, 236; missorium of 303, tombstones see funerary monuments 454; Pacatus’ panegyric on 235–6, 246; tools, military 61, 126, 289 usurpations see Eugenius, Flavius ; Maximus, Topirus 315 Magnus ; see also Firmus ; Theodosian Code topography see geography ; terrain Theodosius II, emperor 312, 333, 388, 396; Torquatus, T. Manlius (quaestor 43 bc) 127 diplomacy 247, (with Huns) 255–6; and Totila, king of Ostrogoths 331 military affairs 255, 384–5; and Persia 245, 264, Toulouse 313 268, 388 towers 74, 150, 425–6; mobile siege 152, 315, 362; Theodosius, count (magister militum) 449 on ships 144; see also watchtowers Theodulus (comes of the gentiles iuniores) trade: army as focus for 70, 195–6, 226, 229–31, 280 450; Crimean Huns’, under Justinian 267; theological schools, Christian 251 cross-border 119, 251–2, 261–2, 311; intelligence theory of combat 343, 348; see also manuals, from traders 98, 251; veterans’ involvement military 452; in western provinces 195–6 Theoxenis 431–2 training 63–4, 130, 371–3; in civil wars 120;in Thermopylae 312, 320, 452 close-order tactics 377–8; continuity in Thessalonica 238, 312; arch of Galerius 262, 297; practices 415; by gladiators and their Demetrius as patron saint 339, 340; sieges 339, instructors 31, 63; hunting as means of 373; 362 literary ideal of commander and 80; for Thessaly 148 low-intensity warfare 142; and Roman success Theudis, king of Visigoths 251 155–6; see also under individual types of troops Thmou 285 and Vegetius Renatus, P. Flavius

606 general index

Trajan, emperor (M. Ulpius Traianus) : (praetorian) 45, 161, 279; of field army amphibious operations 146; and Armenia 19, regiments 306; legionary 38, 68, 137; senatorial 25; and army 50n27, 192, (praetorians) 47, 49, 38–9, 68 (singulares) 49–50, 73; coinage 7, 7, 25, 26; and tribunes of the plebs 10, 182 Dacia , (diplomacy) 7, 7, 14, (wars) 47, 86, tributarii (barbarians liable to 101, 119, 146; diplomatic gifts to 14, 21; and conscription) 298–9 Iberia 23; monuments 47, 192, (Adamklissi) tribute, diplomatic see subsidies 123–4, 132–3, 140–1; see also column below ; tributum (tax) 201, 203 and Parthia 9, 21–2, 25, 26, 146; Pliny’s Tricamerum, battle of 349, 368–71 Panegyricus on 192; and Pontus 11; provinces trickery see deception ; stratagems ; treachery under ; and Senate 7; via Traiana from Syria Trier 274, 313 to Red Sea 225 Trinovantes 88 column 100, 380; archers in battle 74, 128; Tripolitania 273 artillery 61, 128; bridge of moored boats 101, triremes 57, 144, 295 102; cavalry 52, 74; Decebalus 19, 20; dress and triumphs 44, 66, 186, 190, 201; Belisarius’ 399; equipment 58, 60–1; emperors’ addresses to Blaesus’ honours 107; ceremonies replacing troops 65–6; foraging 166; horrors of war 338, 388; diplomatic gifts of symbols 21 confined to Dacians 28; praetorian cohorts 47; triumvirates: first 10, 176–7, 206; second 34–5, route marches 64; siege warfare 86, 149; 176–7, 182, 200, 206; social effects of wars stylization 123; tents 61; water transport 173; 200, 206; see also individual members wound-dressers 69 Trojan Pass 317 transhumance 241 trooptransports, naval 57, 105, 146, 173, 295, transport 167, 171, 325, 406;ofannona 171, 404; 323–4 contractors 170–2;inEgypt228; as liturgy trophies and trophy monuments 140–1; 172; naval protection 56, 105; soldiers carry Tropaeum Traiani, Adamklissi 123–4, 132–3, own supplies 31, 288, 324; by state 169, 404; see 140–1 also animals (pack) ; cursus publicus ; troop trousers, Roman ban on 454 transports, naval ; and under requisition ; trumpet signals 137, 365 shipping Trygetius (envoy to Attila and Vandals) 268 travel 9, 253, 329–30 Tungri 279 treachery: barbarian stereotype 6, 16, 24–5, Tu rk s 240, 243, 248, 258n98, 323 243–4; diplomatic, as offence to gods 16;in typology of ancient warfare 83–5, 95–6, 318 sieges 359–60; states’ fear of 252–3, 266–7 tyrannicides see conspirators treasuries see aerarium ; aerariummilitare Tzani 261, 318 treaties 24–5, 259–62, 313–14, 321–2; on border Tzannici (units) 282, 300 controls 251; of Marcus Aurelius and Commodus with northern tribes 24–5; Ulfila (Gothic bishop) 266 non-compliance 313–14, 321; Pompey’s, with Uligagus (Herul cavalry commander) 283 client kingdoms 10; ratification 6–7, 9, 258; Ulpian 217, 225; see also Index of ancient passages reaffirmation 257; recording under cited Principate 8; sacred status 258; see also under ‘Umar, Caliph 335 Persia undermining 151–2, 287, 362 treatises see manuals, military uniforms see clothing ‘trench warfare’ mentality, alleged 100 units, military: terms for 270–1, 278; titles 65, trespass, law against 429 272, 387; see also individual types of unit Treveri 52 universal dominion, imperial 263–4, 266, 268 Treviso 267 unrest in army 374, 395, 400–1; see also mutinies triarii (grouping of infantry) 30, 32, 39 urban cohorts 41, 45, 47–8, 61, 73 tribal societies 81–2, 115–17, 418; logistics 81, 103, urban planning, and forts 68–9 418; Roman methods of warfare against 85, Urbicius 346 87–8, 116, 314, 319, 350; see also individual Ursicinus (magister equitum) 335 peoples and chieftains, tribal ; Germanic Ursulus (comes sacrarum largitionum) 328, 402, peoples ; migration 429n12 tribunals and dais 16–18, 17, 18, 25, 68–9 Usipetes 16 tribunes, military 38, 161, 214, 437; career pattern usurpation 73, 238–9, 275, 387, 395–6, 423; see 39, 51, 53, (promoted centurions) 41, 48, 57, also individual instances 214; cohort commanders 39, 305, 306, Utigur Bulgars 240, 248

general index 607

Vadomarius, king of Alamanni (dux vestis militaris (tax) 405–6 Phoenices) 299 Vesuvius, eruption of 57–8 Vahram I, king of Persia 264–5 veterans: military value 155, 453; place in local Vahram V, king of Persia 265–6 society 194–5, 221–2, 424, 452–3; privileges Valens, emperor: and Armenia 241–2, 250; and 163, 193, 219–22, 452–3; see also discharge army 382, 385, 433; frontier policy 311–12, 426; benefits ; land (as discharge benefit) ; sons of Procopius’ revolt 238, 334, 395, 419, 456; soldiers/veterans ; and under Caesar, C. Julius Tervingi negotiate with 319, 322, 332; see also ; colonies, Roman ; Pompey the Great under Goths Vetranio (usurper) 334, 395n58 Valentinian I, emperor 247–8, 299, 382; coinage vexilla (standards of auxilia) 53 247n49, 392–3; death 248n50, 322; supply 328, vexillarii (junior officers) 53, 57 448; war and diplomacy 238, 246–8, 253–4, vexillationes : cavalry units 279–80, 301–2; (Alamanni) 238, 247–9, 319, 332, detached units 70, 72–3, 272, 278–9, 283, (Burgundians) 247, (Quadi) 238, 322, 328 307 Valentinian II, emperor 235, 236, 382, 392–3; viaticum (payment on enlistment) 161–4 Arbogast’s power 275, 308, 384n16, 396 vicarii of the Long Walls 276–7 Valentinian III, emperor 384, 392–3, 419; and vici (civilian settlements) 231 Aetius¨ 396–8; and Vandals 260, 268 Victores (auxiliumpalatinum ) 301 Valerian, emperor (P. Licinius Valerianus) 13, 22, Victorinus (officer at Coptus) 283, 307 29n154 victory: celebrations 124, 338, 388 (see also Valerius Apion (centurion of legio ii triumphs) ; ideology, and imperial Traiana) 289–91 legitimation 380, 384, 387–94; religion and Valerius Maximianus, M. (suffect consul c. ad 337–9, 388; visual commemoration 394, 185) 72 (monuments) 47, 140–1, 190, 192, 380, 389–91; Valerius Maximus 424; see also Index of ancient see also imperialism, Roman passages cited Vienna 70 Valerius Thiumpus (commander of legio ii vigiles 41, 45, 48–9, 160 Herculia) 305 Viminacium, battle of 364 Vandals: Arianism 400; in Britain 454–5; Vindex, C. Julius 191 Christian presentation of wars against 338, Vindolanda: clothing worn at 59, 230; cohors ix 443–4; diplomacy 251, 260, 268, 422; invasion Batavorum 52; duty rosters 227; food of Gaul 418, 420–2; attacks on Italy 281; navies production 226; post-Roman phase 457; 252, 334–5, 358, 421; Roman tactics against supply 158, 171, 226–7, 230; tent fragments 61; 356, 368–9; size of forces 314;inSpain275, trade 229–30; writing tablets 52, 158, 213, 216, 420–1; and Visigoths 251; see also Africa 229,(i 154) 227n139,(ii) 171n44, 176n59,(ii (Vandal kingdom ; Justinianic 155) 167n30, 169n39,(ii 160) 168n37,(ii 250) reconquest);Justiniani Vandali 99n47,(ii 309) 230 Varanes (magister peditum) 308 Vindonissa ; writing tablets 158 Varus, P. Quinctilius 89, 98, 142, 189 Virgil (P.Vergilius Maro) 3–4, 35; see also Index of Vegetius Renatus, P. (Flavius) 344–5; antiqua ancient passages cited legio as ideal 345, 352; on barbarization of viri militares 215 army 345, 375; and cavalry 345, 367;on Viriathus (Lusitanian leader) 93 discipline 155, 415; on infantry equipment 351, Visigoths 240–1, 251 415; on training 63, 155, 345, 372, 415; see also visions, religious 338 Index of ancient passages cited Vitalian (consul ad 520) 334, 396, 396n60, vehiculatio see requisition (transport) 401n88, 419 Veleda (virgin priestess of Senones) 12 Vitalius (taxiarchos at Solachon) 307 velites (light infantry) 32, 127 Vitellius, A., emperor 47, 133, Veneria Rustica 222–3 191 Veneti 84–5, 105 Vitellius, L. (consul I ad 34) 10, 13 vengeance 84, 91, 119 Vitigis, king of Ostrogoths 242 Venice ; porphyry sculpture of tetrarchs 302, 381 Volandum 148 Vercingetorix, king of Arverni 85, 103 Vologeses I, king of Parthia 12–13, 16 Verres, C. 203 Volubilis 15 Vespasian, emperor (T. Flavius Vespasianus) 10, volunteers: Republic and Principate 30–1, 37, 42, 191; armed forces under 44, 47–8, 57; British 424; late Empire 297, 299–300, 429–30 campaigns 88, 152 Volusianus (praetorian prefect) 307

608 general index

wagons 138, 411 Maurice’s plan for) 8.386, 9.89, 9.140, 10.288, Wales 64, 141–2; see also Anglesey ; Caerleon 11.208 ; quarters 30, 64, 67, 147, 166, 317, 326, walls: city 74, 225–6, 313, 312–13 sieges 147, 317 (see also under Constantinople) ; curtain withdrawal see flight (in battle) ; retreat 425–6; towers on 74, 150, 425–6; see also women: diplomatic role 19, 23–4, 260; hair used Antonine Wall ; Hadrian’s Wall as rope 123; imperial 255, 260, 395n58; ‘wandering soldiers’ 449 otherness of barbarian 22; remarriage of war and peace: ideology 28; legal ratification soldiers’ wives 434; see also prostitution 6–7, 9, 11, 15, 212 wood 103, 166–7 war-cry 366, 376 workforce, army as 106, 111, 166, 224–6, 231, 271 warrior bands 81, 115 workshops, military 69, 167–8, 424 watchtowers 112, 116, 223 wounds and the wounded 69, 140, 371 water transport see shipping writing tablets see under Vindolanda;Vindonissa wayside stations 9, 330 wealth 83, 196, 210; empire and 200, 202–3, xenona (hostelry) 440 217; soldiers and veterans’ relative 163–5, 176, 195, 213, 222, 229; see also census ; Yalova 283 finance Yarmuk, battle of the 254n81, 328, 365, 378 weapons 59, 61–3, 288; adaptation of enemies’ Yazdgerd I, king of Persia 245, 268 156; European weapons burials 116; supply Yazdgerd II, king of Persia 265 167–9, 406; see also individual types Yazdgerd III, king of Persia 243 wedge formations 364, 369 western Empire: collapse 276, 309, 316, 328, 380, Zabergan (Bulgar leader) 329 412–23, (economic base and) 423, eastern Zacharias (patriarch of Jerusalem) 264 expeditions to support 277 (see also Africa Zacharias (physician, envoy of Tiberius (Vandal kingdom, expeditions against) and II) 256–7, 269 Justinianic reconquest under Africa Zama, battle of 149 and Italy) ; military sites and settlement Zela, battle of 36 pattern 195–6, 230–1; post-Roman structures Zemarchus (Dacian, friend of Justin I) 299 240–1, 341; power of magistri militum 239, Zeno, emperor 237, 284, 308, 383, 397; revolts 275, 308, 397–8, 420; see also east and west and usurpations see Basiliscus ; Illus; Marcian; wetlands 146–7 see also under Goths wheat ration 159, 162, 170 Zenobia, ruler of Palmyra 23, 307; see also wills: client kings’ 20, 203; soldiers’ 193, 219–20, Palmyra (third-century empire) 289–91 Zoroastrianism 319, 377 wine: ration 324, 403; trade 170, 196, 229 Zosimus; attack on Constantine 311, 412–13, winter: campaigns 103, 317, 420–1, mutiny over 426; see also Index of ancient passages cited