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The Apparatchik's Discourse in the Works of Ammianus Marcellinus

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The Apparatchik's Discourse in the Works of Ammianus Marcellinus Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 2006 Repression and reduction: the apparatchik's discourse in the works of Ammianus Marcellinus, Denis Diderot, Victor Serge and George Orwell Jason Paul Juneau Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations Part of the Comparative Literature Commons Recommended Citation Juneau, Jason Paul, "Repression and reduction: the apparatchik's discourse in the works of Ammianus Marcellinus, Denis Diderot, Victor Serge and George Orwell" (2006). LSU Doctoral Dissertations. 1016. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations/1016 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please [email protected]. REPRESSION AND REDUCTION THE APPARACHIK’S DISCOURSE IN THE WORKS OF AMMIANUS MARCELLINUS, DENIS DIDEROT, VICTOR SERGE AND GEORGE ORWELL A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Interdepartmental Program in Comparative Literature by Jason Paul Juneau B.A. Louisiana State University, 1991 M.A. Louisiana State University, 1993 December 2006 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Le travail historique ne me satisfaisait pas entièrement; outré qu’il exige des moyens et un calme dont je ne disposerai probablement jamais, il ne permet pas de montrer suffisamment des hommes vivants, de démonter leur mécanisme intérieur, de pénétrer jusqu’à leur âme. / Historical work no longer satisfied me entirely; other than it demands both means and peace of which I will probably never have, it does not permit sufficiently for showing living men, demonstrating their interior mechanism, penetrating all the way into their soul. (Victor Serge, Mémoires d’un révolutionnaire, 716) The relationship between these two disciplines of history and literature has always interested me, particularly in regards to the relation between the individual and the larger society. This is even truer for the authoritarian state. History by itself no longer satisfied me completely, either, and I found in literature another means of looking at the relation between individuals, state and society. This relationship is crucial in understanding relevance of any political doctrine to daily life’s needs and concerns. History and literature presented an excellent way to understand this dynamic. I did not, however, come to these ideas on my own. There are many people I would like to thank for their support and effort on my behalf. First, I am grateful to my professors, especially to Dr. Adelaide Russo, my committee chair and major advisor. She introduced me to Victor Serge, Denis Diderot and the Surrealists. She has been a mentor and inspiration for many years now. She has kept faith with me, cautioned me on theoretical errors and has never doubted my “pedagogical gift”. Both Dr. Robert Edgeworth and Dr. Gary Crump are, I am sad to say, no longer with us. They were inspiring teachers and both introduced me to Ammianus Marcellinus. I am also grateful to Dr. Michelle Zerba. She introduced me to the world of Greek and rhetorical thought and has been an excellent guide on the proper role of the ii academic in society. I want to thank Dr. Alexandre Leupin for his helpful suggestions. I also want to thank Dr. Sylvia Parsons, who has patiently read over my chapter on Ammianus and corrected my quotes. She made many helpful suggestions that made the writing easier. I also want to express my deepest gratitude to my family, especially my wife, Mary, who has supported me with unfailing love, respect, and direction in pursuing an academic career. My father-in-law, Edwin Allen Benedict, has also been an unfailing source of strength and counsel. He has always given me an ear and encouraging words no matter the circumstance. My children, Madeleine and Samuel, have always been a source of good cheer; their faith in me has also been boundless. My parents, Billy and Glenda Juneau, have never stopped supporting me in my desire to be a scholar and teacher. Through all the challenges, they never lost faith in me. Lastly, I want to thank God for all his blessings, especially my family. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS………………………………………………………………..ii ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………………. .v CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………..1 2 VICTOR SERGE: SYNTHESIZING THE DISCOURSE………………………...14 Ville Conquise: The Discourse of Necessity……………………………………. 15 S’il est minuit dans le siècle: Necessity Versus Unreality……………………….32 L’affaire Toulaév: The Death of the Apparatchik………………………………..54 The Apparatchik’s discourse in Serge’s Non-Fiction……………………………72 3 AMMIANUS MARCELLINUS: THE DISCOURSE AS A DESTROYER……...85 Introduction: Trial at Chalcedon…………………………………………………87 Ursicinus and Gallus: The Hero and the Monster………………………………..89 Ursicinus and Court: One Against Many……………………………………….109 Silvanus: Victim or Rebel?……………………………………………………..117 Ursicinus and Julian: Ammianus’ Heroes in Conflict………………………….137 Ursicinus’ Fall………………………………………………………………….142 4 DENIS DIDEROT: THE DISCOURSE AS A RESTORER…………………….154 The Life of Seneca……………………………………………………………...158 Seneca and Diderot……………………………………………………………..175 Seneca’s Enemies……………………………………………………………….185 Seneca and Rousseau…………………………………………………………...204 Seneca and the American Revolution…………………………………………..212 5 GEORGE ORWELL: REJECTING THE DISCOURSE………………………...215 Burmese Days: Racism as the Apparatchik’s Discourse……………………….219 Homage to Catalonia: Orwell and the Stalinist Discourse……………………..242 Animal Farm: Orwell on Leninism…..…………………………………………267 Nineteen Eighty-Four: Orwell and the Future………………………………….291 Orwell and the Apparatchik’s Discourse: A Summary…………………………315 6 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS…………………………………………….318 REFERENCES…………………………………………………………………………322 VITA……………………………………………………………………………………328 iv ABSTRACT In monopolizing political power, the state claims to possess the best idea towards leading a society and solving its problems. While these claims may vary according to regime, all face the eventual failure of expectation on the part of its subjects. No regime can master all the variables in running the country, and so it must convince their subjects otherwise of its legitimacy, despite the reality of their failure. The apparatchik’s discourse is the interaction of the state’s discourse and that of its institutions. This discourse is used to uphold the state’s legitimacy through the expertise of its institutions. The most insidious application of this involves attacking dissidents who point out the state’s failure. Paul Ricoeur, in his work on character and identity, demonstrated the tension between two halves of human personality, the ipse, which is initiated by the self, and the idem, by society. The apparatchik’s discourse can attack this ipse and try to reduce the dissident to a state derived idem. Thus the discourse becomes a weapon in the struggle between the state and the dissident. This dissertation examines the apparatchik’s discourse through the works of four authors, Victor Serge’s Ville Conquise, S’il est minuit dans le siècle, and L’affaire Toulaév, Ammianus Marcellinus’ Res Gestae, Denis Diderot’s Essai sur la vie de Sénèque and Essai sur les règnes de Claude et de Néron, and George Orwell’s Burmese Days, Homage to Catalonia, Animal Farm and Nineteen Eighty-Four. Despite the differences in time and culture, a thread runs through their works that reveals a continuous form in this discourse in political activity and, more importantly, in the lives of individual people. Despite this similarity, there is an important degree of difference between these works. Some texts explore the discourse as a means of understanding v political activity and its role in human lives, while others use it both to destroy and uphold specific people. Lastly, some try to banish the discourse completely. Through these similarities and differences, this study will explore the use, abuse, and impact of the apparatchik’s discourse on representations of the individual. vi CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION Émile Benveniste, in his study of linguistics, compares the language of bees with that of humans. Through their dances, bees have the ability to formulate and to interpret signs that include, for example, the existence of food, its direction and distance.1 Despite the many points of resemblance with human language, however, Benveniste recognizes many differences. For example, bee dances create signs that simply refer to the physical world and its phenomena. Humans, on the other hand, can use language to create signs that communicate ideas that may not necessarily refer to the physical world and, moreover, humans can share them with each other in dialogue.2 In short, unlike the bee dances, human language can express both abstract and physical concepts.3 This use of language to both shape and to communicate thought to another human is discourse. A discourse stands for more than one ideal or concept; it represents a set of competing or interrelated concepts.4 One set of competing concepts, or discourses, exists among the state, its institutions, and its bureaucrats. The state’s discourse must justify its control over society; therefore, it uses
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