The Carolingian World at Its Height, the Carolingian Empire Spanned A

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-56494-6 - The Carolingian World Marios Costambeys, Matthew Innes and Simon Maclean Frontmatter More information

The Carolingian World

At its height, the Carolingian empire spanned a million square kilo- metres of western Europe – from the English Channel to central Italy and northern Spain, and from the Atlantic to the fringes of modern Hungary, Poland and the Czech Republic. As the largest political unit for centuries, the empire dominated the region and left an enduring legacy for European culture. This comprehensive survey traces this great empire’s history, from its origins around 700, with the rise to dominance of the Carolingian dynasty, through its expansion by ruthless military conquest and political manoeuvring in the eighth century, to the struggle to hold the empire together in the ninth. It places the complex political narrative in context, giving equal consideration to vital themes such as beliefs, peasant society, aristocratic culture, and the economy. Accessibly written and authoritative, this book offers distinctive perspectives on a formative period in European history.

marios costambeys is Senior Lecturer in the School of History at the University of Liverpool. His previous publications include Power and Patronage in Early Medieval Italy: Local Society, Italian Politics and the Abbey of Farfa, c.700–900 (Cambridge, 2007). matthew innes is Professor of History at Birkbeck, University of London. His previous publications include State and Society in the Early Middle Ages: The Middle Rhine Valley, 400–1000 (Cambridge, 2000). simon maclean is Senior Lecturer in the School of History at the University of St Andrews. His previous publications include Kingship and Politics in the Late Ninth Century: Charles the Fat and the End of the Carolingian Empire (Cambridge, 2003).

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Cambridge Medieval Textbooks

This is a series of introductions to important topics in medieval history aimed primarily at advanced students and faculty, and is designed to complement the monograph series Cambridge Studies in Medieval Life and Thought. It includes both chronological and thematic approaches and addresses both British and European topics.

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. THE CAROLINGIAN WORLD .

MARIOS COSTAMBEYS University of Liverpool

MATTHEW INNES Birkbeck, University of London

SIMON MACLEAN University of St Andrews

University Printing House, Cambridge cb2 8bs, United Kingdom

Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge. It furthers the University’s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of education, learning and research at the highest international levels of excellence.

www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521564946 © Marios Costambeys, Matthew Innes and Simon MacLean 2011 Th is publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2011 3rd printing 2012 A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication data Costambeys, Marios. Th e Carolingian world / Marios Costambeys, Matthew Innes, Simon MacLean. p. cm. – (Cambridge medieval textbooks) Includes bibliographical references and index. isbn 978-0-521-56366-6 (hardback) 1. Carolingians – History. 2. France – History – To 987. 3. France – Civilization. 4. Europe, Western – History. 5. Europe, Western – Civilization. 6. Europe – History – 476–1492. 7. Civilization, Medieval. I. Innes, Matthew. II. MacLean, Simon. III. Title. IV. Series. dc70.c67 2011 944´.014 – dc22 2010054602 isbn 978-0-521-56366-6 Hardback isbn 978-0-521-56494-6 Paperback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.

For Rosamond McKitterick and Jinty Nelson

CONTENTS

List of illustrations page ix List of maps xi Acknowledgements xiii List of abbreviations xv The Carolingian family (simpliﬁed) xx The children and grandchildren of Charlemagne xxi

1. Introduction 1 The dawn of the Carolingian age 1 Was there a Carolingian world? 9 The sources for the Carolingian world 16 2. The creation of Carolingian kingship to 800 31 Replacing the ruling dynasty 31 The Merovingian world and Carolingian origins 34 Charles Martel and the extension of Carolingian power 44 Securing Carolingian hegemony: Pippin III 51 Charlemagne as king 65 3. Belief and culture 80 The problem of Christianisation 81 The problem of sin 110 Christian leadership and learning 131 4. Inventing the Carolingian empire: politics and government, 800–840 154 Introduction 154

viii Contents

The imperial coronation 160 Governing the empire 170 Dynastic politics, c.806–827 194 Kingship and ‘subkingship’ 208 Revolt and recovery: dynastic politics 827–840 213 5. Villages and villagers, land and landowners 223 Introduction: interpreting Carolingian society 223 Villages 229 Landowning and landowners 241 Community and mobility 246 Landlords and manors 252 The problem of economic growth 258 The powerful and the poor: social conflict in the Carolingian countryside 263 Conclusion: community and conflict 268 6.Elitesociety 271 Introduction 271 Aristocratic identity: vocabulary, appearance and lifestyle 275 Aristocratic behaviour: upbringing, morality and culture 296 Aristocratic families 304 Aristocratic resources and relationships: honores, benefices and lordship 312 7. Exchange and trade: the Carolingian economy 324 Introduction: interpreting the Carolingian economy 324 Mechanisms of exchange 329 The North Sea economy 338 The transformation of the emporia: the ninth century 347 The Vikings and the Frankish economy 353 Italy and the Mediterranean economy 358 Conclusion: was there a Carolingian economy? 375 8. Sustaining the Carolingian empire: politics and government, 840–888 379 Introduction: fraternal rivalry, 840–843 379 Fraternal love, 843–877 388 Government and resources 407 The end of the empire, 877–888 419 9. Epilogue 428

Bibliography 436 Index 495

ILLUSTRATIONS

1. A charter from St Gallen. Stiftsarchiv St Gallen, i51(Chartae Latinae antiquiores i,no.76) page 26 2. The altar of Ratchis (ara di Duca Ratchis). Museo Cristiano del Duomo, Cividale del Friuli, Italy. Reproduced by kind permission of Dr Neil Christie, University of Leicester 59 3. The Tassilo chalice. The Art Archive / Kremsmunster¨ Stiftsbibliothek / HarperCollins Publishers 71 4a. Abbey of Lorsch, Germany, gatehouse. C 2010. DeAgostini Picture Library / Scala, Florence 117 4b. Abbey of Korvey, Germany, Westwerk. Scala C 2010. Photo Scala, Florence 120 5. The Stuttgart Psalter, ‘Anima’. Stuttgart, Wurttembergische¨ Landesbibliothek, Biblia Fol. MS 23, fol. 55r 124 6. Mosaic, apse of the chapel at Germigny-des- Pres,´ France. The Art Archive / Gianni Dagli Orti 127 7. Plan of St Gallen. St Gallen, Stiftsbibliothek, MS 1092 128 8. Mosaic of Charlemagne and Pope Leo III, Rome. akg-images / Andrea Jemolo 164

x List of illustrations 9. Aristocratic assembly from the Utrecht Psalter. Utrecht, Universiteitsbibliotheek, MS 32, fol. 83r. Reproduced by kind permission of the Utrecht University Library 173 10a. Plan of Aachen palace and chapel. After K. J. Conant, Carolingian and Romanesque Architecture 800–1200 (4th edn, New Haven, CT, 1978), p. 47 176 10b. Reconstruction of palace at Ingelheim. Kaiserpfalz Ingelheim – ArchimediX 176 11. Portrait of Louis the Pious from Hraban Maur’s De laudibus sanctae crucis.Rome,Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Reg. lat 124, fol. 4v 200 12. Reconstruction of a hilltop settlement (curtis)at Miranduolo, Tuscany. Reproduced with kind permission of Professor Marco Valenti, Dipartimento di Archeologia e Storia delle Arti, Universita` degli Studi di Siena 228 13. King as lawgiver, from the Golden Psalter of St Gallen. St Gallen, Stiftsbibliothek, MS 22, fol. 39 265 14. A nobleman, fresco in church of San Benedetto, Malles Venosta, South Tyrol. The Art Archive 280 15. The earliest Confraternity Book of St Gallen. St Gallen Stiftsarchiv, c3 b55,p.22 307 16.Silverdenarius minted at Dorestad. Reproduced by permission of the Syndics of The Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge 348 17. Portrait of Charles the Bald from the Codex aureus of St Emmeram. Munich, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Cod. lat. 1400, fol. 5v 410

MAPS

1. Europe (relief) page xxii 2. Places mentioned in Chapter 2: ‘The creation of Carolingian kingship to 800’ 36 3. The expansion of the Carolingian empire. After map by T. S. Brown, from D. Ditchburn, S. MacLean and A. Mackay (eds.), The Atlas of Medieval Europe (2nd edn, London, 2007), p. 18 53 4. Cultural centres in Carolingian Europe 150 5. Places mentioned in Chapter 4: ‘Inventing the Carolingian empire: politics and government, 800–840’ 162 6. Places on Charlemagne’s itineraries, 768–814. Source: R. McKitterick, Charlemagne (Cambridge, 2008), p. 181 163 7. Places mentioned in Chapter 5: ‘Villages and villagers, land and landowners’ 233 8. Places mentioned in Chapter 6: ‘Elite society’ 272 9. Landholdings of Hraban Maur’s family. Source: M. Innes, State and Society in the Early Middle Ages (Cambridge, 2000), p. 64 292 10. The lands in the will of Eberhard and Gisela of Friuli. After map in D. Ditchburn, S. MacLean and A. Mackay (eds.), The Atlas of Medieval Europe (2nd edn, London, 2007), p. 48 305

xii List of maps 11. Exchange and trade: the North Sea and the Baltic Sea 339 12. Dorestad. After Fig. 2 in W. A. van Es, ‘Dorestad centred’, in J. C. Besteman, J. M. Bos and H. A. Heidinga (eds.), Medieval Archaeology in the Netherlands (Assen and Maastricht, 1990) 350 13. Exchange and trade: the Mediterranean Sea 360 14. Places mentioned in Chapter 8: ‘Sustaining the Carolingian empire: politics and government, 840–888’ 380 15. Viking raids, c.835 to 863 392 16a. Ninth-century divisions: The partition of Verdun, 843 402 16b. Ninth-century divisions: The Carolingian kingdoms in 855 402 16c. Ninth-century divisions: The partition of Meersen, 870. After maps in R. McKitterick, Frankish Kingdoms under the Carolingians, 751–987 (London and New York, 1983), pp. 381, 382, 383 403 17. Viking raids, 863–77 415 18. Viking raids, 879–91 416 19. Places on the itineraries of Charles the Fat (876–88) 423

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Our initial thanks are due to Rosamond McKitterick and to Jinty Nelson, for first presenting each of us with the challenge of teaching the history of the early Middle Ages. As many of the references in this book testify, the work of these two scholars has fundamentally influenced the development of this field over the last few decades, and during our PhD research and since we have also been privileged to learn from them in person. We also owe warm thanks to Elina Screen. Her contribution extends well beyond the formal aspects to which we initially asked her to pay attention; both form and content would have been much the poorer without her diligent work. We would like too to thank Sally Lamb, on whose work Maps 15, 17 and 18 are based, and all those who read parts of the book in draft, or discussed particular problems or issues with us. All offered useful comments, though of course none is responsible for the views we have expressed. From the start we envisaged that undergradu- ates would form an important part of our readership, and indeed the idea for this book first arose when two of the authors covered some of Rosamond McKitterick’s lecturing duties at the Univer- sity of Cambridge during a period of research leave. Teaching and writing history are genuinely interconnected activities, and we are grateful to our friends and students at the Universities of Liverpool, Birkbeck London and St Andrews not just for road-testing drafts of some chapters, but also for helping us form and clarify our ideas. We are also indebted to successive commissioning editors at CUP

xiv Acknowledgements for their encouragement, efﬁciency and patience: Bill Davies, Simon Whitmore, Michael Watson and Liz Friend-Smith. Our most pro- found gratitude goes, of course, to our families, for support, encouragement, and welcome distraction: to Greg and Joe, and Naomi and Evan, and to Charlotte, Jayne and Claire.

ABBREVIATIONS

AB Annales Bertiniani [Annals of St Bertin], ed. F. Grat, J. Vielliard, S. Clemencet´ and L. Levillain (Paris, 1964), trans. J. L. Nelson, The Annals of Saint-Bertin (Manchester, 1991) AF Annales Fuldenses [Annals of Fulda], ed. F. Kurze, MGH SRG in usum scholarum separatim editi ix (Hanover, 1891), trans. T. Reuter, The Annals of Fulda (Manchester, 1992) AL Annales Laureshamenses [Annals of Lorsch], ed. G. H. Pertz, MGH SS i (Hanover, 1826), pp. 22–39 AMP Annales Mettenses priores [Earlier Annals of Metz], ed. B. von Simson, MGH SRG in usum scholarum separatim editi x (Hanover and Leipzig, 1905) Annales HSS Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales ARF Annales regni francorum [Royal Frankish Annals], ed.F.Kurze,MGH SRG in usum scholarum separatim editi vi (Hanover, 1895), trans. B. Scholz, Carolingian Chronicles (Ann Arbor, MI, 1970) AV Annales Vedastini [Annals of St Vaast], ed. B. von Simson, Annales Xantenses et Annales Vedastini, MGH SRG in usum scholarum separatim editi xii (Hanover and Leipzig, 1909); extract (a.844–62)

xvi List of abbreviations trans. P. E. Dutton (ed.), Carolingian Civilization: aReader, 2nd edn (Peterborough, ON, 2004), pp. 347–50 AX Annales Xantenses [Annals of Xanten], ed. B. von Simson, Annales Xantenses et Annales Vedastini, MGH SRG in usum scholarum separatim editi xii (Hanover and Leipzig, 1909); extract (a.882–6) trans. Dutton (ed.), Carolingian Civilization, pp. 507–12 Bede, HE Bede, Historia Ecclesiastica Capit. i, ii A. Boretius and V. Krause (eds.), Capitularia regum francorum, MGH Leges sectio iii, 2 vols. (Hanover, 1883–97) CC Codex epistolaris Carolinus, ed. W. Gundlach, MGH Epp. iii (Epistolae merovingici et karolini aevi i) (Berlin, 1892), pp. 476–657 CCCM Corpus Christianorum, continuatio medievalis CCM Corpus consuetudinum monasticarum (Siegburg, 1963–) CCSL Corpus Christianorum, series Latina CDL L. Schiaparelli, C. Bruhl¨ and H. Zielinski (eds.), Codice diplomatico longobardo. 5 vols. Fonti per la storia d’Italia 62–6 (Rome, 1929–86) Chron. Moiss. Chronicon Moissiacense [Moissac Chronicle], ed. G. Pertz, MGH SS i (Hanover, 1829), pp. 282–313; extracts trans. in P. D. King, Charlemagne: Translated Sources (Kendal, 1987), pp. 145–9 CL K. Glockner (ed.), Codex Laureshamensis, Arbeiten der historischen Kommission fur¨ den Volksstaat Hessen 3. 3 vols. (Darmstadt, 1929– 36) Conc. i, ii A. Werminghoff (ed.), Concilia aevi Karolini ii.1 and ii.2 (Hanover, 1906–8) DA Deutsches Archiv fur¨ Erforschung des Mittelalters Dipl. Diplomata Dipl. Kar. i E. Muhlbacher¨ et al. (eds.), Die Urkunden der Karolinger i: Die Urkunden Pippins, Karlmanns und Karls des Großen. MGH Diplomata Karolinorum i (Hanover, 1906)

List of abbreviations xvii Dipl. LG P. Kehr (ed.), Die Urkunden Ludwigs des Deutschen, Karlmanns und Ludwigs des Jungeren.¨ MGH Diplomata Regum Germanie ex stirpe Karolinorum i (Berlin, 1934) Dipl. Loth II T. Schieffer (ed.), Die Urkunden Lothars I und Lothars II. MGH Diplomata Karolinorum iii (Berlin, 1966) DNB H. C. G. Matthew, B. H. Harrison, L. Goldman (eds.), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford, 2004) EHD D. Whitelock (ed.), English Historical Documents, 2nd edn (London and New York, 1979) i: c.500–1042 EHR English Historical Review Einhard, VK Einhard, Vita Karoli [Life of Charlemagne], ed. O. Holder-Egger, MGH SRG xxv (Hanover, 1911), trans. P. Dutton, Charlemagne’s Courtier: The Complete Einhard (Peterborough, ON, 1998), and D. Ganz, Two Lives of Charlemagne (Harmondsworth, 2008) EME Early Medieval Europe Ep., Epp. Epistola, Epistolae [Letter(s)] Fred., Cont.Fredegar,Continuations, ed. and trans. J. M. Wallace-Hadrill, The Fourth Book of the Chronicle of Fredegar with its Continuations (London, 1960) HL Paul the Deacon, Historia langobardorum [History of the Lombards], ed. L. Bethmann and G. Waitz, MGH SRL (Hanover, 1878), pp. 12–187 HZ Historische Zeitschrift LHF Liber historiae francorum [Book of the History of the Franks], ed. B. Krusch, MGH SRM ii (Hanover, 1888), pp. 215–328 LP i, ii Liber pontificalis [Book of the Popes], ed. L. Duchesne, Le Liber pontificalis. Texte, introduction et commentaire, 2 vols. (Paris, 1886 and 1892); amplified 3 vol. edn ed. C. Vogel (Paris, 1955–7), trans. in three books by R. Davis, The Book of Pontiffs (Liber Pontificalis), revised edition (Liverpool, 2000); The Lives of the Eighth-Century Popes (Liber Pontificalis)

xviii List of abbreviations (Liverpool, 1992); The Lives of the Ninth-Century Popes (Liber Pontiﬁcalis) (Liverpool, 1995) McKitterick, R. McKitterick, History and Memory in the History and Carolingian World (Cambridge, 2004) Memory MGH Monumenta Germaniae historica MIOG¨ Mitteilungen des Instituts fur¨ Osterreichische¨ Geschichtsforschung n.s. new series NCMH ii R. McKitterick (ed.), The New Cambridge Medieval History ii: c.700–c.900 (Cambridge, 1995) Notker, Gesta Notker Balbulus, Gesta Karoli magni imperatoris, ed. H. F. Haefele, MGH SRG, n.s. 12 (Berlin, 1959), trans. D. Ganz, Two Lives of Charlemagne (Harmondsworth, 2008) P&P Past and Present PBA Proceedings of the British Academy PBSR Papers of the British School at Rome PL Patrologia Latina: Patrologia Cursus Completus, Series Latina, ed. J.-P. Migne, 221 vols. (Paris, 1841–66) Poet. Poetae QFIAB Quellen und Forschungen aus italienischen Archiven und Bibliotheken Regino, Regino of Prum,¨ Chronicon,ed.F.Kurze, Chronicle MGH SRG l (Hanover, 1890), trans. S. MacLean, History and Politics in Late Carolingian and Ottonian Europe: the Chronicle of Regino of Prum¨ and Adalbert of Magdeburg (Manchester, 2009) s.a. sub anno s.n. sub nomine SRG Scriptores rerum Germanicarum SRL Scriptores rerum Langobardicarum SRM Scriptores rerum Merovingicarum SS Scriptores Story (ed.), J. Story (ed.), Charlemagne: Empire and Society Charlemagne (Manchester and New York, 2005) TRHS Transactions of the Royal Historical Society

List of abbreviations xix UBF E. E. Stengel (ed.), Urkundenbuch des Klosters Fulda.Veroffentlichungen¨ der historischen Kommission fur¨ Hessen und Waldeck 19 (Marburg, 1936) UBMR H. Beyer, L. Eltester and A. Goerz (eds.), Urkundenbuch zur Geschichte der jetzt die Preußischen regierungsbezirke Coblenz und Trier bildenden mittelrheinischen Territorien i: Von den altesten¨ Zeiten bis zum Jahre 1169 (Koblenz, 1860) VMPIG Veroffentlichungen¨ des Max-Planck-Instituts fur¨ Geschichte

Arnulf Pippin I Married union Bp of Metz Unmarried union b. = born Ansegisel m. = married d. = died Begga Grimoald K = king Bp = bishop

Pippin II Childebert ‘the d.714 Adopted’ d.662 Mayor of the palace m. 1. Plectrude 2. Alpaida

Drogo (1) Grimoald (1) Charles Martel (2) Childebrand d.707 d.714 b.688, d.741 d.751 Mayor of the palace

Carloman Pippin III Grifo Chiltrude monk from 748 b.714/15, d.768 d.753 m. Odilo, Duke of the d.755 K of the Franks 751 Bavarians

Charles (Charlemagne) Carloman Tassilo b.747/8, d.814 d.771 Duke of the Bavarians 748 K of the Franks 768 K of the Franks 768 deposed 788 K of the Lombards 774 Emperor 800

Pippin Charles Pippin Louis ‘the Pious’ (at least) 16 other ‘the Hunchback’ ‘the Younger’ (‘Carloman’ until 781) b.778, d.840 children b.770, d.811 b.772/3, d.811 b.777, d.810 K in Aquitaine 781 Emperor 813

Lothar I Pippin I Charles ‘the Bald’ Louis ‘the German’ b. c.795, d.855 b. c.797, d.838 b.823, d.877 b. c.806, d.876 K 814 K in Aquitaine 814 K in Neustria 838 K in Bavaria 817 K in Italy 822 K in W. Francia 840 K in E. Francia 833 Emperor 833 K in Italy 875 Emperor 875

Charles Louis II Lothar II b.845, d.863 b.825, d.875 b.835, d.869 K in Emperor 855 K in Lotharingia 855 Provence

Charles ‘the Fat’ Karlmann Louis ‘the Younger’ Louis ‘the Stammerer’ b.839, d.888 Irmingarde b. c.830, d.800 b. c.835, d.882 b.846, d.879 K in Alemannia 876 K in Bavaria 876 K in Franconia 876 K in W. Francia 877 Boso of Provence K in Italy 877 K in Bavaria 879 K in Italy 879 d.887 abdicated 879 K in Lotharingia 880 Emperor 881 K in Provence K in Franconia, Saxony, 879–80 Bavaria 882 K in W. Francia 885

Louis of Provence Zwentibold Arnulf, d.899 (‘the Blind’) Carloman II Charles ‘the Simple’ b.870/1, d.900 K in E. Francia 888 Louis III b. c.880, d.928 b.866, d.884 b.879, d.929 K in Lotharingia Emperor 896 b. c.863, d.882 K in Provence 890 K in Aquitaine 879 K in W. Francia 898 895 K in W. Francia 879 K in Italy 900 K in W. Francia 882 deposed 922 Emperor 901 Louis ‘the Child’ b.893, d.911 K in E. Francia 900

The Carolingian family (simpliﬁed)

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Marios Costambeys, MatthewInnesandSimonMaclean 978-0-521-56494-6 -TheCarolingianWorld More Frontmatter Cambridge © i n Charles (Charlemagne)

information this b.747/8, d.814 Himiltrude Unknown (‘Gerperga’?) Hildegard Unknown Fastrada Liutgard Madelgard Gersvind Regina Adallind c.768 daughter of Desiderius, daughter of Ct Gerold King of the Franks 768 daughter of Ct Radulf m.794x796, Saxonici c.800 c.806 King of the Lombards m. c.771, d.783 m.783, d.794 d.800 generis m.769 King of the Lombards 774 web

Emperor 800 U nive service Theoderic Pippin Hruodhaid Adaltrude b.807, d. after 818

‘the Hunchback’ b. c.784 rsit cleric b.770, d.811 d. after 800 y

Cam Charles Theodrada Hiltrude Ruothild Drogo, Hugo, Pre Pippin Lothar Gisela b. c.787, d. ‘the Younger’ Adalhaid Hildegard b. c.785, d.844 d.852 b.801, d.855 b.802/6, d.844 b.772/3, d.811 (‘Carloman’ until 781) b.778, b. 781, Abbs of after 800 Abbs of Abt of Luxeuil, Abt of

b.773/4, d.774 b.782, d.783 s b b.777, d.810 d.779/780 d. after 800 Faremoutiers Bp of Metz, St Quentin and Argenteuil s r Arch-chaplain St Bertin idge Bertha Rotrud Louis ‘the Pious’ Arch-chancellor b.779/80, b. c.775, d.810 b.778, d.840 d. after 823 K in Aquitaine 781 Louis, b. c.800, d.867 U Ct Rorico Emperor 813 Angilbert, Abt of St Denis d.814 n Irmingard, daughter Arch-chancellor i of Ct Ingram v m.794, d.818 Nithard, d.845 e Hartnid Ricbod, d.844 Bernhard, fl.843 r Judith, daughter of Ct, lay Abt of Abt of St Riquier Abt of Moutier-St-Jean sity Ct Welf St Riquier m. c.819, d.843 Press

Bernard 5 daughters b. c.797, d.818 K in Italy 812/13

Alpais, b. c.794, Arnulf, b. c.794, Lothar I Rotrud Gisela Pippin I Hildegard Louis II, ‘the German’ Charles II, ‘the Bald’ d. after 852 d. after 841 b. c.795, d.855 b. c.800, d.841 b.819/822, d. after 874 b. c.797, d.838 b.802/4, d. after 841 b. c.806, d.876 b.823, d.877 Ct of Sens K 814 K in Aquitaine 814 Abbs. of Notre-Dame, Laon K in Bavaria 817 K in Neustria 838 K in Italy 822 K in E. Francia 833 K in W. Francia 840 Emperor 833 K in Italy 875 Married union Emperor 875 Unmarried union b. = born www.cambridge m. = married d. = died fl. = flourished K = king Ct = count Abt/Abbs = abbot/abbess Bp = bishop

.org The children and grandchildren of Charlemagne Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-56494-6 - The Carolingian World Marios Costambeys, Matthew Innes and Simon Maclean Frontmatter More information

Over 6000 ft 3000 – 6000 ft 1500 – 3000 ft 600 – 1500 ft

Under 600 ft North a e Sea S i c l t B a

ATLANTIC Su d Ardennes et OCEAN en ath s arp ian e C s g s o

V a r u s J p Massif l D Central A Cantab in rian a Mts A r A ic P y p d A r en e r lp e n i a s es t n i c i S Iberian Peninsula n e e a s

erra M Si orena Tyrrhenian Sea ada Ionian Sierra Nev M e d i t e r r a n e a Sea n S e a

0 250 500 km

Atlas Mountains 0 100 200 300 miles

Map 1. Europe (relief)