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The Carolingian World at Its Height, the Carolingian Empire Spanned A Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-56494-6 - The Carolingian World Marios Costambeys, Matthew Innes and Simon Maclean Frontmatter More information The Carolingian World At its height, the Carolingian empire spanned a million square kilo- metres of western Europe – from the English Channel to central Italy and northern Spain, and from the Atlantic to the fringes of modern Hungary, Poland and the Czech Republic. As the largest political unit for centuries, the empire dominated the region and left an enduring legacy for European culture. This comprehensive survey traces this great empire’s history, from its origins around 700, with the rise to dominance of the Carolingian dynasty, through its expansion by ruthless military conquest and political manoeuvring in the eighth century, to the struggle to hold the empire together in the ninth. It places the complex political narrative in context, giving equal consideration to vital themes such as beliefs, peasant society, aristocratic culture, and the economy. Accessibly written and authoritative, this book offers distinctive perspectives on a formative period in European history. marios costambeys is Senior Lecturer in the School of History at the University of Liverpool. His previous publications include Power and Patronage in Early Medieval Italy: Local Society, Italian Politics and the Abbey of Farfa, c.700–900 (Cambridge, 2007). matthew innes is Professor of History at Birkbeck, University of London. His previous publications include State and Society in the Early Middle Ages: The Middle Rhine Valley, 400–1000 (Cambridge, 2000). simon maclean is Senior Lecturer in the School of History at the University of St Andrews. His previous publications include Kingship and Politics in the Late Ninth Century: Charles the Fat and the End of the Carolingian Empire (Cambridge, 2003). © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-56494-6 - The Carolingian World Marios Costambeys, Matthew Innes and Simon Maclean Frontmatter More information Cambridge Medieval Textbooks This is a series of introductions to important topics in medieval history aimed primarily at advanced students and faculty, and is designed to complement the monograph series Cambridge Studies in Medieval Life and Thought. It includes both chronological and thematic approaches and addresses both British and European topics. For a list of titles in the series, see www.cambridge.org/medievaltextbooks © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-56494-6 - The Carolingian World Marios Costambeys, Matthew Innes and Simon Maclean Frontmatter More information . THE CAROLINGIAN WORLD . MARIOS COSTAMBEYS University of Liverpool MATTHEW INNES Birkbeck, University of London SIMON MACLEAN University of St Andrews © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-56494-6 - The Carolingian World Marios Costambeys, Matthew Innes and Simon Maclean Frontmatter More information University Printing House, Cambridge cb2 8bs, United Kingdom Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge. It furthers the University’s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of education, learning and research at the highest international levels of excellence. www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521564946 © Marios Costambeys, Matthew Innes and Simon MacLean 2011 Th is publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2011 3rd printing 2012 A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication data Costambeys, Marios. Th e Carolingian world / Marios Costambeys, Matthew Innes, Simon MacLean. p. cm. – (Cambridge medieval textbooks) Includes bibliographical references and index. isbn 978-0-521-56366-6 (hardback) 1. Carolingians – History. 2. France – History – To 987. 3. France – Civilization. 4. Europe, Western – History. 5. Europe, Western – Civilization. 6. Europe – History – 476–1492. 7. Civilization, Medieval. I. Innes, Matthew. II. MacLean, Simon. III. Title. IV. Series. dc70.c67 2011 944´.014 – dc22 2010054602 isbn 978-0-521-56366-6 Hardback isbn 978-0-521-56494-6 Paperback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-56494-6 - The Carolingian World Marios Costambeys, Matthew Innes and Simon Maclean Frontmatter More information For Rosamond McKitterick and Jinty Nelson © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-56494-6 - The Carolingian World Marios Costambeys, Matthew Innes and Simon Maclean Frontmatter More information © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-56494-6 - The Carolingian World Marios Costambeys, Matthew Innes and Simon Maclean Frontmatter More information CONTENTS . List of illustrations page ix List of maps xi Acknowledgements xiii List of abbreviations xv The Carolingian family (simplified) xx The children and grandchildren of Charlemagne xxi 1. Introduction 1 The dawn of the Carolingian age 1 Was there a Carolingian world? 9 The sources for the Carolingian world 16 2. The creation of Carolingian kingship to 800 31 Replacing the ruling dynasty 31 The Merovingian world and Carolingian origins 34 Charles Martel and the extension of Carolingian power 44 Securing Carolingian hegemony: Pippin III 51 Charlemagne as king 65 3. Belief and culture 80 The problem of Christianisation 81 The problem of sin 110 Christian leadership and learning 131 4. Inventing the Carolingian empire: politics and government, 800–840 154 Introduction 154 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-56494-6 - The Carolingian World Marios Costambeys, Matthew Innes and Simon Maclean Frontmatter More information viii Contents The imperial coronation 160 Governing the empire 170 Dynastic politics, c.806–827 194 Kingship and ‘subkingship’ 208 Revolt and recovery: dynastic politics 827–840 213 5. Villages and villagers, land and landowners 223 Introduction: interpreting Carolingian society 223 Villages 229 Landowning and landowners 241 Community and mobility 246 Landlords and manors 252 The problem of economic growth 258 The powerful and the poor: social conflict in the Carolingian countryside 263 Conclusion: community and conflict 268 6.Elitesociety 271 Introduction 271 Aristocratic identity: vocabulary, appearance and lifestyle 275 Aristocratic behaviour: upbringing, morality and culture 296 Aristocratic families 304 Aristocratic resources and relationships: honores, benefices and lordship 312 7. Exchange and trade: the Carolingian economy 324 Introduction: interpreting the Carolingian economy 324 Mechanisms of exchange 329 The North Sea economy 338 The transformation of the emporia: the ninth century 347 The Vikings and the Frankish economy 353 Italy and the Mediterranean economy 358 Conclusion: was there a Carolingian economy? 375 8. Sustaining the Carolingian empire: politics and government, 840–888 379 Introduction: fraternal rivalry, 840–843 379 Fraternal love, 843–877 388 Government and resources 407 The end of the empire, 877–888 419 9. Epilogue 428 Bibliography 436 Index 495 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-56494-6 - The Carolingian World Marios Costambeys, Matthew Innes and Simon Maclean Frontmatter More information ILLUSTRATIONS . 1. A charter from St Gallen. Stiftsarchiv St Gallen, i51(Chartae Latinae antiquiores i,no.76) page 26 2. The altar of Ratchis (ara di Duca Ratchis). Museo Cristiano del Duomo, Cividale del Friuli, Italy. Reproduced by kind permission of Dr Neil Christie, University of Leicester 59 3. The Tassilo chalice. The Art Archive / Kremsmunster¨ Stiftsbibliothek / HarperCollins Publishers 71 4a. Abbey of Lorsch, Germany, gatehouse. C 2010. DeAgostini Picture Library / Scala, Florence 117 4b. Abbey of Korvey, Germany, Westwerk. Scala C 2010. Photo Scala, Florence 120 5. The Stuttgart Psalter, ‘Anima’. Stuttgart, Wurttembergische¨ Landesbibliothek, Biblia Fol. MS 23, fol. 55r 124 6. Mosaic, apse of the chapel at Germigny-des- Pres,´ France. The Art Archive / Gianni Dagli Orti 127 7. Plan of St Gallen. St Gallen, Stiftsbibliothek, MS 1092 128 8. Mosaic of Charlemagne and Pope Leo III, Rome. akg-images / Andrea Jemolo 164 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-56494-6 - The Carolingian World Marios Costambeys, Matthew Innes and Simon Maclean Frontmatter More information x List of illustrations 9. Aristocratic assembly from the Utrecht Psalter. Utrecht, Universiteitsbibliotheek, MS 32, fol. 83r. Reproduced by kind permission of the Utrecht University Library 173 10a. Plan of Aachen palace and chapel. After K. J. Conant, Carolingian and Romanesque Architecture 800–1200 (4th edn, New Haven, CT, 1978), p. 47 176 10b. Reconstruction of
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