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Cambridge University Press 0521854415 - Politics and Power in Early Medieval Europe: Alsace and the Frankish Realm, 600-1000 Hans J. Hummer Index More information

INDEX

Aachen, royal palace 110, 170, 172 Alanesberg, monastery 238, 244 Council of in 809 82–3 Albegau 17, 35, 37, 73, 187, 193 Synod of in 860 174 Albe river, Saargau 66, 72 Aba, wife of Hugo of Tours 218 Albrich, patron of Weissenburg 129, 195 Adala, daughter of Bodal 65 Alcuin, courtier of Charlemagne 131, 134, 135 Adalais, daughter of Hugo of Tours 158 Alemannia 17, 56, 57, 58, 134, 177, 198, 209 Adalbert, duke in Alsace 49, 52, 54, 63, 65, 158, counts in 60–1, 114, 159, 229 169, 224 dukedom of 9, 11, 35, 37, 49, 211 Adalgis, patron of Weissenburg 198 Carolingian suppression of 57–8, 59, 60, Adalhard, brother of Gebolt 72, 74, 75 96–7, 106–7 Adalhard, count in the Saargau 73–5 geopolitics of in east Francia 166–8 precaria of 73–5, 85 laws of, see law codes Adalhelm, patron of Weissenburg 125, 199, 200, proliferation of the precarial census in 94–8 201, 202, 203, 204–5, 206 Alsace 47 eponymous ancestors of 198 and the cartulary of Weissenburg 182–5, 207 and the cartulary of Weissenburg 197–9, counts in 60–1 202–3 and the divisions of the Carolingian empire Adalhelm/Althelm, ‘abbot’ and patron of 156–7, 176, 185–6 Weissenburg 124–5, 193 dukes, dukedom of 37, 47, 49–50, 57–60, 158, Adalhoch, bishop of Strasburg 159 169, 172, 176 Adalinda, wife of Eberhard, count in Alsace and and the east Frankish conspiracy 113–14 lord of Lure 235 in the east Frankish kingdom, see Louis the Adalmund, retainer of Adalrich, duke in German Alsace 51 ecology of 12, 13 Adalrich, duke in Alsace 40, 46–8, 49, 50–4, 55, geography of 9–17, 230 64, 65, 158, 170, 216, 218 geopolitics of in east Francia 166, 169 and the civil war of 676–947–8 kin-groups of, see Etichonids; Hugo of Tours; the ducal lordship of 48 Ratbald-Wicbalds in the Life of Odilia 219–23, 226 in the late Carolingian period 211–12 and the suppression of Grandval, see Grandval linguistic divisions of 133 Adalrich, duke in the district of Dijon 47 local character of 11–12 Adelheid, Ottonian empress 228, 232 in the middle kingdom 169, 172–3; see also Admonitio Generalis 135 Lothar I; Lothar II Ado, patron of Weissenburg 113 monasteries in 1–2, 166, 167, 196; see also advocates 200, 257 Etichonids Agnes, abbess of Nivelles 33 Carolingian control of 61–5 Agothiu, patroness of Weissenburg 101 monastic reform in 231–3, 248–9 Aimono, patron of Farfa 89 organization of 9, 11, 17, 229; see also civitates Airlie, Stuart, British history 171, 172 in the Ottonian period 229 287

© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521854415 - Politics and Power in Early Medieval Europe: Alsace and the Frankish Realm, 600-1000 Hans J. Hummer Index More information

Index

Alsace (cont.) Attala, abbess of St Stephen’s 54, 224 and the pagus Alsatiae 9, 17 Attila, bishop of Laon 44 Nordgau 11, 229 Atto, bishop of Freising 88 Sundgau 11, 229 Audwiller, Saargau village 72 political order in 1–2, 7, 250, 256–8 Augusta Rauricorum, civitas 14–16 and the rebellion of 833 164 Austrasia, kingdom of 9, 35–7, 41, 44, 46, 48–9, roads in 11 56–63, 66, 168 royal authority in 35–6, 48–9, 211–12; see also Avars 110, 115 Carolingians Charles the Bald; Charles the Fat; Lothar I; Lothar II; Louis the Baesecke, Georg, German philologist 131, 132 German; Ottonian kings Baldger 120, 259 royal property and residences in 166, Baldram, bishop of Strasburg 212 167, 196 Balduin, son of Sadalberga 41, 43 settlement of 12–13 Baltram, abbot of Alanesberg and Lure 234, vernacular in 133, 136–7; see also Murbach; 236–7, 238, 240, 241, 242, 244–5, 246 Weissenburg Baltram, monk and notary of Weissenburg 206 written sources of 17–23 Barr, Alsatian village 159 Alsegau 17 Barth, Medard, Alsatian historian 217 Altdorf, Alsatian monastery 1, 247–8, 249 Barville-Bas, Saargau village 72, 75 Althelm, judge 118, 124, 125, 261 Basel 11, 14, 41, 166, 187 Amalgar, duke in the district of Dijon 47 diocese of 11, 187, 228, 229, 232, 247 Amandus, bishop of Maastricht 30 Bassing, Alsatian village 195 Amico, abbot of Murbach 106, 114 Bavaria 56, 87, 110, 114, 115, 134, 165, 166, 168, Amita, daughter of Count Otto 71 169, 192, 209, 211, 217, 220 Andennes, north Austrasian monastery 33 Beatus, abbot of Honau 63 Andlau, Alsatian monastery 209, 231–2 Beda, wife of Wicbald 112 Anfrid, son of Count Eberhard 60 Bede, Anglo-Saxon author 134–5 Annales Alamannici 115 Ecclesiastical History of 135 Annales Guelferbytani 115 Begga, foundress of Andennes 33, 34 Annales Nazariani 113–15 Benedict, bishop and abbot of Honau 54, 63, 65 Annals of Fulda, see Fulda benefices Annals of St Bertin 161, 175, 182 ecclesiastical 82, 88, 91–2, 126 Annals of Weissenburg, see Weissenburg in the Brevium Exempla 83 Annals of Xanten 162 royal 191 Ansegisel, father of Pippin of Herstal 38 Berat-family, in Alsace 204 Anstrude, abbess of St Mary’s in Laon 38, 41, Beratlinda, wife of Gozbert 204 43, 46 Berg, Saargau village 69–71, 72, 116, 259, 261 Life of 41 church of St Martin at 70 Aquilina, wife of Duke Amalger 47 Rodoin property at 69–71, 116, 118–27 Aquitaine 56, 140, 160, 168, 169 Bernard, count in Alsace 176 Ardennes region 9, 36, 68, 176 Bernard of Septimania 160–1, 163 aristocracy 4 Bernhar, abbot of Weissenburg and bishop of in Alsace 211, 229 Worms 82–3, 137, 178, 197 continuity of 8, 192–3 Berswinda, wife of Adalrich, duke in Alsace 47, factionalism of 170–1 219, 220 imperial 156, 157 Bertha, daughter of Hugo of Tours 158, 176 in the late Carolingian period 210, 211–12 Bertrada, abbess of Faremoutiers 149, 150 transformation of 247–9 Besanc¸on 11, 14–16, 187 Arnulf, bishop of Metz 34, 35 Be`ze, Burgundian monastery 47, 48 Arnulf, Carolingian king in east Francia 210, Chronicle of 47 212, 215, 228, 229 Biberkirch, Saargau village 72, 74–5 Assweiler, Saargau village 119 Biel 41 Astronomer, biographer of Louis the Pious 141, Bie`vre river, Saargau 72, 74 160, 161 Biligart, patron of Fulda 87 Atta-Angilswind, wife of Ratbald 112 Bishop, Edmund, British historian 150

288

Index

Bitterauf, Theodore, Bavarian historian 88 and the suppression of dukes 60 Black Forest 11, 166, 215 see also order; monasteries Blaˆmont, Saargau village 187 cartularies 181, 253 Blandinus-Baso, husband of Sadalberga 43 see also Freising; Fulda; Weissenburg Blienschwiller, Alsatian village 159 castles 249, 257 Bliesgau 17, 65, 187, 193, 199 Cazfeld, Alsatian village 204 Bloch, Marc, French historian 254 census Bobolenus, monk and author of the Life of Annerkennungszins 98, 100, 101 Germanus 40, 47, 50, 52, 225 as a source of monastic revenue 101–2, 130 Bodol, Etichonid patron of Gregoriental and as ground rent 120–1 Honau 54, 65 on ecclesiastical precariae 74, 80–1, 84–104, Boniface, Anglo-Saxon missionary and reformer 109–10, 113, 192, 202, 259, 260 59, 79, 134 dates of collection of 86, 90 Bonifacius, duke in Alsace 37, 47, 50, 52, 68, 87 and the east Frankish conspiracy 114 Bonmoutier, Albegau monastery 35, 45, 187 proliferation of 84–104 Borgolte, Michael, German historian 215, 242 standardization of payment of 86, 90, 98; Boro, Etichonid patron of Honau and see also formulas; and particular Weissenburg 54 monasteries: Farfa; Freising; Fulda; Bosselshausen, Alsatian village 197 Gorze; Mondsee; Murbach; Passau; Bourgaltroff, Alsatian village 195 St Gall; St Wandrille; Weissenburg Bourgheim, Alsatian village 159 and the nona et decima, see nona et decima Bre´gille, Burgundian monastery 47 on precariae verbo regis 77–8, 80–1, 94, 98–100 Bretons 157 valuation of 98–101 Brevium exempla 82–4, 103, 182, 204 Champagne 48 Brittany 56 Charlemagne, Carolingian king and emperor 9, Brown, Warren, American historian 252 26, 60, 61, 62, 68, 82, 84, 96, 97, 102, Bruckner, Albert, Swiss historian 241 106–7, 110, 112, 116–19, 124, 139, 142, Brumath, royal palace 11, 14, 16, 68, 166 143, 154, 155, 157, 177, 178, 218, 228, Brunner, Karl, Austrian historian 113, 114 229, 252, 260 Bruschbach river, Saargau 66 and the division of 806 191 Burchard, duke in Swabia 227 and the east Frankish conspiracy 113, 115 Burgundian Gate 10, 11, 12, 14, 35, 133, 172, 229 and precariae 79–81, 83, 98, 103–4, 109 Burgundy 17, 46–7, 55, 56, 168, 169, 185, 186, and reform 133, 134, 135; see also Admonitio 212, 227, 239, 241, 242–3 Generalis; De Litteris Colendis kingdom of 9, 35–6, 41, 44, 47, 228 and the vernacular 131, 136, 137, 138, 140, plain of 14 142, 143 Bu¨ttner, Heinrich, German historian 233 Charles the Bald, Carolingian king in west Francia 77, 142, 146, 156, 160, 161, Carloman, Carolingian duke 59, 60 164, 170, 172, 174, 179, 185, 191, and precariae 77, 79, 96–7, 98, 107 211, 253 Carloman, Carolingian king 26, 60, 61, 62, and Alsace 176, 190, 210, 243 68, 110 and the division of 831 163–4 Carloman, Carolingian king in east Francia 209 and the divisions of 837 and 839 168 Carolingian Empire provisions for in 829 161–3, 165, 178 divisions of 163–4, 165–6, 168–9, 179, 191–2, relations of with Lothar II 170, 171, 173, 174, 209; see also Koblenz; Meersen; Verdun 175–6, 189 structural tension within 155–7, 170–1, 191, and the settlement at Meersen 186 211–12 and the settlement at Verdun 169 transformation of 253–8 Charles the Fat, Carolingian king and emperor Carolingians 177, 187, 209–11, 212, 215, 241 expansion of 56–63 and Alsace 209–10, 228, 231 into Alsace 57–63, 251–4 Charles Martel, mayor of the palace 48–9, 56, heartlands of 169 57–9, 60, 63, 66, 68, 79, 96, 155, 156 kingship of 26–7 and ecclesiastical property 76–7, 79, 107, 108 and precariae verbo regis, see precariae Charles of Provence, Carolingian king 170, 173

289

Index

Charles the Simple, king in west Francia Doll, Anton, editor of the cartulary of 228, 243 Weissenburg 118, 122, 123, 124, 125, charters 182, 183, 184, 187, 204, 206 formulas of, see formulas Dopsch, Alfons, Austrian historian 83, 100 monastic 17–22 Dragobodo, bishop of Speyer 68 royal 23 Dragowit, king of the Wiltzi 114 Chaumontois 17, 37, 73, 74, 187–9, 193, 199 Drogo, bishop of Metz 162, 200 Childebert, son of Grimoald and Merovingian Duban, abbot of Honau 62–3, 65 king 32, 44 Duby, Georges, French historian 254, 256, 258 Childebert II, Merovingian king 35 dukes, see Alemannia; Alsace; Carolingians; Childeric II, Merovingian king 47, 52, 216, 219 Ottonians Childeric III, Merovingian king 26 stem 211, 233 Chlotar II 35, 36, 96 Durstel, Saargau village 72, 75 Christian, count 175 59 98 Chrodegang, bishop of Metz , 43 Chuldulfus, lake in the Saargau 119 Ebana, daughter of Sadalberga civitates Eberhard, count in Alsace and founder of Murbach 49, 50, 52, 54, 58, 59, 60, 63–4, of the upper-Rhine region 11; see also Vosges 78–9, 94, 157 Cluny, Burgundian monastery 231 Colmar, royal centre in Alsace 11, 166, 210, 249 Eberhard, count in Alsace and lord of Lure 231 232 215–16, 225, 226, 234–5, 239, 241–2, priorate at , 245 246 Columbanus, founder and abbot of Luxeuil and , Bobbio 13, 39, 42, 44, 224 Eberhard, count in Alsace and son of Hugo 13 39 42 raucus 245, 247 Life of , , 225 236 238 239 40 234 235 Eberhard, lord of Lure , , , – , Columbinus, abbot of Lure , 242 244 5 246 247 79 , – , , Concilium Germanicum 247 Conrad, duke of the Alemans and Alsatians 229 sons of Conrad, duke in Franconia and king in east Eberhards, late Carolingian branch of the 227 228 Etichonids 215, 217, 225–6, 247, 248 Francia , 247 Conrad, king in Burgundy 215, 243 transformation of Ebersheim, Alsatian monastery 54, 61, 187, 228 conspiracy, east Frankish 105–6, 113–15 Ebroin, mayor of the palace in Neustria 38, 47–8 Constable, Giles, American historian 98–9 Constantinople 157 Eburhard, father of Gebahart, Lantfrit and 139 40 Rodoin 71, 117, 119–20, 123, 259 Corvey, Saxon monastery – 149 50 counts, see Alemannia; Alsace Eccard, count of Autun – 87 205 Ego, Rodoin forest 119; see also Waldhambach Cozroh, author of the Freising cartulary , 216 Cugnon, north Austrasian monastery 32 Eguisheim, Alsatian village castle at 249, 257 Eichel river, Saargau 66, 72, 118, 119, 120, Dabo, castle in the Vosges 249 259, 261 Dabo and Eguisheim, the lords of 1, 2, 248, 249, Einhard, biographer of Charlemagne 140, 250, 257 159, 191 castles of 249 Life of Charlemagne 153 monasteries of 248–9 Elberswiller 65 Dagobert I, Merovingian king 29, 30, 35, 36, 37, Elina, patroness of Farfa 89, 90 42–3, 44 Emma, Carolingian queen 174 Dagobert II, Merovingian king 41, 44 Engilfrid, abbot of Gregoriental 216 Danube river 166 Engilmut, patron of Weissenburg 195 Dauendorf, Alsatian village 113, 198 Engilsnot, patron of Freising 88 Deicolus, abbot of Lure 50, 224–5, 234, 238–40, Erbio, patron of Weissenburg 100–1 241, 242, 244, 246 Erchangar, Alemannic count 159, 169, Life of 212, 216, 224–6, 233–42, 243–6 177, 209 date of 245 property in Alsace 159 De Litteris Colendis 135 Erchangar, Alemannic family 61 Dettwiller, Alsatian village 158, 195, 199 Erhard, bishop 220–1 Dijon 47 Ericho, count 51 290

Index

Ermbert, abbot of Weissenburg and bishop of Fosse, north Austrasian monastery 29, 31, 32 Worms 110–11, 112, 113, 118, 120, Francia 134 123–4, 177, 194, 197, 259, 260 Franconia/mid-Rhine region 48, 68, 179, 186, and the precarial census 115–16, 121–2, 127–8 211, 256 Ermbert, priest and son of Wolfgunda 71, 74, 75, geopolitics of in east Francia 166–8, 180, 186 85, 205 kin-groups of 111 Ermenrich of Ellwangen 152 Frankenheim, Alsatian village 195 Erstein, Alsatian monastery 170, 228, Frankfurt 166, 176 232, 235 Frawinsind, patroness of Weissenburg 198 Eschau, Alsatian monastery 65 Fredegar, Merovingian historian 153 Estinnes, Council of 77–8, 79–81, 94, 96–7, 98, Freising, Bavarian diocese of 18, 55, 102 101, 105–6, 107 cartulary of 87–8, 181, 182, 192, 205 Etichonids, Alsatian family 1–2, 34, 46–55, the precarial census at 87, 89, 91–2, 95, 102 57–60, 63–5, 75, 111–12, 156–60, 176, and the vernacular 135 211, 212–26, 234–5, 238–49, 250, Freisinger Paternoster 136 254, 256 Fridoald, monk of Grandval 40 and the cartulary of Weissenburg 193, 194, Frisia 56 197, 206 Froschheim, Alsatian village 159 continuity of 63–5 Fulculfus-Bodo 42, 45–6 dukedom of 49–50, 57–60; see also Alsace Fulda, Franconian monastery 18, 102, 111, Honau genealogy of 53, 64–5 124, 179 lordships of in the middle kingdom 170 Annals of 166, 174, 175 monastic foundations of 52–5 cartulary of 87, 181, 182, 204 and fiscal property 49 the precarial census at 87, 89, 91–2, 95 offices of in late Merovingian Alsace 49 vernacular activity at 134, 135, 137, 139, origins of 46–7 141–2, 145 Ottonian suppression of 229, 243–5 Fulrad, abbot of St Denis 60 property of 55 relations of with the Carolingians 57, 59–60, 63 5 169 70 172 177 Gaio, patron of Freising 88 – , – , , 107 184 247 9 Geary, Patrick, American historian , transformation of – 71 74 75 116 23 59 Gebahart, son of Eburhard , , , – , Ettenheim, upper-Rhine monastery 124 125 7 129 259 261 Eugenia, abbess of Hohenburg 65, 224 , – , , , 39 40 42 Gebhart, son of Rodoin 71, 119 Eustasius, abbot of Luxeuil , , 75 Eustasius, son of Sadalberga 43 Geboart, nephew of Lantfrit corepiscopus Gebolt, advocate of Weissenburg 69, 71, Evangelienbuch, see Otfrid of Weissenburg 72 3 74 75 85 6 200 201 202 3 Exhortatio ad Plebem Christianam 135 – , , , – , , , – , 204–5 Farfa, Italian monastery, the precarial census at Genesis, Old Saxon biblical epic 138–42, 143 89–91, 95, 101 Latin preface to, see Heliand Fastrada, Carolingian queen 110 Gengenbach, Black Forest monastery 197 Fleckenstein, Josef, German historian 124 Gerard, count in Paris and Vienne 158 Foillan, abbot of Peronne 31 Gerbald, son of Wicbald 112, 194, 195, Folcwig, abbot of Weissenburg and bishop of 197, 198 Worms 178, 200 Gerbald, witness 195 Fontenoy, battle of 142, 160 Gerbert, sub-abbot of Weissenburg 197, 260 formulas, monastic 21–2, 23 Gerhoh, sub-abbot of Weissenburg 197 collections of: Germanus, abbot of Grandval 39–40, 41, 51–2 Bourges 92 Life of 39–40, 50, 52, 225 Collectio Flaviniacensis 93 Gerric, abbot of Weissenburg 233 Formulae Salicae Merkelianae 93 Gertrude, abbess of Nivelles Formulae Sangallenses Miscellaneae 93 Life of 29–31, 32, 33 Marculf 92, 93, 126 Miracles of 29 Sens 92–3 property of 30 Tours 92, 93 Gervolk, patron of Weissenburg 202–3 the precarial census in 92–4, 95 Gisalrich, patron of Weissenburg 195, 205, 206 291

Index

Glo¨ckner, Karl, editor of the cartulary of Haito, bishop of Basle 157 Weissenburg 118, 122, 123, 124, 125, Hartbert, monk of Weissenburg 206 182, 183, 184, 187, 204, 206 Hartmut, abbot of St Gall 145, 152 Godabert, sub-abbot of Weissenburg 113 Haubrichs, Wolfgang, German historian and Goetz, Hans-Werner, German historian 101 linguist 131–2, 138–9, 145 Goldberg, Eric, American historian 166, 168 Hector, patricius of Provence 47 Go¨rsdorf, Alsatian village 159, 198 Heddo, abbot of Reichenau and bishop of Gorze, Lotharingian monastery 18, 59 Strasburg 58, 59, 61, 79 the precarial census at 98 Heidrich, Ingrid, German historian 57 Gozbert, patron of Weissenburg 187 Heilwig, wife of Hugo, son of Hugo raucus 247 Gozbert, witness at Weissenburg 203–4 Heliand, Old Saxon biblical epic 132, 137–42, Grandval, Jura monastery 33, 55, 61, 170, 187, 143, 145, 148 209, 215, 232, 243 manuscripts of 139, 141–2 foundation of 40–1 preface to 138–9, 140–1 and the later Etichonids 172, 214–15, 247 Helidmunt, patron of Weissenburg 86, 127–8 suppression of by Duke Adalrich 51–2, 214 Hellgardt, Ernst, German scholar 150 Graus, Frantisˇek, Czech historian 223 Henry I, Ottonian king 227–8 Gregoriental, Alsatian monastery 47, 52, 54, 61, Henry II, Ottonian king and emperor 245 166, 175, 187, 215–16 Heppo 206 Grimald, abbot of St Gall and Weissenburg, connection of to the Helmdrudis- archchaplain and archchancellor 144, Helidmunt-Hildrat-Hiltbert group 206 151–4, 197, 201, 211 Herimuot, patron of Gregoriental 216 ancestry of 178 Herlihy, David, American historian 102 and the abbacy of Weissenburg 178, 180, Hermann, Swabian duke 229 197–8 Hermelange, Saargau village 75, 201 career and offices of 151 Herstal, assembly 79–81, 83, 85, 91, 94, 98–9, as literary patron 152–3 100–1, 109 of vernacular literature 153 capitulary of 80–1, 84, 97, 106 and Louis the German’s acquisition of Hesse, Saargau village 72, 75 Alsace and Lotharingia 173, 181, 182, monastery at 1, 247–8, 249 189, 191, 207 Hilderic, patron of Farfa 89 relationship of with patrons 201–2 Hildibodo, notary of Weissenburg 122, 260 vademecum of 153 Hildifrid, son of Duke Liutfrid 60, 64 Grimoald, mayor of the palace in Austrasia 31, precaria of at Murbach 78–9, 94 32, 34, 35, 37 Hildigard, countess in Alsace 235 coup of 32, 44 Hildrad, probable kinsman of Hildifrid 64 Gundher, patron of Fulda 87 precaria of at Murbach 78–9, 94 Gundlinda, daughter of Duke Adalbert 224 Hilduin, abbot of St Denis, archchaplain to Gundoin, Austrasian duke 37–8, 66, 71 Louis the Pious and Lothar I 146 Gundoin, count 38 Hiltibert, patron of Weissenburg 86 Gundoin, vir inluster and duke in Alsace 35, 37, Himiltrude, wife of Count Eberhard 59 38, 39–41, 42, 43, 47, 50, 52, 218 Hincmar, bishop of Reims 174, 176 property of 40 and the Annals of St Bertin 175 Gundoins 34, 35–7, 38–46, 52, 55, 71 and the Divorce of Lothar 174 monastic foundations of 39–46 Hohenburg, Alsatian monastery 1, 54, 61, 65, women of 41–6 159, 187, 212, 216–17, 218, 221, 223, 226 property of 45; see also Gundoin, duke in foundation narrative of 219–20 Alsace; Sadalberga Honau, Alsatian monastery 54, 61, 62–5, 81, sanctification of 43 166, 181, 187, 209 Gunthart, patron of Weissenburg 129 Etichonid donations to 63–5; see also Guntram, count and lord of Lure 225, 236, Etichonids 239–40, 242, 243, 244, 246, 247 Hornbach, Vosges monastery 59, 65 Hrabanus Maurus, abbot of Fulda and Hadrian II, pope 176 archbishop of Mainz 138–9, 140, 142, hagiography 22 143, 145, 146, 148, 153, 179

292

Index

Hrimcrim, patron of Freising 88 Koblenz 14 Hugo, count at Hohenburg and lord of Lure royal summit at in 860 174, 175, 182 217, 225, 226, 236, 238, 239–40, 242, Kra¨henberg, in Alsace 195 244–5, 246 Hugo, count and lord of Lure 225, 236, 237–8, Langres 14, 43, 44, 172 240, 242, 244, 246 Sadalberga’s foundation near 43–4 Hugo, count in Alsace and founder of Lantfrid, duke in Alemannia 96 Woffenheim and Hesse 247, 249 Lantfrit, corepiscopus 69, 74, 75, 126, 200, 201, Hugo, count and son of illustrious count Liutfrid 202–3, 204, 206 172, 176, 212, 214 Lantfrit, son of Eburhard 71, 117–18, 120, Hugo, duke in Alsace and son of Lothar II 171, 123, 259 172, 174, 176, 197, 212, 241–2 Laon 35, 38, 41, 45 Hugo raucus, count in Alsace 242, 247 Sadalberga’s foundation in 34, 35, 38, 41, Hugo of Tours, Etichonid count in Tours and 44–6 Sens 156–61, 170, 199, 212, 214, 218 law codes 23 Alsatian connections of 158, 163 Leges Alamannorum 96, 97 characterization of 160, 164 Leberau, Alsatian monastery 177 as conspirator against Louis the Pious 160, Lembach, Alsatian village 113, 193, 198, 204 163, 164–5 Leo IX/Bruno of Toul, pope 1–2, 248, 250 death of 165 Leodegar, bishop of Autun 47, 52, 219 disgraced by Louis the Pious 159 Passion of 47 honores of 157, 158, 165 Leodemund, abbot of Grandval 50 property of 158–9, 195–7 Leudinus-Bodo, bishop of Toul 35, 42, 45, 217 Ingobert, patron of Weissenburg 127, 129 Levison, Wilhelm, German historian 50, 217 Ingofrid, abbot of Luxeuil 50 Liber Possessionum 182–3, 184 Innes, Matthew, British historian 252, 255 and the settlement at Verdun 185–6 Irambertus, witness at Weissenburg 123–4, 261 Life of Hildulph 217 Irish missions 27, 31 lingua theodiska 148 Irmina, mother-in-law of Pippin of Herstal 34 Liutbert, archbishop of Mainz and archchaplain Irmingard, Carolingian empress 157, 170, 228 to Louis the German 144, 154, Isanhart, patron of Freising 92 189, 211 Italy 97, 112, 164, 165, 168, 169, 210, see also Otfrid of Weissenburg 214, 243 Liutfrid, count and son of count Liutfrid 212, Itta, foundress of Nivelles 29, 30–1 214–15 sons of: Liutfrid, Hugo and Hunfrid 215 John, notary of Weissenburg 206 Liutfrid, illustrious count and son of Hugo of Jonas of Bobbio 39, 42 Tours 158, 170, 172, 197, 212, 214 Judith, Carolingian empress 157, 161, 218, 228 Liutfrid, duke in Alsace 49, 52, 54, 59, 60, Judith, veneranda matrona and patron of Otfrid 111–12, 157, 158–9 146, 147 Liutfrid, lord of Grandval 215 Jura mountains/Transjura region 14, 35, Liutfrids, late Carolingian branch of the 169, 187 Etichonids 212–15, 216, 243, 247 Justolf, abbot of Weissenburg and bishop of Liutheric, mayor of the palace 219 Ascoli Piceno 177–8 Liutswind, wife of Sigibald 113 Lombardy 169, 177 Kaiserstuhl, royal estate near 166 Lorsch, Franconian monastery 111 kin-groups, kinship 1–2, 5, 6, 7, 8 Lothar I, Carolingian emperor 142–3, 146, and abbatial succession 32–3 156, 157, 168–70, 178, 180, see also aristocracy; monasteries; and individual 191, 211 groups: Etichonids; Gundoins; Pippinids; and the abbacy of Weissenburg 179, 201 Ratbald-Wicbalds; Rodoins; Wolfoald- and Alsace 169, 177, 191, 228 Gundoins and connections to Etichonids 169–70, 214 Kirrwiller, Alsatian village 197, 201, 202, 203 middle kingdom of 169–70 Kleiber, Wolfgang, Otfrid scholar 152 rebellions of 160–5, 200

293

Index

Lothar II, Carolingian king 170–6, 214, 246 reform of 233–46 and Alsace 172–3, 175, 177, 181, 182, 185, Luxeuil, Burgundian monastery 39, 40, 42, 189, 197–9, 211 44, 187 and connections to Etichonids 172, 197, 214 and the geopolitics of the middle kingdom Maˆcon, region in Burgundy 256, 258 170–1 Magdeburg, archbishopric of 232, 233 itinerary of 172 Magyars 215, 227, 228, 239, 241, 242 marital problems and divorce of 171, 172, 173, Mainz 14, 68 212, 234–5, 239, 241 archbishopric of 134, 172, 183, 232, 233 see also Charles the Bald; Louis the German district of 169, 179, 185 Lotharingia 9, 17, 171, 172, 209, 212, 228, 242–3 Synod of 138, 143 bishops of 171, 172 vernacular activity at 139, 141–2 and the cartulary of Weissenburg 182–5, 207 Marlenheim, royal palace in Alsace 11, 35, 48, and the divisions of the Carolingian empire 60, 166, 172, 175, 214 185–6 Marmoutier, Alsatian monastery 166 ecology and geography of 13–14 Masmu¨nster, Alsatian monastery 55, 187 see also Louis the German Maso, founder of Masmu¨nster 54 Louis the Child, Carolingian king in east Francia Massiolo, patron of Farfa 89 227, 228 Matfrid, count at Orleans 160, 161, 163 Louis the German, Carolingian king in east Maurontus, bishop of Marseilles 108 Francia 107, 143, 152, 154, 156, 170, McKitterick, Rosamond, British historian 149 173–4, 198, 211 Meersen, division at 176, 177, 178, 185, and Alsace 144, 170, 173, 176–7, 190, 209, 186–90, 192 211, 228, 253 Meginhelm, advocate of Weissenburg 195, 203 and the acquisition of Alsace and Meginheri, patron of Weissenburg 195 Lotharingia 160, 178–82, 189, 190, 191; Mellito, patron of Farfa 89 see also Grimald Memmo, patron of Freising 92 Bavarian kingdom of 165 Metz 11, 14, 34, 48, 66, 68, 133, 164, 170, 172, court of 146, 153 175, 176, 187, 200 and the division of 831 165–6 diocese of 69, 176, 200, 236 and the geopolitics of east Francia 165–9, 170 Metz, Wolfgang, German historian 186 itinerary of 166 Meuse, Gundoin villa 44 rebellions of 164, 165–9, 191 Meuse-Moselle basin 9, 35, 37, 164, 169, relations of with Lothar II 170, 171, 173–6 176, 187 and the settlement of Meersen 185, 186–7 Milan 89 and the settlement of Verdun 169, 185–6 Milo, patron of Weissenburg 198 and the vernacular 131–2, 137, 138–9, 141–3, Milo, priest and patron of Weissenburg 124–5, 144, 145–6, 147, 150–1, 153, 154 193, 197, 198–9, 200, 201, 202–3 Louis the Pious, Carolingian emperor 9, 50, 82, Mittilibrunn river, Saargau 66, 118, 119, 120, 124, 139, 142, 147, 154, 155, 157, 158, 259, 261 178, 179, 200, 214, 218, 253 Modern, Alsatian village 199 deposition of 144 Mohnenberg, in Alsace 195 imperial divisions of 163–4, 165–6, 168–9, monasteries 7–8 179, 191–2 and Carolingian authority 62–4, 251–4 rebellions against 160–5, 168–9, 178–9 and the divisions of the Carolingian empire and the vernacular 138, 139–41 177, 252–3; see also Weissenburg Louis II, Carolingian king and emperor in and families 1–2, 6, 7, 23–5, 35, 254, 256–8 Italy 170 lordly domination of 209–26 Louis IV, Carolingian king in west Francia 242 and property 76–80; see also precariae; benefices Louis the Younger, Carolingian king in east surge in donations to 102–3 Francia 175, 209 see also Alsace; reform; the Vosges Ludolfesteich, in Waldhambach 120, 259 Mondsee, Bavarian monastery 89, 181 Lure, Burgundian monastery at 1, 187, 212, 226, Moselgau 187–9 231, 247 Muatheri, leitname of the Ratbald-Wicbald as a proprietary monastery 225–6 group 203–4

294

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Mu¨nchhausen, Alsatian village 195, 203 identification of with Otgar, abbot of Murbach, Alsatian monastery 18, 50, 54, 60, 61, Weissenburg 124–5 64, 114, 166, 187, 209, 228, 232 Otbert, patron of Weissenburg 204 foundation of 58–9 Otfrid of Weissenburg, poet 137 precariae at 78–9 and the cartulary of Weissenburg 204 precariae verbo regis at 105, 106–7, 109 Evangelienbuch of 132, 137, 138, 141, 143–54, the precarial census at 94–5, 96, 98 180, 204 vernacular activity at 133 date of composition of 145–7 Muspilli, Old High German poem 143 dedications of 144–5, 150–1 letter to Liutbert 144, 146, 147, 150, 151 Nelson, Janet, British historian 164 manuscripts of 145 Neustria, kingdom of 34, 47, 56 reception of 149–50 aristocracy of 32, 44, 47 and Frankish lordship 147–9 Neuweiler, Alsatian monastery 200 family of 203–4 Nicholas I, pope 171, 174 Latin poems of 146 Niederaltaich, Bavarian monastery 135 life and career of 144–5 Niederbronn, Alsatian village 158, 159 residence in west Francia 146 Niedermu¨nster, Alsatian monastery 54, 218, 224 Otgar, abbot of Weissenburg, archbishop of Nieffern, Alsatian village 197 Mainz and chaplain to Louis the Pious Nithard, Carolingian historian 142, 160, 161, 124–5, 127, 146, 190 162, 163, 164, 165, 179, 252 and the abbacy of Weissenburg 179–80 Nivelles, north Austrasian monastery 29, 32–3 relationship of with patrons 201, 202 abbatial succession at 32–3 Otgar/Autgar, palace judge for Pippin III foundation of 30–2 124, 125 Nivelles Addition to the Life of Fursey 29, 31 identified with Otkar/Ottakar, fidelis of nona et decima 80–1, 98–101 Charlemagne 124 Nordoald, patron of Weissenburg 111 Otheri, son of Gozbert 204 Notker the Stammerer, biographer of Otmund 195, 203 Charlemagne 145, 152 Otrih, witness at Weissenburg 203–4 Deeds of Charlemagne 145, 152 Otto, count in the Saargau 71, 74, 75, 85, 205 Otto, mayor of the palace in Austrasia 27, 31, Odalhart, patron of Weissenburg 85 32, 37 Odila, sister-in-law of Sadalberga 45, 217 Otto I, Ottonian king and emperor 215, 228, Odilia, abbess of Hohenburg 52, 54, 65, 216, 229, 232, 237–8, 242–5, 246 217, 218, 220–4 Otto II, Ottonian king and emperor 229, 232, and the later Etichonids 217 243, 245, 247 Life of 47, 212, 216–24, 225, 226, 234 Otto III, Ottonian king and emperor 229, circulation of 223 232–3, 245, 247 date of 217 Otto, Salian duke 233 sources of 217–18 Ottonian kings 24–5, 227–9 order, political 1–8 and Alsace 227–9, 233, 242–3, 245 Carolingian 5–6, 24, 156; see also Carolingian and the dukes 229 Empire and the Etichonids, see Etichonids central 2–3, 7 and monasteries 228 formal aspects of 2–4, 7 and reform 231, 237–8 in early medieval Europe 5–7, 23–5 Ottwiller, Saargau village 72, 75 informal aspects of 3–4, 7 late Merovingian 250–1 Palma, monastery 220 local 3, 5, 7, 8, 156–7 Paris basin 48, 146 Ottonian 24–5, 256 Passau, Bavarian monastery 181 Roman 5, 6 the precarial census at 89 royal 3–4, 5 Pavia 89 transformation of 256–8 Payerne, Burgundian monastery 228, 231, 232 Ornois 44, 187 Peter, father of Rodoin 69, 70 Otacar, palace judge 118, 124–5, 201, 261 Pfister, Christian, Alsatian historian 64, 216, 223

295

Index

Pippin, Carolingian king in Italy 178 Rantwig, patron of Weissenburg 111–12 Pippin I ‘the Elder’, mayor of the palace in Ratbald, a progenitor of the Ratbald-Wicbalds Austrasia 29 111–12 Pippin II of Herstal 32, 33–4, 37, 38, 46, Ratbald-Wicbalds, mid-Rhine family 111–13, 48, 68 193, 203 ‘monastic policy’ of 33–4 and the cartulary of Weissenburg 194–7, Pippin III ‘the Short’, Carolingian king 29, 58, 199, 206 59–60, 61, 62–3, 66, 68, 81, 96, 98, 110, connections to the Etichonids 111–12, 195–7 112, 124, 157, 177, 228, 252 connections to the family of Otfrid 203–4 anointing of 26–7 property of 111, 112, 118 and precariae 106, 107, 108 Ratharius, count and precarist of St Wandrille Pippin, Carolingian sub-king in Aquitaine 156, 108 160, 163, 164 Ratold, bishop of Strasburg 172, 173, 176 Pippinids 27–34, 37–9, 41, 44, 46, 50, 62, 71, 77 Ratram, Ratbald-Wicbald patron of and Alsace 48–9 Weissenburg 112 monastic foundations of 29, 32 reform women and 31, 33 Carolingian 130–1, 133–54, 155, 231; see also property of 31 Charlemagne sanctification of 31, 36 Anianian 181 and the ‘south Austrasian opposition’ 37–8, 66 karlisch 131 Pirenne, Henri, Belgian historian 5 monastic, tenth-century 227, 229–49, 256; Pirmin, abbot of Hornbach, Murbach and see also Lure; Weissenburg Reichenau 58–9, 65, 79 papal 232 Plectrude, wife of Pippin of Herstal 34, 38 Regensburg 115, 135 polyptychs 83 Reichenau, Alemannic monastery 58–9, 209 Portois 17, 187 vernacular activity at 153 precariae and conditional gifts 19–22, 68, 73–4, Reims 43 77, 79–81, 89, 91, 92, 102–4, 105, 197, Remaclus, abbot of Solignac 32 198, 200, 201, 202, 206, 211, 259, 260 Remigius, bishop of Strasburg 65 in the Brevium Exempla 83 Remiremont, Burgundian monastery 42, 60, census on, see census 187, 235 upon death (conditional gifts only) 86–7 memorial book of 173–4, 175 precariae verbo regis 77–8, 79–81, 83, 94, 96, royal summit at in 861 173–4, 175 98–100; see also Carloman; census; Reuter, Timothy, British historian 155, 171 Charlemagne; Murbach; St Wandrille Rheinau, Alemannic monastery 210 reception of 105–9 Rhine river 166 see also Adalhard, count; Rodoins and the lower-Rhine region 165, 168, 176 prestariae 21–2, 68, 117, 118, 119, 121–2, 123, Richbald, son of Wicbald 112, 113, 194, 195, 126, 127, 129, 259 197, 198–9 Preuschdorf, Alsatian village 158, 159, 198 Richgarda, Carolingian empress 177, 209, property 5 228, 231 ecclesiastical 76–80; see also benefices; Richramnus, husband of Sadalberga 42 monasteries; precariae Riculf, archbishop of Mainz 124 ‘secularization’ of 76–8, 107 roads, Roman 11, 16, 41, 66, 166 gifts of to monasteries 23–4 Robert the Strong, count in Paris 158 royal 11; see also Alsace Rodoin, abbot of Weissenburg 69 Provence 14, 47–8, 56, 107, 169, 173, 174 Rodoin, count 68 Prudentius, author of the Annals of St Bertin 174 Rodoin, notary 69 Rodoin, priest 69 Quierzy, assembly at 159 Rodoin, son of Eburhard 71, 116–23, 124, 125–7, 129, 259, 261 Rading, patron of Weissenburg 86 Rodoin, son of Peter 69, 74, 118, 123, 125, 127, Raduin, advocate of Weissenburg 203 128, 261 Radulf, son of Amita 71, 72 precariae and wills to Weissenburg 69–71, Randoald, provost of Grandval 51, 52 119, 127

296

Index

Rodoins, family of the Saargau 65–75, 78, 111 St Trutbert, Black Forest monastery 215 and the Carolingians 68 St Victor at Marseilles and the cartulary of Weissenburg 194, precariae verbo regis at 107–8, 109 199–203 St Wandrille, west Frankish monastery 101 continuity of 65–75, 206–7 and the Gesta Sanctorum Patrum Fontanellensis descent of 69 Coenobii 101, 108–9 dispute of with Weissenburg 115–27, 259 precariae verbo regis at 108–9 precariae of 68, 71 precarial census at 101 as a ‘precarial kin-group’ 71–5 Salians, German dynasty 184, 233 property of 66, 69–71, 72; see also Berg; Saoˆne river and basin 14, 35, 187 Waldhambach Saratrude, daughter of Sadalberga 43 relationship of with Weissenburg 68–71 Sarengo, patron of Farfa 89 and the ‘south-Austrasian opposition’ 66 Saulnois 17, 37, 69, 73, 74, 182, 185, 187, 193, Roduna, sister of Adala 65 195, 199, 206 Rodung, Rodoin patron of Weissenburg 125 Saverne, Alsatian village Romanus, abbot of Murbach 59, 79, 107 royal centre at 166 Rome 175, 176, 231, 236 Saverne gap 11, 66, 164, 247, 249 see of 237–8, 246, 257 Saxony 56, 110, 112, 142–3, 168, 211 Synod of 82, 178 role of vernacular in the conversion of Rotabach, Bavarian village 88 139–40, 141 Rotfeld, in Alsace 164, 168, 191 Old Saxon baptismal vow 139 Royal Frankish Annals 113, 115 Schmid, Karl, German historian 173, 254, Rudolf, duke in Burgundy 229, 238, 243, 256, 258 244, 246 Schuttern, Alemannic monastery 210 Rudolf, king in Burgundy 215, 228 Se´lestat, royal estate in Alsace 166, 210 Rupertings, Franconian family 111 Seltz, royal fortress in Alsace 11, 35, 166, 231, 232 Ruthard, Alemannic count 60 monastery at 228 Sierentz, royal estate in Alsace 166 Saarbourg, town in the Saargau 179, 201 Sigibald, son of Ratbald 112, 113, 194, 195, 197, Saargau 17, 37, 65, 66, 68, 73, 78, 179, 182, 185, 198–9 187, 194, 199, 201, 247 Sigibert III, Merovingian king 32 rivers of 66 Sigibold, witness 195 roads in 66 Sigihart, count 195, 206 Saar river 66, 72 Sigolsheim, Alsatian village 65 Sadalberga 33, 34, 35, 37, 41–6, 217, 220 Sinda, patroness of Farfa 89 and aristocratic sanctification 43 Sindbert, abbot of Murbach and bishop of foundations of 34, 35, 38, 41, 43–6 Regensburg 114–15 Life of 39, 41, 44, 217–18, 234 Soissons, west Francia 40 property of 43–4, 45 Solomon, bishop of Constance 145 St Adelphus, relics of 200 Sornegau 48, 50, 51 St Emmeram, Bavarian monastery 18 Speyer 14, 68, 166, 182–3 St Felix and Regula, monastery in Zurich 176 diocese of 183 St Gall, Alemannic monastery 102, 138, 145, Speyergau 17, 54, 111, 112, 144, 169, 178, 179, 198, 210 180, 185, 186, 193, 199 charters of 162, 164, 182, 185 Spitzstein 120 library of 152 Sprandel, Rolf, German historian 97 the precarial census at 94, 95–8, 101, 102 Staufer dynasty 229 vernacular activity at 142, 153 Stavelot and Malmedy, double monastery 32, Sangaller Paternoster und Credo 136 34, 35–7 St Germain-des-Pre´s, Paris-basin monastery Stephen, pope 26 146 Strasburg 11, 12, 14–17, 35, 54, 59, 65, 66, 68, St Julien d’Auxerre 157 113, 159, 173, 190, 216, 228, 229 St Maurice, Burgundian monastery 54 diocese of 11, 54, 159, 166, 173, 187, 217, St Stephen, monastery in Strasburg 54, 65, 228, 236 169, 187 royal centre at 166

297

Index

Swabia 256, 258 Verhein, Klaus, German historian 83 dukes of 229, 233; see also Hermann vernacular language and literature 23, 135, 253 Germanic 131–54 Tassilo, duke in Bavaria 114, 115 and Anglo-Saxon missions 134–5 Tatberga, patroness of Farfa 89 centres of, see Alsace; Freising, Fulda; Tatian, Old High German gospel harmony 137, Mainz; Murbach; Weissenburg; St Gall; 141, 150 Reichenau Teodoro, patron of Farfa 90 and Latin 131, 133 Tertry, battle of 33 major compositions in, see Heliand, Otfrid Teudemondo, patron of Farfa 90 of Weissenburg, Tatian Teutsind, abbot of St Wandrille 108–9 major manuscripts of 141–2, 143; see also Thegan, biographer of Louis the Pious 140, 158, Heliand 160, 161, 162, 165, 179 royal agency behind 132–3 Deeds of Louis the Pious 153 and translations of prayers into Old High Theodo, patron of Weissenburg 101 German 135–7; see also lingua theodiska; Theophanu, Ottonian empress 228 Saxony Theotchar, duke in the upper-Moselle region Romance 131, 149–50 37, 38, 48, 69, 206 Vision of Charlemagne 191 Theotswind, wife of Rodung 125 Vosges mountains and region, the 11, 12, 34, 35, Theudebald, duke in Alemannia 96 164, 169, 177, 179, 212, 227, 249 Theudebert II, Merovingian king 36 civitates of 14 Theuderic II, Merovingian king 35–6 dioceses of 15, 16 Theuderic III, Merovingian king 41, 44, districts of 16, 17 48, 57 ducal administration of 48 Theuderic IV, Merovingian king 58 ecology of 13 Theutberga, Carolingian queen 171, kin-groups in 77; see also Etichonids, 174, 212 Rodoins, Wolfoald-Gundoins Thiatburg, patroness of Weissenburg 86 monasteries in 12, 167 Thietberga, abbess of Bonmoutier 45 partitions of 35–7, 176, 186–7 Thietgaud, archbishop of Trier 173 and the Romance/Germanic linguistic Thuringia 113, 114, 134, 166, 168, 211 divide 133 Tieffenbach, Saargau village 72, 119 royal power in 35–7 Toul 14, 35, 187 settlement of 12–13 diocese of 176, 187, 217 written sources on 17 Tours 158, 172 Council of 103–4 Walahfrid Strabo, abbot of Reichenau 146, and preaching in the vernacular 137, 138 152, 162 Tozi, patron of Bavaria 88 Waldebert, abbot of Luxeuil 39, 40–1, 43, 44 Trier 14 Waldhambach, Saargau village 69–71, 72, 75, Trier, diocese of 176, 187 116, 259 Turckheim, Alsatian village 216 Rodoin property at 69–71, 116, 118–27 and the disputed forest 71, 116, 118, 119, Uadalrat, patroness of Weissenburg 195, 206 120, 121, 123, 126 Udalrichings, Alemannic family 61 Wolfoald-Gundoin property at 119 Ufgau 182, 183 Waldolwisheim, Alsatian village 197 Waltrada, wife of Lothar II 171, 172, 174, 176, Val de Gue´blange/villa Geboaldo, Saargau 212, 234–5, 239, 241–2, 246 village 72 Warin, Alemannic count 60–1 Valedio, abbot of Gregoriental 216 Wasselonne, Alsatian village 65 Valff, Alsatian village 159 Weissenburg, Speyergau monastery 10, 18, 52, Verdun 37, 38, 175 54, 55, 60, 61, 63, 65, 66, 68, 90, 110–29, diocese of 176, 187 144, 145, 158–9, 166, 172, 209, 228, 231, district of 38, 187 259, 260, 261 settlement at 169, 172, 177, 179, 185–6, abbatial succession at 177–80 190, 192 Annals of 162–3

298

Index

and the Brevium exempla 82–3 Wicbald, patron of Weissenburg 195 cartulary of 18–19, 74–5, 85, 87, 102, 127, Wicbald, a progenitor of the Ratbald-Wicbalds 180–207 111–12 date of completion 181 Wilfrid, Anglo-Saxon missionary 134 and family rights 192–3 Willibrord, Anglo-Saxon missionary 134 organization and scope of 182–5, 193–4 Williperht, patron of Freising 88 precariae and conditional gifts in 183, 184, Wilo, Ratbald-Wicbald patron of 185, 192–3 Weissenburg 112 production of 204–7 Winiart, Ratbald-Wicbald patron of and the settlement at Meersen 185, 186–90 Weissenburg 112 and the divisions of the Carolingian empire Witlaic, abbot of St Wandrille 108, 109 177–207 Woffenheim, Alsatian monastery 1, 247–8, 249 Liber Possessionum of, see Liber Possessionum Wolfgunda, daughter of Mayor Wolfoald library of 152–3 71–2, 75 and patron families, see Etichonids; Wolfoald, count in the district of Verdun 38 Ratbald-Wicbalds; Rodoins Wolfoald, duke and mayor of the palace in Precariae at 103 Austrasia 37, 38, 48, 66, 71 the precarial census at 85–7, 89, 91, 95, 98, 100, Wolfoald-Gundoins 34, 36, 37–8, 44, 55, 68, 85, 101, 102, 105, 115–29 111–18, 199 opposition to 115–29 and the cartulary of Weissenburg 194, 206 property of 182–3 as a ‘precarial kin-group’ 71–5 as a proprietary monastery 211 property of 37, 72, 73–4, 199 reform of 233 and the ‘south Austrasian opposition’ scriptorium of 152–3, 180 37–8, 66 surge in donations to 102 women, see Gundoins; Pippinids vernacular activity at 133; see also Otfrid of Wood, Ian, British historian 108 Weissenburg; Weissenburg Cathecism Worms 14, 68, 110, 113, 164, 168, 178, 190 Weissenburg Cathecism 134–5, 136–7 diocese of 110, 183, 233 Welfs, Alemannic family 146, 158 synod of in 868 176 Werald, monk and son of Count Otto 71, 72, vernacular activity at 137 74, 75 Wormsgau 111, 112, 124, 169, 179, 182–3, precarial property of in Waldhambach 119, 185, 186 128, 129 Wulfetrude, abbess of Nivelles 33 Werden, monastery in Saxony 138 and the Heliand 139 Zacharias, pope 59 Werdulf, abbot of Lure 234, 236–8, 244, 245, 246 Zutzendorf, Alsatian village 195 Werinbert, monk of St Gall 145 Zwentibold, king in Lotharingia 217

299