Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project

Amhara National Regional State Bureau of Environmental Protection, Land Administration and Use (BoEPLAU)

Tana Sub-basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study Project

Technical report: Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment (ADSWE, LUPESP Tabs: Volume 08/2015) February, 2015 Bahir Dar

Client: Bureau of Environmental Protection, Land Administration and Use (BoEPLAU) Address: P.O.Box: 145 Telephone: +251-582-265458 Fax: (058) 2265479 E-mail: Amhara [email protected]

Consultant: Amhara Design & Supervision Works Enterprise (ADSWE) Address: P.O.Box: 1921 Telephone: +251-582-181023/ 180638/181201/181254 Fax: (058) 2180550/0560 E-mail: amhara [email protected]

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWE Page i

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project

LIST OF REPORTS Section I: MAIN REPORT Section II: SECTOR STUDIES Volume I: Soil Survey Volume II: Forest and Wildlife Assessment Volume III: Hydrology and Water Resource Assessment Volume IV: Land Use and Land Cover Volume V: Agro Climatic Assessment Volume VI: Crop Resource Assessment Volume VII: Watershed Management Volume VIII: Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Volume IX: Human Health Assessment Volume X Animal Health Assessment Volume XI: Fish and Wetland Assessment Volume XII: Sociologic assessment Volume XIII: Economic Study Volume XIV: Tourism Assessment Section III PLANNING Volume I Approaches, Procedures and Methods Volume II Land Utilization Types Description and their Environmental Requirements Setting Volume III Planning Units Description Volume IV Land Suitability Evaluation Volume V Land Use Plan Volume VI Management plan Volume VII Implementation Guideline SECTION IV ANNEXES Maps albums and data base

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWE Page ii

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

To address all constraints related with land uses and formulate sustainable development plan in Tana sub- basin, land use planning and environmental development projected was intended with general objective of identifying livestock production and feed resources potential, opportunities and Land Utilization Types (LUTs) to be conducted at detail level. This was put into practiced by assessing existing livestock, feed and other resources using appropriate data collecting and analyses methodologies.

Data collected for livestock production and feed resources study during the field work were household data, field observation, institutional surveys, secondary data, group discussion (at kebele and woreda level). Observations at field have been undertaken to look into livestock body condition, range condition (feed resources). All the data (soil, climate, water sources, veterinary services, market situation, availability of farmer training centre, and their capacities in demonstrating issues, etc) were collected during reconnaissance and semi-detailed survey using different methodologies. Finally, all the data were coded, entered, processed and analysed; where GIS for land use land cover and SPSS for socio-economic survey (household) were used for data analysis and processing.

Based on data collected from Woreda offices’ of Agricultural and Rural Development (WoARD, 2013), there are 4,225,464 major livestock (2,008,197 in TLU) in the sub-basin.

The livestock population of the sub-basin in detail in number is estimated; 2,405,113(57%) cattle, 951,982(23%) sheep, 549,778(13%) goats, 31,096 (1%) horses, 29088 (1%) mules and 258407 (6%) donkeys in addition there are 1,924,685 poultry and 241,713 bee colonies. The livestock density of the sub-basin in TLU is cattle 143/km2, sheep 8.07/km2, goat 4.66/km2, and equine 14.80/km2. Add up holdings 170.53 TLU/ km2 in the sub-basin. Productivity of livestock in the sub-basin has been estimated as 120,845 ton milk, 23,010.29 ton meat, 646,375 hide and skin (number) and 967 tons eggs.

In most part of the sub-basin the production system of livestock is extensive. However, in urban and semi- urban areas people adopted both semi-intensive and intensive production system. According to household interview report the major water sources of the sub-basin is from river (61.6%), non developing spring (19.2%), developing springs (1.5%), pond (9.53%),water well (8.6%, lake (5.2%) and pipe (3.0%). Totally water requirements for livestock in the sub-basin were estimated is 26,473,477 cubic meters per annum as calculated using FAO, 1981 guidelines. In addition more water is consumed primarily by cattle (82%) followed by goat (7.57%) and sheep (6.10%).

During field survey in the study area it identified that the feed sources are natural grazing, crop residue, hay, agro-industrial by-product, improved forage and others. Different forage development strategies like area enclosure, intercropping, over sowing, hedge system and under sowing were practiced in the sub- basin.

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWE Page iii

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project

Feed resources were surveyed and major natural pasture species were identified as, grasses like, Eleusine Jaegeri, Andropogon gayana, Typha angustifolia , Cyperus rotundus, Cloris gayana, Pennisetum purpureum, Cymbogon commulatus, Cynodon nemfuensis, Pennisetum snowdenia, Cyprus papyrus, Snowdenia polystachya and to some extent legumes Vigna unguiculata, Medicago sativa L. and other herbaceous species like Trifolium subterraneum used mainly during wet season when the farmland is covered with food crops. The major browse tree species have been used for cattle feed in the sub-basin are girar (Acacia spp), girawa (Vernonia amygdalina), chibha (Ficus thonnigii), wanza (Cordea africana, sessa (Albizia gummifera) and sesbania (Sespania saspan), etc. Shrubs and bushes used for goats as a main browses are girar (Acacia spp), atat (Maytensus undata), gumoro (Capparis micrantha), dokma (Sizygium seenseuin), Kosheshelie, anfara, Atkuar and Embse (Rhus glutinosa Hochst), Embacho (Rumex nervosus), etc.

The total production requirement of dry matter for livestock in the sub-basin is estimated to be 5,395,271.86 tons but the actual feed produced in the year was 2,996,546.24 tons with a deficit of 2,446,393.62(45.54 %) tons per annum. However, if it is consider maintenance requirement, the deficit decreased to 1,562,060.95 ton (34.27%). In sub-basin carrying capacity, stocking rate and stocking density were calculated based on its gazing (browsing) area, potential of dry matter yield and presence of livestock TLU. As a result in the sub-basin carrying capacity, stocking rate and stocking density are 0.86TLU/ha, 200 days and 1.58TLU/ha respectively.

Based on different sources of data analyses result major Potentials identified are;

Best local livestock breeds ( Washera and Farta sheep, Fogera cattle, Tilili, Melo-Hamisit and Mecha, Farta (Gassay) poultry, Suitable agro-climatic conditions (most of the study area has got suitable temperature, rainfall, sunshine, wind and moisture content for both the feed resources and livestock development), availability of huge number and diversified livestock resources (all livestock types without camel are reared in the sub-basin), local and diversified, forage resources like local grasses, legumes and herbs and accustomed improved forage SPPS are available in the study area, large amount of crop residues, sufficient water sources and indigenous farmers’ knowledge for livestock and feed development.

Besides these, opportunities are available that enhance the livestock and feed resources development are progress of different infrastructures (roads, private vet clinics at North Achefer and Mecha Woredas, means of communication like cell-phone and electric power for some kebeles); demand and prices growth of livestock and their products, home and market opportunities are increased (home consumption and Sudan market), availability of different training, research and multiplication centres (Bahir Dar and Debre Tabor Universities, Regional Agricultural Research Centre, TVTs, Bahir Dar cattle breed improvement

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWE Page iv

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project centre (AI), regional livestock health laboratory, Adet livestock research and improvement site, Andasa poultry multiplication centre, agro-industries that produced by-products for livestock (Bahir Dar flour factories, oil processing factories at Bahir Dar, Gondar , Zone and Woreda towns), establishment of Jawe sugar factories for sources of molasses and urea-block production, availability of NGOs (About 12 NOGs are available in the study area that support the livestock development with their intervention areas). Constraints in the sub-basin  Feed shortage  Traditional husbandry system (traditional breeding. feeding, sheltering, and marketing...)  Low health services provision (One vet clinics and one or two professionals for three Kebeles)  Budget shortage to buy improved livestock and other technologies;  Absence of policies and strategies (breeding, marketing etc.)  Low attention given to the sub-sector development by respective bodies  Pesticides application  Poor crop residue improvement  Free grazing  The expansion of eucalyptuses tree that hinder the forage and crop production, which has no use for feed and has shed effect on feed resources.  Absences of rules or implementation to maintain natural grazing lands  Gully formation and unable to control at communal grazing land  Weed invasion and unable to control or to eradicate. Based on the, the overall analyses result, i e. 13 primary (feed resources) and 5 secondary (livestock species) LUTs are identified, defined and selected for further analyses and land use planning purposes.

Cattle (Dairy and fattening), sheep (Production and fattening), goat (production and fattening), poultry and apiculture production are selected land use types (LUTs) in animal production. Similarly in feed resources natural pasture land and improved pasture land (Avena Sativa, Vicia sativa, Chloris gayana, Medicago sativa and Pennisetum purpureum, clover, pegon pea, cow pea and herbaceous forage trees like sesbania, trelucern,Tagasaste, chibeha) are selected as land use types. Land use descriptions and land use requirements rating of all livestock and feed resources land use type (LUT) have been discussed in detail for evaluation purpose and land use planning.

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWE Page v

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF REPORTS ...... II

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... III

LIST OF TABLES ...... IX

LIST OF FIGURES ...... X

ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONMYS ...... XI

1 INTRODUCTION ...... 1

1.1 General Back Ground ...... 1

1.2 Scope of Study ...... 2

1.3 OBJECTIVES ...... 2 1.3.1 General Objectives ...... 2 1.3.2 Specific Objectives ...... 2

1.4 Limitation of the Study ...... 3

2 LITERATURE REVIEW ...... 4

2.1 ADLI Strategy (2007) ...... 4

2.2 GIS Based Land Evaluation for selected types of LUTs in Kenya (Kassam, et, al, 1991) ...... 4

2.3 A framework for Land Evaluation (FAO, 1976) ...... 5

2.4 Global Environmental Facility (GEF, 2009) Baseline Survey...... 5

3 METHODS AND MATERIALS ...... 9

3.1 Description of the Study Area ...... 9

3.2 Materials ...... 11

3.3 Methods ...... 11

3.4 Data Analysis ...... 14

4 RESULT AND DISCUSSION ...... 16

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWE Page vi

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project

4.1 Livestock Population in the Sub-Basin ...... 16 4.1.1 Livestock Population and Breeds ...... 16 4.1.1.1 Population ...... 16 4.1.1.2 Breeds ...... 17 4.1.1.3 Artificial Insemination Services ...... 28 4.1.2 Livestock Holdings ...... 30 4.1.3 Trends of Livestock Population ...... 31 4.1.4 Livestock Body Bondition ...... 33 4.1.5 Economic and Social Values of Livestock Resources ...... 34 4.1.6 Existing Livestock Production System ...... 36 4.1.6.1 Existing Cattle Production Systems ...... 37 4.1.6.2 Existing Sheep Production Types and System ...... 40 4.1.6.3 Existing Goats Production Systems ...... 42 4.1.6.4 Existing Poultry Production Types and System ...... 43 4.1.6.5 Existing Apiculture Production System ...... 45 4.1.6.6 Existing Equine Production Type and System ...... 46 4.1.7 Existing Livestock Market and Marketing System...... 47 4.1.8 Heard Structure and Estimated Feed and water Requirements ...... 50 4.1.8.1 Heard Structure ...... 50 4.1.8.2 Feed Requirements ...... 51 4.1.8.3 Water Requirements...... 52 4.1.8.4 Health Services ...... 54

4.2 Feed Resources ...... 55 4.2.1 Land Use and Land Covers of the Sub-basin ...... 55 4.2.2 Existing Feed Resource Assessment ...... 57 4.2.2.1 Natural Pasture (grazing and browsing) Land...... 60 4.2.2.2 Cultivated Land ...... 72 4.2.2.3 Industrial by-Products ...... 77 4.2.2.4 Improved Forage ...... 78 4.2.3 Major Factors Affecting Feed Resource ...... 81 4.2.3.1 Slope ...... 81 4.2.3.2 Thermal Zone (ACZ) ...... 82 4.2.3.3 Elivation ...... 83 4.2.3.4 Soil ...... 83 4.2.3.5 Rain Fall ...... 84 4.2.4 Feeding System ...... 84 4.2.4.1 Free Grazing ...... 84 4.2.4.2 Cut and Carry ...... 85 4.2.4.3 Crop Residues ...... 86 4.2.4.4 By-products ...... 86 4.2.4.5 Other Feed Resources ...... 86 4.2.5 Dry Matter Production ...... 86 4.2.5.1 Natural Pastures and Herbage Production...... 86 4.2.5.2 Crop Residue Production ...... 87 4.2.5.3 Aftermath Grazing ...... 88 4.2.6 Feed Requirement (balance sheet) ...... 88 4.2.6.1 Carrying Capacity ...... 89 4.2.6.2 Stocking Rate ...... 90 4.2.6.3 Stocking Density (SD) ...... 90 4.2.7 Existing potentials, opportunities, constraints and solutions for livestock production and feed resources 91 4.2.7.1 Potentials and Opportunities ...... 91 4.2.7.2 Opportunities ...... 92 4.2.7.3 Problems and Constraints ...... 92 4.2.7.4 Solutions (Remedies) ...... 95

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWE Page vii

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project

4.3 LUT’s Descriptions and Selection Procedures ...... 96 4.3.1 Primary LUTs ...... 97 4.3.2 Secondary LUTs ...... 102 4.3.3 Definition of management Levels for Primary and Secondary LUTs ...... 105

4.4 Land Use Requirements for Relected LUTs ...... 114

5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ...... 115

5.1 Conclusion ...... 115

5.2 Recommendation ...... 115

6 REFERENCES ...... 119

7 ANNEXES ...... 121

7.1 Summary of Collected Activities for Both Livestock Production and Feed Resources ...... 121

7.2 Requirement Table for Primary and Secondary LUTs ...... 122

7.3 Detail Field Observation Data in Both Four Water Shad ...... 124

7.4 Gross Estimation of Values for Livestock Production and Services ...... 137

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWEPage viii

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Livestock Population and distribution in the sub-basin ...... 16 Table 2 Type and distribution of livestock at ACZ ...... 17 Table 3: Productive parameters of local chickens at intensive level of management ...... 24 Table 4: Reproductive and production parameters of local poultry at village levels of management ...... 25 Table 5: Artificial insemination and calf born in sampled woreda in the sub-basin ...... 29 Table 6: Livestock holding in the Sub-Basin in number and TLU ...... 30 Table 7: Livestock holding based on HH survey result ...... 31 Table 8: Trend of livestock population (2000-2005) ...... 31 Table 9: LS body condition assessment result ...... 33 Table 10 Summary of economic and social values indicators for livestock resources ...... 35 Table 11: Summary of Gross estimated values of livestock in the sub-basin ...... 36 Table 12: Average Estimation of LS volume and Prices in Birr ...... 48 Table 13: Summary of Livestock Marketing Data ...... 49 Table 14: Heard structure of cattle in the sub-basin ...... 50 Table 15: Heard structure of the Sheep and Goats in the sub-basin ...... 51 Table 16: Yearly feed requirement of livestock for maintenances and production per year ...... 51 Table 17 Major Source of Water for own Animals by HH...... 52 Table 18: Estimated water requirement for livestock (M3/year) ...... 54 Table 19: Area of land us/cover for resources of feed production the sub-basin ...... 56 Table 20: Observation sites based on cover land cover and ACZ type ...... 60 Table 21: Identified natural pasture land feed resource species in the sub-basin ...... 62 Table 22: Identified dominant grass species in the sub-basin...... 65 Table 23: Identified dominant bush and/or shrub species in the sub-basin ...... 68 Table 24: Identified dominant forest species in the sub-basin ...... 69 Table 25: Identified dominant crop species in the sub-basin ...... 74 Table 26: Summarized improved forage species strategies practiced in sub-basin ...... 80 Table 27: FAO slope (degree) classification for livestock suitability ...... 81 Table 28: Number of slope classes in the sub-basin ...... 82 Table 29: Different classes of ACZ in the sub-basin ...... 83 Table 30: HH survey result on impacts of free grazing ...... 85 Table 31: Natural pasture herbage production in the sub-basin...... 87 Table 32: Crop residue production in the sub-basin ...... 88 Table 33: Estimated biomass from natural pasture land, crop residue and aftermath ...... 88 Table 34: Major reasons aggravating feed problem in the sub-basin ...... 89 Table 35 Major Constraint of Livestock Production by HH...... 93 Table 36: Change in scarcity of animal feed over the last recent years ...... 94 Table 37: Filtering table for primary LUTs ...... 98 Table 38: Filtering table for secondary LUTs ...... 103 Table 39: Hierarchal definition of feed resources (Primary) LUTs ...... 106 Table 40:Hierarchal definition of livestock production (secondary LUTs) ...... 110

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWE Page ix

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project

LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 Map of Tana sub-basin ...... 9 Figure 2: Livestock distribution rate in % at ACZ level ...... 17 Figure 3: Typical Zebu breeds at Fagita Lekoma ...... 18 Figure 4: Typical Fogera breed bull ...... 18 Figure 5: Observation sites of Fogera and their crossed cattle breed in the sub-basin...... 20 Figure 6: Typical Farta sheep type (at Guna) ...... 21 Figure 7: Photo typical Washera sheep type (at Dangila)...... 22 Figure 8: Washera sheep breed common distribution areas in the sub-basin ...... 23 Figure 9: Traditional fattened goats at Addis Kidam market ...... 24 Figure 10 : Best Local poultry breeds distribution ...... 26 Figure 11: Photo for Tilili, Melo- Hamusit. Gassay and Mecha Indigenous Poultry ...... 27 Figure 12: Livestock population trend ...... 32 Figure 13: Fattened, medium and tin body condition of cattle ...... 33 Figure 14: LS body condition assessment result ...... 34 Figure 15: Extensive grazing system of cattle in the study area...... 37 Figure 16: Age at first service, calving intervals and lactation period of cattle ...... 38 Figure 17: Local breeds give milk 15 litres per day at the left and 10 litre per day at the right ...... 39 Figure 18: Small Scale intensive Dairy and Fattening Farms at Dangila (left) and Merawi (middle) Towns and fattening at Alemtsehay kebele (chilega woreda) (at right)...... 39 Figure 19: sheep are searching feed in North Achefer woreda (at left) and Chilega woreda (at right)...... 40 Figure 20: Lambing intervals for owned sheep by HH...... 41 Figure 21: Docked Washera Sheep at Sekela town ...... 41 Figure 22: Washera sheep breed at Dangle and Adios Kidam Markets (at left and middle) and Farta sheep (at right)...... 42 Figure 23: Age at First kidding in years for owned goats by HH ...... 43 Figure 24 : Browsing system at North Achefer Woreda...... 43 Figure 25: Sostu Dana local Poultry breeds at the Kebele centre, ...... 44 Figure 26: Intensive Medium Scale Poultry Production at Merawi ...... 45 Figure 27: Modern Apiculture at Ahuri Kebele North Achefer woreda (at right) and Koley-Dengose kebele in Farta woreda (at left) by organized youths at closure area...... 46 Figure 28: Jake’s at Farta woreda served for society under woreda office of Agriculture ...... 47 Figure: 29: Livestock markets distribution ...... 48 Figure 30: Tilili poultry at Addis Kidam Market a week before Easter, 2014 ...... 49 Figure 31: Sheep bought at Dangila Market transported to Finot-Selam ...... 50 Figure 32: Major Water Sources Distribution for Livestock ...... 53 Figure 33: Distribution of health services at ACZ ...... 55 Figure 34: Major land use/cover in the sub-basin ...... 57 Figure 35: Trends of feed sources in the sub-basin ...... 59 Figure 36: Observed grass land points based on ACZ in the sub-basin ...... 64 Figure 37: Graph shows dominant grass species ...... 65 Figure 38: Sample grass land at different sites of the sub-basin...... 66 Figure 39: Observed bush and shrub land points based on ACZ in the sub-basin ...... 67 Figure 40: Bushes and shrubs land found Libo kemkem woreda in wushatirs kebele at Nechimeda got...... 68 Figure 41: Zafeyenguse dense forest at Embachikogunaguna kebele in Ebenat woreda...... 70 Figure 42: Wet land at North Achefer woreda exposed for over grazing ...... 71 Figure 43: settlement area used for grazing, back yard forage production and for feed storage ...... 72 Figure 44: Collected crop residues at Denbeya Woreda but done with poor management ...... 73 Figure 45 Observed cultivated land points based on ACZ in the sub-basin ...... 75 Figure 46: Graph shows dominant crop species ...... 76 Figure 47: Aftermath grazing in North Achefer woreda ...... 77 Figure 48: Improved forage production in the sub-basin at different sites...... 79 Figure 49: Hay produced at Chabi got by cooperative...... 85 Figure 50: Encroachment of grazing land by different factors at different sites of sub-basin ...... 95

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWE Page x

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project

ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONMYS

ACZ Agro Ecological Zone

AI Artificial Insemination

CL Land Cover

DM Dry Matter

FGD Focused Group Discussion

GEF Global Environmental Facility

GPS Global Positioning System

HH House Hold

ADLI Agricultural Development Led Industrialization

ILRI International Livestock Research Organization

LGP Length of Growing Period

LUT Land Utilisation Types

NGO Non Government Organization

PARDB Pastoral, Agricultural and Rural Development Bureau

SCI Shawl Consult International TLU Tropical Livestock Unit

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWE Page xi

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 General Back Ground

At the national level, agricultural sector account for 46% of the gross domestic product (GDP) and livestock contributes 30% to the agricultural GDP and 19% to the export earnings (Azage and Alemu, 1998). According to Befekadu and Birhanu (2000), livestock in the country contributes about 30-35% of agricultural gross domestic product (GDP) and more than 85% of farm cash income. Livestock are closely linked to the social and cultural lives of millions of resource poor farmers for whom animal ownership ensures varying degrees of sustainable farming and economic stability.

Livestock are an important component of farmers’ livelihoods in Tana sub-basin and integral with crop agriculture practices. They provide traction power for land preparation, threshing, manure to uses as a fuel as well as organic fertilizer. The natural pasture, crop residues, hay and the stubble grazing are used as sources of feed for livestock. In the sub-basin there are various potentials and opportunities to develop the livestock and feed resources, nevertheless, high human and livestock population, land shortage, land degradation, feed shortage land use conflicts for crop and feed production and subsistence livestock production practices are main features of the sub-basin.

Tana Sub-Basin Integrated Land Use Planning and Environmental Study Project agreement is then signed between Bureau of Environmental Protection, Land Administration and Use (BoEPLAU) i. e. the "client" and Amhara Design and Supervision Works Enterprise (ADSWE) i.e. the “consultant" on March, 2013. The scale of the project is detail level (1:20,000) and planned to conduct within two years period.

The sub-basin land use planning is intended to be conducted based on the assessment and compute influences of the biophysical, social and economic factors that affect the agricultural productivity of the land.

To realise this integrated land use planning, all resources (livestock, feed resources...) available in the sub- basin which use land for production are surveyed at the commencement and detail survey phases. The first phase which gives emphasise on the general situation of the livestock and feed resources is already performed and the inception report is produced accordingly. In the second phase all relevant resources like livestock, feed, water and infrastructures like, market, vet clinic .etc. with respect their potentials, opportunities, constraints and solutions are surveyed using acceptable methods and techniques.

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWE Page 1

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project

Consequently, this final report which deals with livestock production and feed resources of the Tana sub- basin is prepared with the main objectives of identify livestock production and feed resource Land Utilization Types (LUTs) and their problems that can be used as an input for integrated and sustainable land Use planning in Tana sub-basin.

1.2 Scope of Study

Tana sub-basin land use and environmental study project is carried out in ANRS, which encompassed four zones, 29 and 442 Kebeles that conducted at detail level (in 1:20,000 scales) with total areas of

1,576,096 hectare. The scope of the study concerning to livestock production and feed resources assessment in the detail level of study also pays special attention to assess the wide-ranging situations of livestock production and feed resources land conditions so as to identify the best feed sources (primary) and livestock production (secondary) development land use types at low, medium and high level of managements and thereby to evaluate the land use types and formulate the development and management plan that enable to bring about sustainable feed and livestock development and optimum resource utilization.

The study encompassed identification and structuring of the existing grass, wet, cultivated, bush and shrub, forests, wood lands and other vegetation covers, identifying species composition and determining density using sample plots and observing their management practices.

1.3 OBJECTIVES

1.3.1 General Objectives

To identify livestock production and feed resource Land Utilization Types (LUTs) and their problems that can be used as an input for integrated and sustainable land Use planning in Tana sub-basin.

1.3.2 Specific Objectives

To assess potentials, opportunities, problems and possible solutions of livestock development and feed resources conditions To identify and select, the livestock development type (LUTs) and feed resources development land use type (LUTs) o To identify and characterize LUR for LUTs evaluation To formulate suitable livestock and feed resources development plan including maps at 1:20 000 scales for suitable LUTs o Estimation of livestock population, density, holding, production and productivity of the study area

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWE Page 2

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project

o Feed resource assessment (identification of species and composition) o Estimation of biomass production o Calculating the carrying capacity, stocking density (SD) and stocking rate of the study area. o Indicated special map of institution like, vet-clinic, water point and market place.

1.4 Limitation of the Study

12 Absences of research results at particular areas like natural pasture land productivity and livestock performance parameters at the sub-base line or at regional levels.

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWE Page 3

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project

2 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 ADLI Strategy (2007)

Until recently, no independent livestock development policies and strategies were issued and implemented. Rather they were joined together with broad economic policies. Attempts are therefore made to review the available livestock sub-sector development policies and strategies at present government regime at the national and then the regional levels.

At the regional level, after the Regional Livestock Resources Development Promotion is established, some sub-sector development strategies are formulated and have been tried to be implemented. These are cattle breed improvement, shoats’ development improvement, feed and feeding development, apiculture development, poultry development and fishery development strategies.

2.2 GIS Based Land Evaluation for selected types of LUTs in Kenya (Kassam, et, al, 1991)

The main objective of these study were; to identify and characterize the major land use type in the study area and select important ones for further study and to identify the constraining factors for the land use types identified. Method and steps of activities applied in this study included: a. Pre-field works (planning and organising activities) b. Field works (Survey) c. Post field works (Laboratory analyses, data organizing and analysing) d. Mapping units d. Identification and characterisation of LUTs e. Defining land use requirements As a result, improved forage land use type is identified, characterized and the land requirements of improved forage identified were moisture availability, rooting conditions, soil workability, sealing hazards and salinity hazards, however, other climatic factors like temperature, rain fall and slope were not considered since the production system is irrigation. In addition, the land diagnostic factors identified were particle size class, drainage class, soil texture class, minimum rooting depth, wet consistence class, thickness of crust, incidence of diatomite and E.C.ds/m from literature and interviews. Therefore, it is useful to take improved forage suitable land to combine with high level of livestock production LUTs, such as dairy and fattening.

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWE Page 4

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project

2.3 A framework for Land Evaluation (FAO, 1976)

The main objective of the framework was to deliver consistence land use planning theories, principles and applications. The methods followed are application of organizing and harmonizing different scientific facts relevance with land use planning and evaluation in the form of expertise team. As result, a land utilization type consists of a set of technical specifications in a given physical, economic and social setting. More Beek, 2010; gave more definitions of LUTs and LQs as that LUTs include levels of know-how, available technology and available inputs and also the land tenure situation in as far as it indicates the degree to which the land user can manage or overcome constraining land qualities/limitations. Subsequently, the land use requirements (LRs) of present and probable LUTs are matched with the defined land conditions. The land conditions are described as dynamic regimes or 'land qualities' (LQs) that have a direct effect on the use. According to the FAO, 1976 land evaluation factors, some of the LQs that affected the productivities of livestock are: - Productivity of grazing land (which include soil, slop, temperature, moisture requirement of. specific forge types) - Climatic hardships affecting animals - Endemic pests and diseases - Nutritive value of grazing land - Toxicity of grazing land - Resistance to degradation of vegetation - Resistance to soil erosion under grazing conditions - Availability of drinking water. From the same sources land qualities related with management and inputs that affect the productivity of livestock and feed are described below -Terrain factors affecting mechanization (traffic ability) - Terrain factors affecting construction and maintenance of access roads (accessibility) - Size of potential management units (e.g. forest blocks, farms, fields) - Location in relation to markets and to supplies of inputs.

2.4 Global Environmental Facility (GEF, 2009) Baseline Survey

The goal of this project was to contribute to poverty eradication in the Lake Tana water shade through improving ecosystem integrity and livelihood. The immediate objective is to increase household incomes through sustainable land management practices in the Lake Tana watershed. Methodology applied was Community-based integrated natural resources management that intended mainly on community participatory at any level of activities and places.

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWE Page 5

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project

As a result, it is found that within the livestock baseline survey document, LTW is a major centre of livestock resources and genetic diversity. The Fogera wetland supports the native Fogera cattle breed. This breed is an important gene pool for cross breeding to improve milk production in indigenous cattle. Other livestock characteristics of the watershed, with good feed conversion traits, included the Dangla and Washerie sheep, and Tilili chicken breeds are assessed.

Moreover, the document elaborates the traditional open access grazing system that has led to severe degradation of grazing lands in the LTW. Furthermore, land users in the watershed own, by tradition, as many livestock as they wish which encourages overstocking and aggravates overgrazing. In this regard, in areas where pastures are under communal property regimes, the risk of overgrazing is particularly acute.

Land degradation with regard to livestock is caused with different incidences as of the situation of livestock production system and objectives of livestock production a particular area. In the LTW, however, is elaborated in the GEF project as follow.

Degradation of land in LTW with regarded to livestock production is caused by uncontrolled grazing, the presence of a high livestock population and shrinkage of grazing land. Most of the pasturelands are overgrazed and trampled year-round resulting in loss of biodiversity: the most palatable species in the grasslands are being replaced by invasive alien species that have a lower feed value. This ultimately alters ecosystem structure and integrity.

Of the many reasons, fast human and livestock population growth are caused for the over utilization of resources computation and make stress on the land and its sources. According to GEF, the livestock population has increased nearly by 2.9% per year in the ANRS, and this can be taken as indicative of the LTW also. Increasing livestock populations are caused by partially by prestige attached to large livestock holdings and free access to grazing land which is unregulated by the community. Further compounding factors are the need for draught livestock to plough, thresh and for transport and the fact that low productivity characterizes of the local breeds.

As of the regional livestock development constraints, the Lake Tana watershed low livestock productivity is caused by feed shortage, inadequate health care with widespread presence of economically important diseases and parasites, poor genetic potential of the indigenous livestock breeds and poor husbandry practices (GEF, 2009).

Over the whole watershed area, natural pastures contribute about three quarters of the overall energy requirement. One of the causes of feed shortage is shrinkage of grazing land due to expansion of cropland and poor management of grazing land. With increasing human population, there is an increasing

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWE Page 6

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project competition for land between cropping and grazing. As a result, grazing lands reduced by 1.1% every year because of the growth and expansion of farming into grazing lands (GEF, 2009).

Based on these general descriptions of the land–use planning process (FAO, 1996), the livestock and forge assessment are treated as one of the main bio-physical factors that affect the production and productivity of the land and; on the other way round they are treated as primary and secondary land use types which are affected by other biophysical, social and economic factors directly for primary LUTs (Feed resources) and indirectly for secondary LUTs (different species of livestock).

In the previous era livestock and forage resources were assessed, at extensive or pastoral livestock production system (FAO, 1983) for land use planning for particular or sectoral level. During this period, all factors affecting the rangeland productivity or for primary LUTs and for livestock productivity or for secondary LUTs were assessed and combined to evaluate the land suitability for best use using the land quality for primary products and then biophysical and infrastructural requirements for secondary production.

Later on, in Ethiopia, livestock and feed resources assessment for land use planning at the national level was conducted with the FAO assistances (FAO, 1984). At this time, all feed resources from natural grazing land, crop residues, aftermath grazing, improved forage and all livestock types with their respective parameters were assessed to determine the land carrying capacity, over or under stoking and then to enhance alternative development option for both livestock and forge.

Finally, grassland resources assessment at crop-livestock farming system for land use planning at Haikoch and Butajira Aweraja in Ethiopia was conducted with the assistance FAO, (2000). The objective was to assess livestock and forge resources for land use planning purposes. Major, parameters; for grazing land resources assessment were, DM production, major characteristics of grass land, investigation of plant associations, estimation of forge productivity and quality and description of seasonal pattern of grassland quality.

In Amhara Regional State, major agricultural system is crop-livestock mixed type, as a result, land is under computation for crop and livestock (forge) Production. The present situation indicated that arable land is increased with the expenses of grazing land (feed resources) and then quantity and quality feed produced from grazing land is declined and poor feed from crop residues are increased. Under this complex interaction livestock specially oxen provide power for crop land cultivation and feed from crop residues for livestock are undividable functions.

The livestock production systems in the region are more of extensive type and some are in the semi intensive and very few in intensive types. The most dominant ones which are the extensive types are

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWE Page 7

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project characterized by mixed livestock rearing, subsistence production, on communal grazing system, more of traditional husbandry or production system. In general it is subsistence and under low input-low output production level.

So, cognizing the general land-use planning principles and the overall socio-economic situations of the study areas , the livestock and grazing land resources in the detail level and semi-detail of land use planning study project level will be assessed, evaluated and proper land use types will be identified and fit with the proper land type.

Lessons learnt

From all above literature review many useful massages are captured for the purposes of study methodology development and use as a tool for t his detail study.

From the national development policies and strategies it is recognized that yet no exclusive livestock development policies are formulated and issued which is true for the Amhara National Regional State and the Lake Tana Watershed too. However, the special attention given by the ADLI and PASDEP II and preparation of National Livestock Development Master Plan at the national level and started up of some sub-livestock development strategies at the regional level crated promising clue for better livestock development in the study area. So the detail study will be addressed based on these objective realities.

At the national and regional level, the livestock development constraints (feed, health, genetics potential, management, etc.) are well identified and sited at any literature. The availability of these constraints in the LTW is also confirmed by GEF. Furthermore, the grazing system, the degree of land degradation, the availability of Fogera cattle, Washera sheep and Tilili Poultry are grossly elaborated and the lessons put on here are how and what shall be included in the detail study methodologies for further understanding of potentials, opportunities, constraints and remedies of the sub sector.

From the FAO, land evaluation framework and pertinent documents, it is more understand that how the LUTs are identified and characterized and then how the Land qualities are studied. Therefore the sub- sector primary and secondary LUTs and their requirements will be selected and studied with the base of acceptable principles and guidelines.

Finally, from Land Evaluation Report at Lake Naivasha Basin in Kenya, it is better recognized that the livestock sub-sector land use planning with the integrated manner will be conducted based on GIS and pertinent planning tools. Moreover the land requirements or land quality and diagnostic factors identification and determination process and application of GIS for final land evaluation were learnt as it is prerequisite.

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWE Page 8

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project

3 METHODS AND MATERIALS

3.1 Description of the Study Area

Tana sub-basin is found in the Amhara region. Geographically, the basin is located between 1210691m to 1410799.77m North latitude and 253026.62m to 417182.92m East longitude. Its elevation is ranging 1327- 4109 meter above sea level. The basin has a total area of 1579096.9 hectares. It is one of the most important potential areas for all development in the region. The largest lake in Ethiopia, Lake Tana is found in the sub-basin.

Tana sub-basin encompasses parts or the whole of 29 Woredas from four zones adminstratives. These include Banja, Fageta Lekuma and Dangila Woredas in Awi zone; Sekela, South Achefer, North Achefer, Mecha and BahirDar Zuria Woredas in West Gojjam zone; Dera, Estie, Farta, Libo Kemkem, Ebinat and Fogera Woredas in South Gondar zone; Gondar Zuria, Wogera, Lay Armachiho, Dembia, Chilga, Alefa and Takusa in North Gondar zone. In addition it also includes town administration.

Figure 1 Map of Tana sub-basin Human population in Tana sub-basin is generally homogeneous linguistically and consists of the main ethnic families of Amhara. According to CSAs 2007 census and Woredas, the study area has a total population of 3,103,231 with male 1,563,276and female 1,539,955 this is about 15.8 percent of the total regional population. The very big proportion or 75.8 percent of the population of the area is living in rural

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWE Page 9

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project areas where as the remaining 24.2 percent are concentrated in urban and semi-urban centres. The settlement pattern of the study area is 56% scattered and 44% clustered and the average population density of the area is 292 persons per km square.

The sub-basin is endowed with eight different agro-climatic zones namely, moist tepid, sub-humid tepid, moist cool, moist warm, moist cold, moist very cold, sub-humid cool and sub-humid cold. Most of the project area (79.4%) is found in moist tepid agro-climatic zone followed by sub-humid tepid, moist cool and sub-humid cool which account for 12%, 5% and 3% respectively. The area is dominated by one main rainy season, from June to September and one dry season between October and May. The rainfall distribution of area is controlled by the northward and southward movement of the inter-tropical convergence zone (ITCZ) resulting in a single rainy season.

River Megech, Rib, Gumara and Gilgel Abbay are the main permanent water resources in the Basin, However, the Megech and Rib rivers sometimes dries-up at downstream during the dry seasons. Both Rivers used to supply water for human and livestock consumption and also for crop irrigation. The others seasonal rivers originate from the upper in the mountainous range in the north and in hilly zones in the inter-riverine area of river Megech and Rib are also other sources of water. River Infranz, River Jema, River Awra Arda, River Derba, River Arno-Garno, River Shine, River Selamko, River Dengura are some of prominent seasonal rivers found in the study area.

The sub-basin is one among the other agrarian areas of the nation, where by Agricultural field crop production is predominantly prevailing. With this respect, Agriculture production is the mainstay for the livelihood of people in the sub-basin. Beyond the presence of huge arable land resource, the sub-basin is adequately endowed with a wide variety of indigenous plants with a unique heritage of diverse germplasm of vegetables, fruits, oil crops, forages, tubers, cereals and pulses. Teff, Noug, safflower, rape seed, caster bean, Gesho, are among indigenous plants grown in the basin. Maize, sorghum, beans, barley finger millet, wheat, chickpea and others are commonly grown crops.

Livestock constitutes a major part of the farming system next to crop production, providing draft power, producing milk and conferring a certain degree of security against crop failures. However, performance in the production of the major food commodities of livestock origin has been poor compared with other African countries, including neighbouring Kenya (IFAD/EPLAUA, 2007). Inadequate feed and nutrition, widespread diseases and poor health, poor breeding stock, and infrastructure have been cited as major constraints affecting livestock performance. Forest resource offer the main energy supply is one of the most dynamic economic activity in sub-basin; it also contribute to sustainable agricultural systems; and are a source for agro-biodiversity and a major storehouse for carbon and water. However, Forest resource in the sub-basin is being depleted, biodiversity

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWE Page 10

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project is declining, timber and non-timber forest products and services are weakened and most of the important biological endemic species, that have a potential to sustain the livelihood in the basin, are now vulnerable. The sub-basin is rich in fish and wetland resources. However the fishery of Lake Tana is at an early stage of development due to low level of technology employed by fishery man and a lack of marketing facilities. On other hand the wetlands resources also declining due to ever-increasing population in the study area coupled with inappropriate land use and wetland management system.

The position of the basin in its cultural heritage is remarkable. For example, Some 37 islands and 21 monasteries surviving remnants of a very old meditative tradition have been used as safe keeping places for the religious relics and art treasures during the times of trouble. And these monasteries from all corners of the country have architectural significances, beautiful mural paintings and icons, as well as numerous strikingly illustrated parchments and intricately decorated processional and hand crosses. It is also house myriads of treasures, beautiful mural paintings, icons, parchment manuscripts, scrolls and emperors assets. However, efforts and progress made on archaeological searches for historical values in the area are still at infancy. As a result, most of the attractions including those that have been declared world heritage by UNESCO have long suffered from severe deterioration by both natural calamities and human interferences

3.2 Materials

Material availed and utilised for field survey were tape meters with 50m scale, digital cameras, GPSs, lap tops and cars with the other resources experts.

3.3 Methods

The study tried to collect qualitative and quantitative data collection methods combined in a creative and logical manner so as to capture relevant information to address the study objective.

Data for this study was gathered from four zones and 29 woredas that are included in the sub-basin. The study involved secondary and primary sources of data of both qualitative and quantitative natures. The secondary sources of information include books, research journals and articles, internet sources, different reports and document review at different levels of government bodies. These can grasp the background information, the trends, descriptions of the area and land use types and lessons and experiences that helped to look and understand the issues under study.

Data was collected from secondary sources using appropriately designed data collecting sheets and formats. The existing livestock population, breed type, livestock holding, feed sources, forage species, forage strategies, etc. of the sub-basin data were collected mainly from concerned woreda and zone

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWE Page 11

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project offices. However, there is a general lack of organized and well-documented data and information both at woreda and zone offices.

Some secondary data were collected for inception purposes from different sources at various levels. To enrich the data additional secondary data were collected at Kebeles, Woredas, Zones, bureaus and other organizations at the regional levels with personnel communication and at national and international level with electronic Medias (internets).

The other important source of data in the study was the primary sources to obtain first hand information on the thematic issues like existing land use types, potentials, problems, constraints and remedies of both in feed resources and livestock production. The sources of the information were key informants, focus groups, field observation and household samples.

Data Collection Instruments

The field study combined Key Informant Interviews (KIIS), Focus Group Discussions (FGDs), Household Surveys, Direct Observations and Transect Walks. Semi-structured checklists were designed to manage the FGDs and KIIS. Structured and semi-structured interview schedule were developed to undertake the household survey.

Key Informant Interviews (KIIs) Key informant interviews were conducted at woreda and kebele level with different individuals at different levels who have sufficient knowledge on the existing farming practices, land use changes, input use trends, major problems that hinder feed resources and livestock production and opportunities to enhance production and productivity. Focus Group Discussions (FGDs)

Information was also gathered through focus group discussion focused on general and specific aspects of potentials and constraints of feed resources and livestock production of the study area. Semi-structured interview technique was employed to collect qualitative and quantitative data from group discussions using a checklist. The group discussions were held at kebele and woreda level on purposely selected representatives on general issues that were listed in the checklist. Since, the interview was aimed at generating information on certain specific issues; a checklist was used on some of the predetermined questions. Following and depending on the response of farmers, a series of specific follow-up questions were asked on the subject of interest. As per farmers’ interest the interview was scheduled mainly on holidays. This method of data collection may be very vital as it helps easily to cover wide range of issues that could require high time and financial resources through household surveys.

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWE Page 12

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project

Field Observations

Primary data to assess plant species and composition from different land cover like grassland, bush/shrub land wet land, built up areas, cultivated land and forest land the following method was applied.

Appropriate base map was prepared from the review of existing relevant information like, small scale map with classification that was uniform with respect to bio-physical conditions for the production of crops, livestock and forest products. For land use and land cover base map preparation, Land sat imagery having 30m resolution was used using 4, 5, 3 band combination, Image classification and interpretation was undertaken. Accordingly major and minor land use and land covers were recognized in the study areas. As a result eight major relevant land covers types i.e. grassland, bush/shrub land; wetland, cultivated land, forest land, Afro-alpine and sub-afro-alpine vegetation, water bodies and built-up areas were identified and quantified for assessment sites determination.

The ACZ map of the study area was prepared based on LGP and thermal zone as moist tepid, moist cold, moist cool, sub-humid tepid, sub-humid cold and sub-humid cool ACZs were identified and quantified for assessment sites determination.

The slope classification was conducted using digital elevation model method and as a result seven classes of slopes were identified and quantified for the assessment sites determination. Finally, these three independent maps were intercepted and a representative samples from each cover type were determined based on their cover size. Then data collection at each observation point was conducted at 200m2 (4mx50m) area using tape metre and data recording formats. Achievements of observation points against the plan are indicted in Table 20.

The livestock body condition observation sites were selected at and/or the nearby to the feed resources assessment sites using the same map at which livestock were assumed to be available there. Then data were collected by stratified the herd by species and using digital camera to take pictures in the zoom in and zoom out techniques (PET, 2011). Body condition done in two ways visual observation and tape meter measurement, but in this field work it was done using visual observation since the area is very wide and difficult to measure using tape meter.

Visual Observation at Field Level

Visual observation is done in all woredas and at different Agro-climatic Zone (ACZ) on different livestock species (cattle, sheep and goat) in the sub-basin. Matured animal (both female and male) selection is made from herd in the field level on herd by looking the whole parts of the animal, especially spinouts process, transverse process, sternum and sterna; these parts used for estimating the presence of fat and muscle.

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWE Page 13

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project

Then scale is given from one to five body condition by scoring. Then score is given from one to five scale of body condition considering the following points. Scale 1 =Emaciated animals with no apparent subcutaneous fat. Spinouts processes in the lumbar region feel sharp Scale 2=Individual spinouts processes are still fairly sharp to touch and ribs can be seen individually Scale 3=Spinouts processes can be felt, but have a rounded feel and ribs cannot be seen individually Scale 4=Individual spinouts processes can only be felt with firm pressure and point of hips are covered with fat and are rounded Scale 5=Spinouts processes cannot be felt even with firm pressure. Animal has a blocky appearance. The livestock body condition observation sites were selected at and/or the nearby to the feed resources assessment sites using the same map at which livestock were assumed to be available there. Then data were collected by stratified the herd by species and using digital camera to take pictures in the zoom in and zoom out techniques. Finally, data of institutions were collected using trained data collectors under close supervision of experts.

Household Surveys

Detailed information was derived through survey from sampled households. Qualitative and quantitative data was collected through household survey using structured interviews that were administered on randomly selected 4002 household heads in 23 Woredas and 100 selected kebeles. It was done based on the prevailing agro-climatic zone (ACZ) within the project area. The survey was conducted to obtain data such as major feed resources and livestock production in the area, the existing breed, forage species, input use, major potentials, limitations and constraints of feed resources and livestock production and other related data.

3.4 Data Analysis

A combination of qualitative and quantitative methods was employed for data analysis. Quantitative analysis was employed using Excel and SPSS version 20 soft ware as a help in the overall process of data management and analysis. The data were edited and coded before entering into the cells of SPSS. Various statistical techniques such as percentages cross tabulations and averages were used for quantitative data analysis.

Qualitative information recorded on notebook from observation, FGDs, conversations and interviews with key individuals were organized and constructed coherently and analyzed based on theoretical and conceptual frameworks. The results of the key findings were displayed in the form of narrations, case

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWE Page 14

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project stories, graphs, charts and tables. Pictures were also provided as evidence and to support the qualitative information where appropriate.

Dry matter yield calculated from natural vegetation based on land use/cover, crop residues (cereals, pulses, oil crops, fruits and vegetables, etc) and aftermath. In addition carrying capacity, stocking rate and stocking density estimated side by side. Species composition derived from total observed points that available for feed resources.

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWE Page 15

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project

4 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Livestock Population in the Sub-Basin

Existing livestock production assessment in the land use planning process is eternal. As a result, type, distribution, herd structure, production parameters, production system, feed requirement, constraints, remedies and LUTs are assessed in the sub-basin for the purposes of Tana sub-basin detail land use planning.

4.1.1 Livestock Population and Breeds

4.1.1.1 Population

Livestock types available in the study area are cattle, sheep, goats, equines, poultry and apiculture. Based on data collected from Woreda offices’ of Agricultural (2013), there are 4,225,464 major livestock (2,008,197 in TLU) in the sub-basin. The share of them i.e. cattle, sheep, goats and equines are 57%, 23%, 13% and 8% in that order. As of CSA data (2011), the sub-basin has got 59% of cattle, 21% of sheep and 18% ofgoats in the region which indicated that cattle has proportional, share in the region but shoats and equines have got less. Furthermore, 1,924,685 poultry and 241,713 bee hives have been found in the sub- basin with the largest share of local poultry and traditional bee hives in Table 1.

Based on the HH survey result; however, the sub-basin has got 3,687,733(2,581,413TLU) cattle, 1,678,645(167,864.5TLU) sheep and 548,534 (54,853.4 TLU) goats which are somehow more than the data that is collected before a year from secondary sources. Table 1: Livestock Population and distribution in the sub-basin

Quantity in % from S No Livestock type Number Conversion factor TLU Number TLU Remark 1 Cattle 2405113 0.7 1683579 57 83.84 2 Sheep 951982 0.1 95198.2 23 4.74 3 Goats 549778 0.1 54977.8 13 2.74 4 Horses 31096 0.8 24877 1 1.24

5 Mules 29088 0.7 20362 1 1.01

From major major From livestock 6 Donkeys 258407 0.5 129204 6 6.43 Sub Total 4225464 - 2008197 100 100 7 Poultry 1924685 100

Local 1809460 94

o m P ou ltr y Improved 115225 6 Fr 8 Bee Hives 241713 100 Modern 18741 8

Transitional 3120 1

Bee Bee Hive s Traditional 219852 91 From

Sources, WoARD, 2013

Livestock distribution in the sub-basin based on ACZ is assessed and the result is summarized at the following table and figure. As per the present climatology data, the sub-basin has got about 90% cover of

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWE Page 16

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project moist tepid and moist cool ACZs (36%MT and 20% MC). Accordingly, more than 60% of major livestock are found within these ACZs. This implies that, more emphasises shall be given for milk and meat development intervention at these ACZs where the largest area coverage and major livestock population are distributed. Table 2 Type and distribution of livestock at ACZ

Type of livestock Distribution rate of Livestock at ACZ by % Owned by HH Moist Moist Tepid cold Moist cool Sub-humid tepid Sub-humid cool Cattle 74 0 3 16 6 Sheep 58 3 10 17 12 Goats 83 1 5 9 2 Donkeys 74 0 7 15 4 Horses 0 12 0 11 77 Mules 0 23 0 51 26 Poultry 0 0 12 72 16 Bee hives 0 0 0 74 26

90 80 70 Key 60 Moist Tepid 50 Moist cold

40 Moist cool

ACZ 30 Sub humid tepid 20 Sub humid cool 10

0 percentage ofpercentage livestock distribution per Livestock types

Figure 2: Livestock distribution rate in % at ACZ level Sources HH survey result፣ 2014.

4.1.1.2 Breeds a. Cattle

Data collected from secondary sources revealed that 2,405,113 cattle are available in the sub-basin. Improved breeds found in the study area are Holsteins Friesians crossed with local Fogera breed for the purposes of improving milk production and accounted only 1.15% of the total cattle.

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWE Page 17

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project

These crossed breeds are mostly distributed at regional town (Bahir Dar), Zone and Woredas town and in the nearby areas where better markets, feed resources, infrastructures like AI service, water, health services etc are easily accessible. These areas then shall be specialized for meat and milk improvement sites since all land requirements are available there. The indigenous cattle breeds found in the sub-basin are generally categorized into two i.e. the well known Fogera, the other Zebu and the hybrid of these two. The indigenous other Zebu cattle are characterized by small size, low productivity potential and distributed at all areas of the sub-basin except at the border of Lake Tana. They have however good potential to withstand the harsh environmental conditions and poor cattle husbandry practices.

Figure 3: Typical Zebu breeds at Fagita Lekoma Source: Photo ADSWE, 2013 Fogera breed is mostly found at Fogera and Dera Woredas dominantly at the right hand side of the main Asphalt road from Bahir dar to Gondar of South Gondar Zone. Furthermore, the breed and its crossed are found at parts of Woredas bounded with Lake Tana like Fogera, Libo Kemkem, Dembia, Gonder Zuria, Alefa, Takusa, North Achefer and Bahir Dar Zuria woreda. Observation sites for this breed are located in the map 5 at kebele level.

Figure 4: Typical Fogera breed bull Source: Photo ADSWE, 2014 at Mecha Market

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWE Page 18

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project

According to ILRI, 1982, the total population of the Fogera breed is estimated to be 800,000 which are 33% of the present cattle population of the sub-basin. The breed is well known for milk and meat production either by themselves or crossing with the improved breeds. As a result the area around the Lake Tana shall be specialized for the Fogera breed development intervention areas, for milk and meat production, for research and breed in-situ conservation areas. However, this breed reared in the area with different problems such as breed dilution, feed shortage, diseases, wet land change to rice production, etc. So it will be one intervention area in the future.

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWE Page 19

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project

Figure 5: Observation sites of Fogera and their crossed cattle breed in the sub-basin. Sources: Field observation, WoARD, 2013

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWE Page 20

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project b. Sheep

951,982 sheep in Table 1 are found in the sub-basin. All sheep are (100%) local type or breed. The local sheep breeds in the sub-basin grossly are classified as Farta and Washera types. The Farta type are located dominantly at North and South Gondar Zones and characterised as medium body size, mutton type, black, white, the combination of these colours and best to be crossed with the local best and /or improved breeds ( Washera, Awasi, Dorper).

Figure 6: Typical Farta sheep type (at Guna) Sources: Photo ADSWE, 2014 The washera (Dangila) sheep is found mostly at West Gojjam and Awi Zones in the sub-basin. The dominate colour is white, red, the combination of these two and sometimes black. The Weigh of the Washera sheep at birth, weaning and six months of age are 2.8, 13.8 and 22.7Kg (ESGPIP, 2008).Then the breed can be taken as a potential for commercial mutton production for local and export markets as well as for improving other local breeds in the sub-basin. Data collected from key informants during the field survey indicated that age at first service for Washera sheep is 8-12 months by more than 60% of the respondents. The remaining showed at 3, 5 and 6 months of age. This implies that age at first lambing is 13-17months for 60% of the respondents which agreed with the result of Mengisties’ study (Mengistie, et, al, 2011) that stated at 15 months. Besides these, more than 70% of the

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWE Page 21

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project respondents confirmed that only 15-20% of ewes give twin birth but the non Washera type found especially at Dangila Woreda and the crossed with Washera gave almost 100% twins. .

Figure 7: Photo typical Washera sheep type (at Dangila) Sources: Photo ADSWE, 2013

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWE Page 22

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project

Figure 8: Washera sheep breed common distribution areas in the sub-basin Sources: Field observation, WoARD, 2013 c. Goats

There are 549,778 (54,977.8 TLU) goats in the sub-basin and it accounts 2.74% from major livestock types. All goat breeds found in the region are local types. The known goats breeds distributed in the sub- basin are the Western Highland goats (Gondar and Gojjam) types distributed at all parts of the sub-basin. Nothing has tried yet to characterise the goat’s type in the region and so at the sub-basin level.

The goats found in the sub-basin are related to the central highlands goat’s types. They are relatively, tall and have a concave facial profile. Most body colour is plain and patchy and spotted pattern. Most of them have horns and that are straight and backward oriented. Goat’s milk is not consumed in the sub-basin. Since they are tall and have medium body size, they are supposed to be potential for crossbreeding with improved type like Bore of South Africa.

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWE Page 23

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project

Figure 9: Traditional fattened goats at Addis Kidam market Sources: Photo ADWE, 2013 d. Poultry

From secondary data resources, 1,924,685 poultry are found in the sub-basin. 1,809,204 (94%) are local types and the rest (6%) are improved which most of them are distributed from Andasa poultry multiplication and distribution centre. The indigenous are many in type and only 3.i.e .Tilili,Melo-Hamusit and Gassy types are molecularly characterized and 6 types i.e. Tilili,Melo-Hamusit , Gassay, Farta, Mecha and Gasgie are phonotypical characterised. Accordingly, the phenotypic characters of these poultry types are summarized in the annex part. Research on the four indigenous poultry types found in the sub-basin had already conducted (2007) and the result indicated that both the phonotype and genotype result of the local chickens have good potential for further selection and improvement for poultry egg and meat production at small and medium level of production in the village. Some of the productive parameters found in the research with the comparison of RIR are given at the following table. Table 3: Productive parameters of local chickens at intensive level of management S No Parameters Local Poultry types Melo-Hamusit Farta/Gassa Mecha Tilili RIR y 1 Mean day-old weight/bird(gram) 26.26 25.55 27.88 27.17 35.24 2 Mean body weight/bird(g) at 4 weeks age 137.50 118.60 146.00 134.00 136.70 3 Mean body weight/bird(g) at 8 weeks 277.30 247.10 321.80 284.50 275.50 4 Mean body weight/bird(g) at 22 weeks 1222.43 1038.42 1256.80 1191.25 1394.09 5 Mean body weight/bird(gram)-male at 44 weeks 2430.50 1721.17 2172.17 2029.00 2314.00 6 Mortality rate (%) at 4 weeks age 14.17 20.75 12.87 27.30 7.41 7 Mortality rate (%) at 8 weeks age 2.7 6.2 5.30 5.8 1.80 Halima (2007) Based on these parameters the Mecha type poultry has the best result than all the local types and Melo- Hamusit and Tilili have almost equivalent result. Some of the parameters also indicated that the local types

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWE Page 24

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project have got better result than RIR.i.e.the Melo-hamusit type has more body weight at age four, eight, and forty four weeks than RIR. Table 4: Reproductive and production parameters of local poultry at village levels of management

S .No Parameters Local poultry types RIR Melo-Hamusit Farta/Gassay Mecha Tilili 1 Age at point of lay( days) 168.33 158.67 153.00 157.33 149.67 2 No of egg /hen/day 0.42 0.36 0.42 0.40 0.54 3 No of egg /hen/year 154.20 132.40 154.7 147 197.4 4 Egg mass /hen/day(g) 16.00 13.90 17.70 17.4 23.3 5 Mean egg weight (g) at extensive LM 34.56 36.81 39.87 41.75 47.56 6 Mean egg weight (g) at intensive LM 41.88 31.73 31.90 37.80 56.73 Source, Halima (2007) As per the research result, all local poultry type have got promising potential for egg production than the previous literatures that stated local poultry produce egg at extensive level of management not more than 107egg per hen per year 65 eggs per layer per year, 60 eggs per layer per year for exotic, package and local chicken respectively (RHSES, 2003). Melo-Hamusit type also has peculiar characters that produce more egg mass at intensive level of management than other local types which indicated that this type is more promising for commercial level of production at intensive level of management in the sub-basin.

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWE Page 25

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project

Figure 10 : Best Local poultry breeds distribution Sources, Field observation, WoARD, 2013 Pictures taken from field observation and secondary sources are presented bellow

I.Tilili Poultry

Sources, Photo ADSWE, 2013

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWE Page 26

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project

II. Melo-Hmusit and Gassay Poultry

II.Mech Poultry Figure 11: Photo for Tilili, Melo- Hamusit. Gassay and Mecha Indigenous Poultry Sources, for I and II, Halima, 2007 f. Bee

Collected data from different sources indicated that 241713 bee hives are found in the sub-basin. Local type accounted 91% of the total. Common bee type produced in the basin are Apis mellifera monticola and Apis mellifera bandasii, (Kerealm et, al. 2009), which have the widest environmental adaptations in the world. f. Equines

Local type of horse, mules, and donkeys are available in the study area with the total number of 318,591. No attempt is done to characterise and improves the local equines, but at Farta, Estie and Chilga Woredas offices of Agriculture and Rural Development, some efforts have been done to improve the vigorous and power of mules by bringing Sinar Aheyya (father of the Mule) from Sudan to cross with locale mares.

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWE Page 27

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project

4.1.1.3 Artificial Insemination Services

Traditional breeding is common in all livestock breeds in the sub-basin; however, artificial insemination services for cattle and exotic breeds’ distribution and best local sheep breed for cattle, poultry and sheep improvement are given or distributed. Now a day’s office of agriculture gives pregnant heifers through extension package for farmers. These heifers give calves and they are crossed with the local ones to improve the breed in the sub-basin. The data collected during field survey show very poor AI activities performances. As shown in the Table 5, the cow given AI services and number of calves born are 5.03% and 1.59 % respectively. This indicated that due attention should be given to improve the local breeds with well designed strategy in a sustainable manner.

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWE Page 28

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project

Table 5: Artificial insemination and calf born in sampled woreda in the sub-basin cattle expected No of % of cows serviced with NO Woreda Activities 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 total population cows to give birth AI and calves born 1 S/achefer No of cows serviced (AI) 331 258 186 221 161 1157 175655 35131.00 3.29 No of calves born 187 167 119 139 104 716 - 35131.00 2.03 2 Dangila No of cows serviced (AI) 345 294 332 272 257 1500 62138 12427.60 12.07 No of calves born 61 41 40 42 33 217 - 12427.60 1.75 3 Estie No of cows serviced (AI) 232 192 142 129 55 750 28422 5684.40 13.19 No of calves born 127 96 97 87 31 438 - 5684.40 7.71 4 Sekela No of cows serviced (AI) 26 49 22 17 4 118 32119 6423.80 1.84 No of calves born 18 29 13 11 4 75 - 6423.80 1.17 5 Fagita lakoma No of cows serviced (AI) 332 - - - - 332 43564 8712.80 3.81 No of calves born 190 - - - - 190 - 8712.80 2.18 6 Banja shigudad No of cows serviced (AI) 104 1 - - - 105 9365 1873.00 5.61 No of calves born 4 1 - - - 5 - 1873.00 0.27 7 Dera No of cows serviced (AI) 314 180 61 10 45 610 113274 22654.80 2.69 No of calves born 47 47 - 22654.80 0.21 8 Mecha No of cows serviced (AI) 511 536 678 615 581 2921 193029 38605.80 7.57 No of calves born ------38605.80 - 9 Takusa No of cows serviced (AI) 74 152 121 55 27 429 68854 13770.80 3.12 No of calves born ------13770.80 - 10 Alefa No of cows serviced (AI) 36 47 - - - 83 64416 12883.20 0.64 No of calves born 22 19 - - - 41 - 12883.20 0.32 11 Wogera No of cows serviced (AI) 71 59 31 39 24 224 18294 3658.80 6.12 No of calves born 10 7 5 15 5 42 3658.80 1.15 12 L/armachiho No of cows serviced (AI) 267 236 193 125 90 911 116717 23343.40 3.90 No of calves born 133 103 61 53 49 399 - 23343.40 1.71 13 G/zuria No of cows serviced (AI) 355 348 345 174 170 1392 200719 40143.80 3.47 No of calves born 50 55 43 52 20 220 - 40143.80 0.55 14 Chilega No of cows serviced (AI) 818 641 533 485 269 2746 119933 23986.60 11.45 No of calves born 494 475 405 280 166 1820 23986.60 7.59 15 Ebenat No of cows serviced (AI) 221 68 119 8 - 416 115209 23041.80 1.81 No of calves born 48 42 38 3 - 131 - 23041.80 0.57 No of cows serviced (AI) 4037 3061 2763 2150 1683 13694 1361708 272341.60 5.03 Total No of calves born 1391 1035 821 682 412 4341 - 272341.60 1.59

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWE Page 29

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project

4.1.2 Livestock Holdings

Total human population and house hold heads in the sub-basin are 3,103,231and 689,607 respectively (BoFED, 2014). Livestock population collected from secondary sources is indicted at Table 1. Estimation of livestock from these corresponding values indicated that the largest share per total area and household is cattle which are 143TLU and 2.4 TLU followed by equine in 14.8TLU and 0.25 TLU respectively in detail indicated in Table 7 below. In addition each livestock species holding based on household data indicated in the annex part of this document. Table 6: Livestock holding in the Sub-Basin in number and TLU

Livestock Holdings in the Sub-Basin in number and TLU Sub-total in

Cattle Sheep Goats Equines Bee Parameters Number TLU Number TLU Number TLU Number TLU Number TLU Poultry hives Total LS (in number and TLU) 2405113 1683579 951982 95198.2 549778 54977.8 318591 174443 4225464 2008197 1924685 241713 Animals Per Total *Area( Km2)but water and town 204 143 80.75 8.07 46.63 4.66 27.02 14.80 358.40 170.53 152 19 Animals per Agricultural area (KM2) 291 204 115.18 11.52 66.52 6.65 38.55 21.11 511.25 243.28 219 27 Animals per major feed resources area 907 634 359.01 35.90 207.33 20.73 120.14 65.78 1593.48 756.41 737 93 Animals per Total HH 3.5 2.4 1.38 0.14 0.80 0.08 0.46 0.25 6.13 2.87 3.8 0.4 Animals per Agricultural HH 4.6 3.2 6.21 0.62 3.59 0.36 2.08 1.14 27.57 5.32 3.7 0.5 Sources: Computed from different sources (CSA 2007, WoARD, 2013, Land Cover, 2014) Total Human population = 3103231; Total HH= 689607; Agricultural population=2353029; Agricultural HH= 522895 Sources, BoFED, 2014

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWE Page 30

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project

Table 7: Livestock holding based on HH survey result average holdings Total livestock S. No Type of LS per HH HH population 1 cattle 6 3687733 oxen 2 1057414 cows 2 978108 heifers 1 469228 bulls 1 561751 calves 1 621231 2 Sheep 3 1678645

3 Goats 1 548534 4 Horses 0.1 72697 5 Mules 0.1 52871 6 donkeys 0.7 660884 469228 7 Chicken 4123916 8 Local 6 3852954 9 Improved 0.4 270962 10 Bee hives 495663

11 Traditional 1 403139

12 Transitional 0.040 26435

13 Modern 0.1 66088 Sources, HH Survey result (2013)

4.1.3 Trends of Livestock Population

Table 8: Trend of livestock population (2000-2005)

Cattle Sheep Goats

2000 National 47570675 26117272 21709428 Amhra 11757295 9469746 5468624 Tana sub-besin 5914315 3204138 2484942 2001 National 49297898 25017218 21884222 Amhra 12748995 8987694 6022105 Tana sub-besin 6258457 3264591 2461882 2002 National 50884005 25979919 21960706 Amhra 12746768 8596993 4878462

2003 National 53382194 25509004 22786946 Amhra 13371486 8679879 5176309 Tana sub-besin 6811053 2970340 2134849 2004 National 52129017 24221384 22613105 Amhra 13354797 8227862 5189432 Tana sub-basin 6594182 2755316 2040805 2005 National 53990061 25489204 24060792 Amhra 13766923 8825061 5102580 Tana sub-besin 7527814 2974404 2098703 Sources, CSA, 2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005 A livestock trend analysis is estimated based on data collected from CSA consecutive years sample survey result. The collected data included the national, regional and the study area for the comparisons purposes. To estimate the sub-basin livestock population, the four zones data are taken as

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWE Page 31

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project

representative data for the sub-basin since CSA data are not available at Woreda level and used and reliable data for consecutive years are not found at Woreda level.

60000000

50000000 P L o i p 40000000 v Key u e l s 30000000 Cattle a t t o i 20000000 Sheep c o k n Goats 10000000

0

TDC TDC TDC TDC TDC

Amhara Amhara Amhara Amhara Amhara Amhara

National National National National National National 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Area and time

Figure 12: Livestock population trend Sources: CSA (2000-2005 E C)

As indicated in the figure clearly, cattle population is increased at all levels and with similar increasing rate. Sheep and goats at the national and regional level are almost remained constant. Data collected from key informants indicated that, population is increased (by 56% of the respondents), decreased (by 38% of the respondents) and remain constant (by 5% of the respondents). Then since more of the respondents assured the increment of the livestock population and the CSA data also assured the same result, the triangulation data assured the overall increment of cattle population are agreed in line with the overall informants’ assessment results.

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWE Page 32

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project

4.1.4 Livestock Body Bondition

A total of 16,668 animals of which 63% cattle, 31% sheep and 6% of goats have been observed during the field survey at 356 observation sites. The observation period was from end of December to end of March. The result of the survey is summarised in the table below.

Table 9: LS body condition assessment result S No LS Type Body condition categories Tin Medium Fat Total Proportion 1 Cattle No of Animals observed 4860 5017 663 10540 63 No of sites 123 123 123 Average per site 40 41 5 % of Conditions 46 48 6 2 Sheep No of Animals observed 2316 2825 15 5156 31 No of sites 115 115 115 Average per site 20 25 0 % of Conditions 45 55 0 2 Goats No of Animals observed 151 821 0 972 6 No of sites 118 118 118 Average per site 1 7 0 16668 Sources: Field observation, (2013) As indicated clearly in the figure, the largest numbers of animals are found under the medium body condition (53%) categories followed by tin (44%) and finally too small number is fat (6%). If the assessment were done after March, the result would have been the reveres. i.e. the largest proportion would have been lay on tin body condition category.

Figure 13: Fattened, medium and tin body condition of cattle Sources: Field observation (2013) This is justified due to the fact that the livestock feed sources from natural grazing land and stubble grazing is came to an end and livestock are depended on crop residues which are not treated and then poor in quality.

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWE Page 33

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project

90 80 70 Key

60

50 Tin 40 30 Medium Percentage 20 Fat 10 0

Cattle Sheep Goats Animal types

Figure 14: LS body condition assessment result Sources: Field observation (2013) The distribution of the livestock body condition at spatial point is concerned, it is proportional to the altitude and then to temperature. At lower altitude and high temperature most of the cattle and sheep are tin and become under medium and fat when the altitude is increased. The best fatten cattle however are found at the urban and pre-urban areas where cattle are properly managed and fed.

4.1.5 Economic and Social Values of Livestock Resources

As of the national livestock development master plan first draft paper (2007) which dealt on the socio- economic values of livestock; type of animals, main produces and their uses are well elaborated based on the production systems and the areas where they are produced.

Accordingly, data at the level of preliminary and detail studies are collected from 4002 HHs to indicate the economic and social values of the livestock resources in the study areas. From the collected data and field observation, it is identified that the economic and social values of livestock in the livestock-crop agricultural production system is indispensable parts of the community economic and social aspects. As of the economic values livestock especially cattle are the only power sources to till the land and produce all crops both in the rain fed and irrigation production system in the study areas. Old oxen and cows, shoats, poultry, bee-colony and their produces like meat, milk, honey, skin, hide, egg as well as equines are the main financial sources to fulfil all agricultural inputs and household monetary demands like payment for health, school and taxes, to buy clothes, household utilities and home consumptions like spices, salt, sugar, milk, meat, egg and honey etc. Livestock also use as an asset and banking services to have sustainable economic development and avoid the unexpected risk. The social values of the livestock in the sub-basin are not separated from economic values since people have

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWE Page 34

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project

got huge quantity of livestock and livestock produces will have better crop production and then they are counted as wealthy. As a result they are respected and have special social values in the community. Furthermore, parts of the communities those have got better livestock have better chance to support the others, to present better gift and use better for ritual ceremonies and then have got high social values. Sometimes livestock numbers are used as a means for wealth ranking criteria like those have huge numbers of oxen and cows are rich and those have medium numbers of oxen and cows are medium and those have not have oxen and few cow are poor. Table 10 Summary of economic and social values indicators for livestock resources

S,N Livestock Objectives of Remark Main Produces Utilizations o Types production 1 Cattle Production, Power, calves, milk and Crop cultivation, home consumption, fattening, dairy milk by-products, meat, income generating, gift, respect ion manure, hide, income 2 Sheep Production, Lambs, meat, skin, manure, Crop cultivation, home fattening income consumption, gift, income generating 3 Goats Production, Kids, meat, skin manure, Crop cultivation, home fattening income consumption, income generating, gift

4 Horses Production Power, income, manure Transport, income, ridding, wealth ranking

5 Donkeys Production Power, income, manure Drafting, income generation religious ceremony, etc areetc ceremony, religious

6 Mules Production Power, income , manure Transport, income 7 Poultry production Meat, egg, income Home consumption, income

8 Apiculture Production Honey, wax, income Home consumption, income

Other social and economic uses like like uses economic and social Other gifting, utilizations eternal Sources, Field observation, discussions with key informants (2013) In most cases of calculating, the gross income of farm the only values included are the cost of grain and livestock products (meat, milk, honey..) but not included other produces and services gained from the livestock sector. However from the land use planning points of view it is believed that all values should be estimated and included to show the actual contribution of the livestock sector especially in the this study areas so as to have a well outlook of respective bodies for the sector contribution and then to give a due attention for the sector development.

A review to improve estimation of livestock contribution to the national GDP was conducted by Ministry of Finance and Economic Development and Ministry of Agriculture in2011. The paper gave due attention to include most of the livestock production and services gained from the sector. Based on the methodologies applied in this paper the overall values of livestock in the sub-basin are conducted. Consequently, total cattle, sheep and goats population is taken from the secondary data collected during the field survey and other coefficients and standards are taken from FAO data base sited by MoFED and MoA (2011) to calculate the estimated gross value of sales of live animals. As a result, Birr 782,105,154 is contributed per year in the sub-basin. The paper however not include the value of hide and skin with the

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWE Page 35

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project reason that the international industry classification assigned the hide and skin under the manufacturing division. But the objective of this study is not to calculate the contribution of livestock sector for the regional GDP by economic classes, however to indicate the role of livestock sector by estimating all values, so, total number of 478,017 hide and 168,358skin, with a total number of 646,375 hide and skin gave the gross estimated values of Birr 25737705. (from hide birr 15,272,230, sheep skin birr

10101474.6) . With similar methodology and sources of data the overall milk production of the sub-basin is estimated and Birr 728,932,236 is obtained. Correspondingly, the values of poultry meat and egg production, Honey and wax production, oxen traction power, equine services and dung from cattle in the sub-basin are estimated and a total of Birr 3,013,853,749 as indicated in the Table 11 below. This 3 billion Birr gross value of livestock products and services indicated that the sub-basin has got huge potential for further livestock production development and then the land use planning process shall give a due consideration for the sector .The details of estimation for each value are attached with the annex part. Table 11: Summary of Gross estimated values of livestock in the sub-basin S.No Sources, (Categories) Values in Birr 1 Live Animals(Sell) 782780088 2 Milk Production 728932236 3 Poultry and egg production 81910596 4 Honey production 53123178 5 Oxen traction power 921955200 6 Equines services 284011790 7 Dung Production 13644189 8 Hide and skin 25373704.6 Total 3,013,853,749 Sources: WoARD, 2013, MoFED and MoA, 2011 The overall value is still under estimated since the values of threshing power, the values of compacting Teff and Millet farm just after sowed and the values of manure gained from all livestock did not include.

4.1.6 Existing Livestock Production System

From the systematic review of world livestock production systems (FAO, 2002), it is categorized into 4 major classes as grassland based systems, rain fed mixed farming systems, irrigated mixed farming systems and landless livestock production systems; while the Ethiopian livestock production systems is broadly classified as extensive production, intensive production and agro-pastoral production systems (Woody Biomass Inventory, 2002.).

Similarly, agricultural production system of the sub-basin is crop-livestock integrated production system. This implies that livestock production in the study area is unavoidable practices, extensive production type and at subsistence level. Although the largest share of the livestock production system is extensive type,

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWE Page 36

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project from secondary data and field observation findings it is possible to classify the whole livestock production systems in the study area as extensive, semi-intensive and intensive types based on objectives of production, management level, breed type, scale of production etc.

4.1.6.1 Existing Cattle Production Systems

The most dominant cattle type found in the sub-basin are local zebu, Fogera, hybrids of Fogera and zube and improved types (Holstein- Frisians and their crossed with the local ones). The lion share of the breed types are local type cattle (2405113) and mainly produced for the sustainable supply of draught power (oxen) at the rural parts of the sub-basin. Moreover they are produced for supply of milk, meat, hide, cash and manure for fertilizer and dung for fuel. This type of production system is then classified as extensive type of livestock production dominantly characterized by low input-output level of production. Animals are fed on natural grazing communally and depend mainly on crop residues and hay to some extent for ploughing oxen and milking cows, they have got water from natural sources i.e. rivers, lake, spring, sheltered at and around main home, they are breed at communal grazing and free grazing system with no any control breeding and they have got health services at government and/or private sectors at nearby to the dwelling areas.

The following figure illustrated , how cattle have been searching feed on the ploughed farm land (at the left at Dera Woreda) and at wet land immersed in the water (at the right Zegie yiganda wetland) and expect that how it can be too low and subsistence the result gained from.

Figure 15: Extensive grazing system of cattle in the study area. Source: ADSWE, 2013

Production and productivity of local cattle in comparison with the improved ones are low. The regional cattle productivity parameters indicated that age at first calving (in month), calving intervals (in month), lactation periods (in days) and milk in litter per day /cow are 50.2, 21.3, 219, and 1.1 respectively are too low. Furthermore, data indicated that average body weight, off-take rate, carcass weight, average life

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWE Page 37

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project expectancy and average productive life of cattle are 250-285kg, 7-8%, 125kg, 13years, 8 years for oxen and 11-13 years for cows respectively (SCI, et, al, 2006). However, by supplying intermediate level of feed and management, these low levels of production especially meat and milk are supposed to be increased. Data collected from HH survey confirmed that age at first calving (58 months) and calving interval (24 months) are higher than with the previous study (SCI, 2006) but lactation period(310 days) is similar with the result of the same study and average milk production per cow per day is estimated to be 2.4lit.

Age at first service in years for Calving intervals of cattle in years owned cattle 60.0 50.0 80.0 40.0 60.0 30.0 40.0 20.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 0.0 Age of 2 Age of 3 Age of 4 2 Years 3 Years 4 Years Above 4 Years Years Years Years

Lactation period in momnth by HH Percent

35.0 30.0 25.0 20.0 15.0 10.0 5.0 0.0 7 Months 8 Months 9 Months 10 Months Above 10 Months

Figure 16: Age at first service, calving intervals and lactation period of cattle Sources, HH survey result (2014)

As of the information collected from the key informants however, indicated that pure local breeds at Mecha Woreda Wetet Abay Kebele and North Achefer Woreda Kurbah Kebele local cows give 10-15 litter of milk per day at best management and there are also best local breeds which grow and fattened with in a very short period of time ( Mecha- Merawi). These data shall then use for further investigation and the idea shall be best researchable issues

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWE Page 38

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project

Figure 17: Local breeds give milk 15 litres per day at the left and 10 litre per day at the right Sources: Key informants during field survey, 2013 at Wetet Abay and Kurbah Kebeles.

In pre-urban areas, farmers are selected, trained and have got some financial support (credit) through dairy and fattening packages program at small scale of production. So they produce cattle for marketable purposes i.e. for milk and fattened animals (meat). Production and management level here are semi- grazing and semi-feedlot feeding, breeds are hybrid type and use AI (for dairy), they have been given better shelter, supplements (feed), health care and this is classified as semi-intensive cattle production system. This system of production is common at areas nearby to all Zonal and Woreda centres.

In the some Woredas and Zonal centres like Bahir dar, Merawi, Chilga, Gondar Zuria Dur Betie, Dangila Gondar,etc, some investors have taken licence and conducted modern fattening practice at large and dairy production to somehow. They do have sufficient places, infrastructure, market oriented objective of production, assisted by professionals, use better local and hybrid cattle, they use totally feed lot feeding system and use huge number of livestock at once, etc. Then, they are classified as intensive livestock production system. As a result, productivities of the semi-intensive and intensive production systems which are conducted by hybrid and better local cattle with better management system is by far better than the extensive production system.

Figure 18: Small Scale intensive Dairy and Fattening Farms at Dangila (left) and Merawi (middle) Towns and fattening at Alemtsehay kebele (chilega woreda) (at right). Source: ADSWE, 2013

Inputs demanded here by the producers are industrial by products, hay, health care and technical assistances. Moreover, they need to have areas for hay production and sufficient infrastructure and technical support from the government (Quarantine services).

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWE Page 39

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project

4.1.6.2 Existing Sheep Production Types and System

Local such as Washera, Farta and intermediate types of sheep are produced extensively first and foremost for provision of lambs for mutton and skin for sell and home consumption. Even though, the Washera which is the best local breed is originated at this sub-basin (Gilgel Abay) and produced, the regional sheep production and productivities of sheep however are found to be at lower level of input output. This is manifested by sheep are produced with traditional system by no means of feed supply, sufficient health care, control breeding, sufficient and pure shelter, etc. Rather, they feed on communal grazing, provided with non sufficient and unclean shelter and have got water from natural water sources which are impure and drink communally at a point which is vulnerable for disease transmission, land degradation and crate conducive situations for uncontrolled breeding.

As in the figure bellow shown that sheep are searching feed at communal grazing land but have no any type of grasses or herbs and imagine how it looks like the production and productivity of this traditional sheep production system in the sub-basin is at low level.

Figure 19: sheep are searching feed in North Achefer woreda (at left) and Chilega woreda (at right). Source: ADSWE, 2013 Age at first lambing, lambing intervals, off-take rate, average body weight, carcass weight, and mortality rate of the Amhara Regional state of sheep are 14.2 months, 9 months, 30%, 30kg, 10kg, and 20% respectively (SCI,2006) which show that how the production and productivities of sheep in the sub-basin are too low.

From key informants discussions result, it is understood that the Washera sheep have got better reproductive parameters from the regional average. Based on the information collected, the sheep age at first served is 5 months, have 8 months lambing interval, matured at 5 months, give delivery 10 times in life and 20% of them give twins. Moreover, the sub-basin average reproductive parameters such as age at

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWE Page 40

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project first lambing and lambing intervals are assured as 1 year and half a year by 62% and 66% respondents which is better and less than the regional average (SCI, 2006).

70.0

60.0

50.0

40.0

30.0

20.0

10.0

0.0 Half Year 1 Year 1.5 Year Above 1.5 Year

Figure 20: Lambing intervals for owned sheep by HH Source: HH survey result (2014)

Another and peculiar sheep management practiced in the sub-basin at Sekela, Banja , Fageta Lekoma and parts of Dangila Woredas is sheep docking done due to large size of tail and then for the purposes of ease mating. Experienced farmers, dock the tail at the average age of 4 months, at the time of early in the night, by letting three fingers distance using sharp Knife and then put on fresh ash as immediately as cutting the tail.

Figure 21: Docked Washera Sheep at Sekela town Sources, ADSWE, 2014

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWE Page 41

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project

Figure 22: Washera sheep breed at Dangle and Adios Kidam Markets (at left and middle) and Farta sheep (at right). Sources, ADSWE, 2014 Whereas, in urban and pre- urban areas, individuals and fatteners cooperatives who are selected for sheep and goats improvement packages are trained and fatten sheep with intermediate level of management and inputs supply. They fatten sheep with better local breed types, provided with better shelter, health care, feed supplements and feed lot feeding system. Accordingly this level of production and management level is taken as semi-intensive sheep production system in the sub-basin since it is too small in size, not fully feed lot system, no inclusive feed, shelter, transport, health care, training support, etc, are provided.

Demand for sheep by the community is too high and yet unsatisfied which implies intermediate and high level of sheep production is in need for the future.

4.1.6.3 Existing Goats Production Systems

Central and Western highlands goats’ types are produced in the sub-basin, with the main objective of kids (for meat) and skin production for home consumption and sell with no any inputs supply.

Although, farmers traditionally fatten male goats especially for the holyday of Easter through long time lasting practices with no sufficient feed supplement and other cares, the production system in general here is traditional or subsistence production type. This is due to low extension service support, poor marketing system, low awareness of the producers, low provision of health services, etc. As a result goats in the sub- basin are produced under poor feed supply, health care, poor shelter, communal and mixed browsing and uncontrolled breeding with local breeds only.

The level of goats’ productivity in the sub-basin is considered as low as that of the regional average goats’ productivity. The Amhara Regional State, productivity and reproductive parameter of goats are indicated as 36% off take rate, 30kg live weight, 10gk carcass weight, 13.8 months age at first kidding and 8 months kidding interval (SCI, 2006) which is too low as compared with improved breed like buck of the South Africa goats which have a mature body weight of 90-100Kg (Wikimedia, 2014).

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWE Page 42

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project

Similarly data collected from HH survey implied that, age at first kidding and kidding intervals are at 1 year and half a year by 59% and 66% of the respondents respectively which is better and less than the regional average.

3.2 10.3

1 Year 27.7 1.5 Year 58.7 2 Years Above 2 Years

Figure 23: Age at First kidding in years for owned goats by HH Sources, HH survey result (2014) The demand for goats especially at the Ethiopian festivals is very high; then this traditional goat’s production shall be changed to the intermediate level of production in the coming time. Castration for cattle, sheep goats and equines is practiced at all parts of the sub-basin in most case traditionally but in and around the urban areas where facilities are available modern castration using burdizzo is common practices. In addition for equine they used open castration.

Figure 24 : Browsing system at North Achefer Woreda Sources, ADSWE, 2014

4.1.6.4 Existing Poultry Production Types and System

Poultry in the sub-basin are produced in extensive (with free roaming, with no feed supplements, medicament and shelter cares) production system with uncharacterised Tilili (Awi) , Melo Hamusit (South

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWE Page 43

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project

Gondar), Alefa ( North Gondar) and other local best breeds for meat and egg either for home consumption or sell. As a result this extensive type of poultry production conducted by 1,869,172 (95%) local breeds is too low in output even though they have their own good merits to develop them farther.

In Amhara Regional State, productivity and reproductive parameters of poultry are indicated as 98% off take, 1.5 kg live weight in six months, 1.3 kg carcass weight, 107, 65 and 60 eggs per layer per year for exotic, package and local chicken respectively (RHSES, 2003).

Figure 25: Sostu Dana local Poultry breeds at the Kebele centre, Source: ADSWE, 2014

The production system of poultry in the sub-basin especially at the urban and semi-urban areas however is also conducted in semi-intensive type which is practiced with farmers who are selected and trained for poultry development package and have got improved breeds and use feed supplements, better shelter, health care, etc, and intensive types which is conducted by the individuals and organized youths produced poultry for the purposes of marketing with improved types, better standards and infrastructures and with the professional assistances, etc. The quantity of improved poultry owned by the semi-intensive and intensive type of production is 88,711(5%) of the total poultry produced in the study areas.

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWE Page 44

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project

Figure 26: Intensive Medium Scale Poultry Production at Merawi Source: ADSWE, 2014

The main problem here is lack of improved breeds, dilution of local best breeds with unknown foreign breeds introduced by individual producers, formulated feed, medicaments for vaccine and treatments.

4.1.6.5 Existing Apiculture Production System

The known bee species namely Apis melifera adansoni and Apis melifera monicola are reared in the sub-basin to produce primarily honey and as a by product wax for sell and house consumption. Apiculture in the sub-basin is produced in extensive and semi-intensive types of production systems. Data collected from secondary sources, revealed that there are a total of 253,846 bee colonies in the sub-basin. Of which 91% are traditional and 9% are modern and transitional. As a result most of the apiculture practices on the sub-basin are extensive production type and some which are produced with modern bee hives and use some modern technologies for honey and wax processing are considered as semi-intensive production type.

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWE Page 45

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project

Figure 27: Modern Apiculture at Ahuri Kebele North Achefer woreda (at right) and Koley-Dengose kebele in Farta woreda (at left) by organized youths at closure area.

Inputs demanded by the producers for modern apiculture are modern beehive, honey extractors, wax moulding, etc. as some of the producers are started to have and utilise them. Demand for honey, wax and bee colonies and bee for cross pollination is very much in need by the community and consumers. Honey productivity of traditional, transitional and modern bee hives at the regional level are 6, 15 and 20 kg respectively (SCI, 2006).

Major constraints affecting the sub-basin honey production is improper chemical utilisation for crop production i.e. type, amount, space and time of chemical application for insecticides and herbicides are not well designed, implemented, regulated and evaluated. Moreover, drought, disease, and birds are also mentioned as secondary problems affecting the sub-sector development.

4.1.6.6 Existing Equine Production Type and System

Horses, mules and donkeys are produced in the sub-basin for the main objectives of power supply or transportation of goods and services from and to agricultural villages and markets and as a means of income. Moreover they used for ploughing purposes especially horses and mules at Awi and South Gondar Zones in the sub-basin. They are produced with no supply of any additional feed, shelter, medicaments. At South Gondar Zone Farta and Estie Woredas however, they started up to bring improved Male donkeys called Jake’s or locally named “Sinar Aheyya” or the father of mule from Sudan to give service for mares (female horses) to give birth mules.

Then the productivity of the equines in general is at traditional production system and so it is at low output level.

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWE Page 46

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project

Figure 28: Jake’s at Farta woreda served for society under woreda office of Agriculture Source: 2014 field work.

4.1.7 Existing Livestock Market and Marketing System

The regional and the sub-basin market and marketing system of the livestock are traditional and constrained with many problems like routs, transport, shelter, water, feed, health services, etc. It is possible also to say that all market has not used weight and quality based price, no quality grading and standard systems. Markets are found at Kebele development centres, Woreda, Zone and Regional centres. According to Alkali teal, 2009, the sub-basin market classification can be looked into as primary, secondary and terminal. Accordingly, the primary markets are found at Kebele development centres where livestock are merchandized at local level between the producers themselves and the producers and traders in small quantities in the sub-basin. Secondary markets are big in size, merchandized huge and all types of livestock and final destination for the primary markets traders and found at all Woreda centres and some of the Zonal centres which are not as big as Gondar and Bahir dar zonal livestock markets. The terminal markets are too big in size, available all livestock types and found within the sub-basin such as Bahir Dar and Gondar markets and outside the sub-basin like Addis Ababa and Ethio-Sudan border livestock markets. This indicated that main markets are far from the producers dwelling areas and then producers are not benefited. During the field survey, 259 market places are identified, of which (14 only for livestock and 60 for livestock and others) are used. At these 74 market places, markets are held at different days per week dominantly on Saturday, Monday and Wednesday and a total of 101 market days are held per week so, 5050 (101X50) market days are held per year in the sub-basin.

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWE Page 47

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project

Figure: 29: Livestock markets distribution Source: 2014 field work. Some detail data also are collected at 7 markets in the sub-basin held on Sunday, Saturday and Wednesday. The result is summarised at the table below. Table 12: Average Estimation of LS volume and Prices in Birr

Average Volume Descriptions Cattle Sheep Goats Remark in Number per market Max 2000 6000 1200 At New year, X-Mass, and Easter Min 300 500 300 During non holy days Average Prices in Max 15000 2800 2500 At New year, X-Mass, and Birr per animal Easter Min 1000 300 250 During non holy days Sources, Market Survey (2014) All livestock types from producers are supplied to the markets and the reasons for selling are to replaces the stock, to cover agricultural inputs expenditure, to pay land and other taxes, to cover the house hold utilities such as closes, school fee, health services. Market prices of the livestock are not determined by the live weight or grade and quality of the livestock but by the season, number of animals supplied to the market, inspection, by bargaining process and then farmers are not benefited with this process.

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWE Page 48

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project

As information gathered and confirmed during field work, the highest livestock population with the best body condition and prices are supplied to the market three times per year i.e.at Ethiopian new year including Meskel, X-Mass and Easter.

Figure 30: Tilili poultry at Addis Kidam Market a week before Easter, 2014 Sources, Photo, ADSWE, 2014 At all levels of markets within the sub-basin all types of livestock at all age are merchandized and then, the selling and buying processes are held by producers, traders, consumers, fatteners and butchers.

The dominant Marketing days, Peak time at when large number of livestock is supplied to market, sources of livestock, directions to where livestock are taken, type of sellers and buyers are summarized in the table below. Table 13: Summary of Livestock Marketing Data

Dominant Seasons at Sources from Ls Directions to where LS are Sellers Buyers Marketing which Highest are supplied taken Days No of LS are supplied Saturday, Easter, Surrounding All surrounding Kebeles , Farmers, Farmers, Wednesday, Christmases, Kebeles, Small Woreda and Zone centers , Merchants, Consumers, Monday New Year + markets, Woreda Bahir-dar, Metema and Addis Fatteners Merchants, Meskel centers Ababa Fatteners

Sources, Market survey result (2014) at 7 markets. Most of the marketable livestock are transported on foot to and from the market; however, poultry, shoats and cattle are started to transport by vehicles to secondary and terminal home and abroad markets but not with proper trucks and respect to animals welfare. The following figures show how a merciless and suffering sheep transportation system is going on in the sub-basin. Then availability of livestock markets are considered as one of the factors affecting livestock production types (LUTs).

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWE Page 49

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project

Figure 31: Sheep bought at Dangila Market transported to Finot-Selam Sources, Photo ADSWE, 2014 at Enjibara

4.1.8 Heard Structure and Estimated Feed and water Requirements

4.1.8.1 Heard Structure

Herd structures have been defined in terms of number of heads of animal as well as in terms of reference Tropical Livestock Unit (TLU) defined as a mature animal weighing 250 kg (FAO, 1976). Table 14: Heard structure of cattle in the sub-basin

Male Female

<6Mo 6Mo<1yea 10Year <6Mont 1Y- Zone Total nth r 1Y-<3Year 3-<10Y &above h 6Mo<1year <3Year 3-<10Y 10Year &above

N/Gondar 900406 40979 33223 68798 258793 19822 46057 35627 80817 300709 18086

S/ Gondar 775760 32017 21605 57235 261046 32323 29927 22925 60739 241940 16003

W/Gojjam 613880 19815 17449 41360 218147 25247 20771 19692 44317 192429 14653

Awe 115067 4927 3491 8995 32611 1795 5039 3543 10057 42290 2317

Total 2405113 97737 75768 176387 770597 79187 101795 81787 195931 777369 51059

% 100 4 3 7 32 3 4 3 8 32 2 Sources, CSA,2000,2001,,2003,2004, 2005 and WoARD (2013)

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWE Page 50

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project

Table 15: Heard structure of the Sheep and Goats in the sub-basin

Sheep Male Female S. N <6Month 1Year&<2 2Years & <6Month 2Years o Zone Total sheep s 6Months&<1year Years above s 6Months<1year 1Year&<2Years & above North 1 Gondar 282922 37713 8460 7996 12810 41705 14804 17517 141918 South 2 Gondar 288885 42703 10294 6087 9741 43423 13487 14956 148194 West 3 Gojjam 298114 44717 11925 8943 8943 41736 11925 17887 149057

3 Awe 82061 12861 2965 1760 1880 12434 3829 3988 42343

Total 951982 137994 33644 24786 33375 139297 44045 54348 481513

% 100 14 4 3 4 15 5 6 51 Goats North 1 Gondar 191003 25646 9348 7149 8869 26689 12521 12575 69577 South 2 Gondar 217005 28706 10651 9750 19029 30044 11377 13536 93912

3 West Gojjam 117656 18789 6351 4674 7273 19988 6757 6144 47740

4 Awe 24114 4076 1375 1027 1847 4287 1185 1168 9148

Total 549778 77217 27726 22601 37019 81007 31841 33424 220377

% 100 14 5 4 7 15 6 6 40 Sources, CSA,2000,2001,,2003,2004, 2005 and WoARD (2013) The highest percentage of cattle (32%) are encompassed at 3-10 years of age for cattle, at 2 years and above (51%) for sheep and at 2 and above years (40%) years for goats. It implies that most of the livestock composition is laid within reproduction age. The TLU conversion factors and quantities of TLU for all livestock mentioned are given at Table 1.

4.1.8.2 Feed Requirements

In order to support the body's processes and promote production, animals must consume regular supplies of various nutrients based on their age, sex and objective of production. According to FAO (1976), study conducted at Kenya, yearly feed requirement of cattle, goat and sheep per cow, doe and ewe unit is summarised at the following table at different level of management for the purpose of comparison. Table 16: Yearly feed requirement of livestock for maintenances and production per year S.No Livestock type Quantity of feed requirement(Kg/year) per level of technology Remark Low level Medium level High level 1 Cattle 3740 5200 7200 For dairy and meat 2 Sheep 360 610 750 For meat and wool 3 Goats 470 700 960 For meat and dairy Source, FAO,

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWE Page 51

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project

In our cases, however, the total feed requirement of the livestock found in the region is estimated based on the maintenances requirement of one TLU (2.28 tone/TLU/year) and production requirement of one TLU (2.74 tone/TLU/year) to indicate the existing livestock feed condition based on demand and supply methods. As a result; a total of 4,558,607.19 and 5,502,459.78 tone of DM feed are required for the total livestock available in the sub-basin respectively. 4.1.8.3 Water Requirements

Data from institutional survey showed that 4,819 water points were available in the sub-basin. The water sources are eight in type i.e. lake, river, pond, spring, developed spring, hand dug well, deep well, and pipe. According to the survey result, 886 (18%) are used for livestock drinking. From 886 water points only 600are functional but the rest or 286 are not functional. Of these (886) water points 211(23%) have livestock drinking trough and 94 are used for livestock only and the rest for both human and livestock. All these figures indicated that how the water development for livestock is the neglected but too important issues.

Table 17 Major Source of Water for own Animals by HH Water sources for livestock Frequency Percent River 2397 61.6 Lake 201 5.2 Water Pipe 118 3.0 Non developed Spring 749 19.2 Water Wells 336 8.6 Pond 27 .7 Water Dam 6 .2 Developed Spring 60 1.5 Total 3894 100.0 Although the institutional survey result showed the largest number of water source is non developed spring(205) followed by deep well (194) and developed spring(186), more than 60% of the HH are used rivers(107) as main water sources for their livestock. From similar sources, the major constraints with regard to livestock water are water born diseases (40%), water scarcity (32%) and inaccessibility (27%).

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWE Page 52

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project

Figure 32: Major Water Sources Distribution for Livestock Sources: Institutional Data collected at site, 1013

Different livestock have different amount of water requirements and watering time intervals based on temperature under which they live, type of feed they take, and class of livestock.

Based on the given standards and number of livestock available in the sub-basin, amount of water required is estimated to be 26,473,477m3 ; so any water based development projects proposed and formulated in the sub-basin should consider this amount of water is essential for livestock consumption.

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWE Page 53

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project

Table 18: Estimated water requirement for livestock (M3/year)

S. Water requirement per litter or cubic metre by livestock type Water Intake (L) No Cattle Sheep Goat Horse donkey Mule 1000 Poultry 1 Daily Water intake(l) 20-30 2-4 2-4 11-25 10-12 10-15 345-470 2 Watering interval(days) 2.1 Normal in dry season 2-3 3-5 3-5 2 3 3 2.2 Maximum 7 7 7 7-10 G/Total 3 Average daily Water 25 5 5 18 12 15 407 requirements/Lit/day for planning 4 Average Annual Water 9.125 1.83 1.825 6.570 4.380 5.475 148.555 requirements/cubic meter/year for one Livestock type 5 Average Annual Water 2194665 174212 1003345 20430 113182 15925 285968 26473477 M3 requirements/cubic meter/year for all 6 7 1 3 7 Livestock types found in the sub- basin Percent 82.90 6.58 3.79 0.77 4.28 0.60 1.08 Source: FAO, 1984. And the calculated for the sub-basin livestock

4.1.8.4 Health Services

According to the institutional survey result, 201 health services (81 health posts and 120 vet clinics) are recorded. At these health services, 237 professionals (184 at diploma, 26 at degree, 15 at DVM and 12 at certificate level of qualification) have been giving services. These indicated that the proportion of livestock to health services and total professionals are 12,980 TLU and 11,008TLU respectively which are too difficult to deliver appropriate services.

The distribution of health services and professionals as per ACZ is directly proportional to the area coverage of ACZ proportion. As a result, the largest share is found at moist tepid part of the ACZ as clearly as observed at the map bellow.

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWE Page 54

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project

Figure 33: Distribution of health services at ACZ Sources: Institutional Data collected, ACZ map and WoARD, 2014

4.2 Feed Resources

4.2.1 Land Use and Land Covers of the Sub-basin

Land use and cover maps are useful tools for feed assessment studies as a base data. Satellite data is suitable for such purpose, because of its fast repeatability, wide and unique view and availability of data from most part of electromagnetic spectrum. The satellite image of the area was interpreted to determine the area of different feed resource cover types. According to image interpretation of the coverage of feed resources found to be from the entire growth sub-basin in the respective year. This show that, the feed resource is declining at alarming rate; therefore, proper land use planning is timely needed for sustainable feed resource land management in the study area. The area coverage and spatial distribution of land use/cover in the sub-basin is indicated Table 19 and Figure 34 below. As in the field work observation checked the area coverage of cultivated is very huge, similarly the result of GIS processed its value more than other cover parts in proportion 825,176.23 (52.26%). Next to cultivated land 310,423.42 (19.66%) hectare area covered by water body including Lake Tana. The third large coverage is grass land with 137,952.74 (8.74%) hectare. Plantation forest (almost all eucalyptus trees) covers 60,350.65 (3.82%) of

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWE Page 55

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project the whole sub-basin. Now a days in the sub-basin practiced gazing land alarmingly changed to cultivated and plantation forest, so it asks solution from all concerned body. Table 19: Area of land us/cover for resources of feed production the sub-basin No Sub-units Area (ha) % Major covers Area (ha) % 1 Town 4,181.21 0.26% 2 Farm village 83,648.08 5.30% Built-up area 87,829.29 5.56% 3 Intensively cultivated land 527,836.62 33.43% 4 Moderately cultivated land 241,910.52 15.32% 5 Sparsely cultivated land 55,429.09 3.51% Cultivated land 825,176.23 52.26% 6 Dense natural forest 17,828.38 1.13% 7 Plantation forest 60,350.65 3.82% Forest 78,179.02 4.95% 8 Dense shrub land 30,223.05 1.91% 9 Open shrub land 68,179.35 4.32% 10 Degraded wooded shrub land 3,668.75 0.23% Bush and shrub land 102,071.16 6.46% 11 Open grass land 104,473.70 6.62% 12 Shrub grass land 33,479.04 2.12% Grass land 137,952.74 8.74% 13 Seasonal wetland 6,895.61 0.44% 14 Permanent wetland 18,307.72 1.16% Wetland 25,203.33 1.60% 15 Lake 305,650.00 19.36% 16 Rivers 2,737.30 0.17% 17 Ponds and Dams 2,036.12 0.13% Water body 310,423.42 19.66% 18 Sub-afro-alpine vegetation Afro alpine and sub- afro-alpine 12,261.75 0.78% vegetation 12,261.75 0.78% Total 1,579,096.94 100.00% 1,579,096.94 100.00% Source: GIS data processed

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWE Page 56

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project

Figure 34: Major land use/cover in the sub-basin

4.2.2 Existing Feed Resource Assessment

The livestock population in ANRS is estimated at 13,766,923 cattle, 8,825,061sheep and 5,102,580 goats, 417,324 horses, 134,168 mules, 2,398,190 donkeys, 14,610,770 poultry and 1,032,927 (CSA, 2013). In addition according to woreda office of agriculture data (2013), 2,405,113 cattle, 951,982 sheep, 549,778 goats, 31,096 horses, 29,088 mules, 258,407 donkeys, 1,924,685, 241,713 bee hives and only 27,326 cattle have got exotic blood in the Lake Tana sub-basin which is only 1.14 %.

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWE Page 57

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project

The economic contribution from the livestock sector, however, is below expectation, which is mainly attributed to feed problems both in terms of quantity and quality. This poor nutrition of livestock is largely reflected by the low milk productivity, weak power output of draft animals, stunted growth of animals and causes severity death of animals. This subsequently resulted in poor nutrition of local people, low local and export market income and also decline in crop production and over all subsistence way of living.

According to the final result, dry matter yield from the sub-basin as shown in Table 25 has natural vegetation (grazing) 27.43%, crop residue 65.7% and aftermath 6.8%, similarly CSA (2005 to 2012), the average eight years data value of feed sources 44.2% grazing land, 36.82% crop residues, 0.19% improved forage, 14.24% hay, 0.52% by products and 3.93% from others. This data show that more than four-fifth (81.02%) of the major livestock feed comes from grazing lands and crop residues in sub-basin. In the other way the contribution of improved forage and by products are insignificant. In addition, the amount of grazing and browsing is completely decreasing year to year in the sub-basin across the four zones Figure 35.

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWE Page 58

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project

80 60 Green Fodder/Grazing 40 Crops Residues 20

0 Improved Feed

Hay

Awi Awi Awi Awi

By-products

S/Gondar S/Gondar S/Gondar S/Gondar

N/Gondar N/Gondar N/Gondar N/Gondar

W/Gojjam W/Gojjam W/Gojjam W/Gojjam Others 1998 1999 2000 2001

70 60 50 Green Fodder/Grazing 40 30 Crops Residues 20 Improved Feed 10

0 Hay

By-products

Awi Awi Awi

Others

S/Gondar S/Gondar S/Gondar

N/Gondar N/Gondar N/Gondar

W/Gojjam W/Gojjam W/Gojjam 2003 2004 2005

70 60 50 Green Fodder/Grazing 40 30 Crops Residues 20 10

0 Improved Feed

Hay

By-products

National National National National National National National

Others

Amhara Reg Amhara Reg Amhara Reg Amhara Reg Amhara Reg Amhara Reg Amhara Reg Amhara 1998 1999 2000 2001 2003 2004 2005

Figure 35: Trends of feed sources in the sub-basin Source: CSA, 2005-2012

one method of feed resources information gathering is through biophysical assessment identification of topographic features, like the elevation, slope classes, soil depth and erosion hazard, climatic characteristics (rain fall and temperature), land use/cover (major and minor) type and forge (tree, shrubs/bushes, grasses and forbs) species, density and composition at selected site level are the major biophysical survey techniques that are used to generate the information for the selection of the proper feed resource utilization types.

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWE Page 59

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project

Land use/ land cover is used as a base for study feed resources classification resulted from GIS processing. According the result, eight major cover types identified in the field namely grass land, bush and shrub land, cultivated land, forest land, wet land aphro- alpine, built up area and water bodies. Totally three hundred thirty three sites used for feed resources inventory (detail field observations survey) were selected on criteria within sample plots size 50mx4m (200sqm) for each identified unit. At each site species are identified; totally in the sub-basin 36 trees, shrubs and bushes, 21 grasses and 3 legumes species were identified in Table 20.

The selected sample plots size 50mx4m (200sqm) also used for purpose of vegetation inventory (to decided density, composition, species identification, etc). As a result, 108(32.43%) ;sites observation is performed for grassland, 106 cultivated land, 57 bushes and shrubs, 43 forest land, 14 wet land and 5 on built up area as shown in Annex part. Of the total 333 inventory sites; 8 (2.4%) sites are found in sub- humid cool, 250 (75.08%) sites are found in moist tepid, 35 (10.51%) sites are found in sub-humid tepid, 37(11.11%) sites are found in moist cool and 3 (0.90%) sites are found in moist cool as in indicated in Table 22. More than three-fourth part of the sub-basin dominated by moist tepid. In addition observation occurs on cover basis, on grass land 32.43% sites, cultivated land 31.83% sites, bush and shrub 17.12% sites, forest land 12.91% sites, built up area 1.50% sites and wet land 4.20% sites. Table 20: Observation sites based on cover land cover and ACZ type

No Major class Number % share Type and number of observation site at ACZ of major cover Moist Moist Total class based SHC MT SHT Cool cold 1 Grass land 108 32.43 4 75 17 11 1 108 2 Cultivated land 106 31.83 1 84 9 11 1 106 3 Bush and shrub 57 17.12 1 47 4 5 - 57 4 Forest land 43 12.91 1 28 3 10 1 43 5 Built up area 5 1.50 1 2 2 - - 5 6 Wet land 14 4.20 - 14 - - - 14 Total 333 100 8 250 35 37 3 333 % share - - 2.4 75.08 10.51 11.11 0.90 100 SHC=Sub-Humid Cool, MT=Moist Tepid, SHT=Sub-Humid Tepid Source: ADSWE, 2014

4.2.2.1 Natural Pasture (grazing and browsing) Land

It includes the plain areas, road side grazing land, wet lands, deferred grazing lands and forest/bush land which included products or feed for livestock, conservation, bee forge, fire wood, home for wildlife, tourist attraction and. The types of feeds produced are fresh grazing grass, herbs and legumes for grazing and browsing uses, hay production for preserved feed and stand hay for deferred grazing. Monthly changes in natural pasture production and quality are closely related to rainfall. According to existing feed resource assessment result (using land use/cover data), it is area coverage has 1,246,184.60 hectare (excluding water body) with annual production of 1,643,705.56(27.43%) ton dry matter per year (Table 31).

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWE Page 60

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project

The productivity of this natural grazing land is low 1-4ton DM/ha/year (Alemayhu, 2003). According to MoA, 1989, DM production of natural pasture land is estimated as 2 ton /ha/year from high potential cereal/livestock zone of savannah grass land and 2.5 ton /ha/year from humid temperate pasture; 1.5ton/ha/year from low potential cereal/livestock zone of pasture savannah grass land and then 2 ton /ha/year from high potential perennial/livestock zone pasture (savannah grass land).

In the sub-basin among the feed resources, the natural pasture consists of a wide range of grasses, other herbaceous species mainly used during wet season, trees, shrubs and bushes used for main browses are indicated in Table 21.

There is growing trend of hay making from natural pasture, especially from school compounds, church yards and other public places. Hay is made during October to December and commonly cultivated after very late as a result, the quality is poor. Part of the pasture could be protected and left for standing hay. This standing hay is also used during the dry season in Mecha, Farta, Bahir dar zuria, Fogera, Gonder zuria, South Achefer and Libokemkem woredas.

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWE Page 61

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project

Table 21: Identified natural pasture land feed resource species in the sub-basin Grasses Bushes/trees S/ Local name Scientific name Local name Scientific name no 1 Akirima Eleusine Jaegeri Agam Carissa edulis 2 Fila Typha angustifolia Atat Maytenus arbutifolia 3 Gajja Andropogon gayanas Maytenus ovatus 4 Gicha Cyperus rotundus Dedeho Euclea schimperia 5 Muja Snowdenia polystachya Gimero Capparis micrantha 6 Mush - Girar Acacia spp. 7 Sembelet sar Cymbogon commulatus Girawa Vernomia amygdalina 8 Serdo Cynodon nemfuensis Imbuacho Rumex nervosus 9 Sindedo Pennisetum snowdenia Imbuway Solanum capylacanth 10 Wura Digitaria adscendens Kega Rosa abyssinica 11 papyrus Cyprus papyrus Keret Osyris 12 Rhodes Cloris gayana Kitikita Dodonaea viscosa 13 Tucha Pennisetum glabrum Lenkuwata Grewia ferriginea 14 Elephant grass Pennisetum purpureum Sensel Justica schimperiana 15 Murgn Sporobolus natalensis Tembelel Jasminum abyssinicum 16 Senbelet Hyparrhenia dregeana Woyira Olea africana 17 Yetef sar Eragrostis botryodes Dokema Sizygium seenseuin 18 Yewusha dagusa Eleusine indica Embacho Rumex nerosus 19 Yekok sar Arthraxon prionodes Gollo Ricinus communis 20 Shenkotet Festuca sinensis Kitketa Dodonaea anguistifolia 21 Yamora sar Panicum maximum Agaam Carissa edulis 22 Legumes Gumoro Capparistomentosa 23 Local name Scientific name Atat Maytensus undata 24 Yelam ater Vigna unguiculata Wanza Cordia Africana 25 Alfalfa Medicago sativa L. Sesa Albizia gummifera 26 Maget Trifolium subterraneum Shola Ficus surrus 27 Ergib ater Cajanus cajan 28 Sespania Sespania saspan 29 Embus kamo Rhus glutinosa Hochst 30 Ishe Mimuspos kummel 31 Lukinia Leucaena leucocephale 32 Ameja Hypericum quartinianum 33 Avalo Combretum molle 34 sendel Albizia schimperiana aliv. 35 Chibiha Ficus thonnigii 36 Shenkor ageda Saccharum officinarum 37 Ergib ater Cajanus cajan Source: Field observation, 2014

Grass land

It is an economical importance feed sources for all livestock species and it occurs in most part of the sub- basin in different size of land and various species. It is mainly recognized mixed with natural bush, shrub and scrub, around settlement area, on mountain and hill tops and side tops and on plateaus having stony,

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWE Page 62

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project sandy and shallow soils. Grass lands are characterized by the presence or absence of woody vegetation such as trees, bushes and shrubs. Grass land covers totally 150,214.49(9.51%) hectare including afro- alpine and according to GIS processed result, it is classified in to three sub-class; as of open grass land cover 104,473.70 (6.62%) hectare, shrub grass land covers 33,479.04(2.12%) and Afro-alpine area covers 12,261.75(0.78%) hectare. Grass land covers the second highest feed resource area in the sub-basin next to cultivated land on area basis. Identified grass land points and grass species during field observation are indicated under Annex part and in Table 21 respectively. Its area coverage from GIS data presents in Figure 34 and Table 19. Identified grass species in sub-basin; Eleusine Jaegeri, Andropogon gayana, Typha angustifolia , Cyperus rotundus, Cloris gayana, Pennisetum purpureum, Cymbogon commulatus, Cynodon nemfuensis, Pennisetum snowdenia, Cyprus papyrus, Snowdenia polystachya etc. The whole sample sites collected during field observation in the sub-basin indicated in map spatially in Figure 36.

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWE Page 63

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project

Figure 36: Observed grass land points based on ACZ in the sub-basin Source: Field observation, 2014

In the sub-basin on 108 sites, major grass land covers were identified based on individual and the whole species occurrence as shown Table 22. According to the result serdo, gajja and tucha occurs dominant grass both in individual and whole species by frequency serdo (Cynodon nemfuensis) 155, gajja (Andropogon gayanas) 117 and tucha (Pennisetum glabrum) 84. In addition both individual and whole

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWE Page 64

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project occurrence of species by percentage is 46.55 (24.84), 35.14 (18.75) and 25.23 (13.46) by percentage both in frequency of individual and whole species occurrence respectively. Now a day’s most indigenous grasses encroached by erosion, cultivation (changed to crop land), weeds, plantation, etc. especially now a day’s plantation of eucalyptus trees serious problem and it asks policy how to use grass land for livestock purpose. Table 22: Identified dominant grass species in the sub-basin.

Grass cover type Tucha Serdo Goder Gajja Gagirda/ketet Wajimma Hyppernia others Frequency of individual species occurrence from whole sites in the sub-basin 84 155 20 117 41 40 22 145 % of individual species occurrence by sites 25.23 46.55 6.01 35.14 12.31 12.01 6.61 43.54 % of individual species occurrence over the whole species 13.46 24.84 3.21 18.75 6.57 6.41 3.53 23.24 Source: ADSWE field observation, 2014

180 160 140

120 Individual species occurrence 100 from 333 sites

80 % of individual species 60 occurrence 40 % of individual species 20 occurrence over the whole species 0

Figure 37: Graph shows dominant grass species Source: ADSWE field observation, 2014.

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWE Page 65

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project

Figure 38: Sample grass land at different sites of the sub-basin.

Bush/Shrub land

The vegetation of shrub/bush cover was recognized by woody plants that have multi-stem branches of short vegetation species. Shrub land covers the third highest feed source area next to exposed surfaces. Shrub land by itself covers 102,071.16(6.46%) hectare of total feed source area in the sub-basin. It is field observation result points indicated in Annex part. The area cover present from GIS data result in Figure 34 and Table 19. The species identified in the field survey are Agam (Carissa edulis), Kega (Rosa abyssinica), Gumero (Capparistomentosa), girar (Acacia spp.), Atat (Maytensus undata), Sespania saspan (Sespania), Kitikita (Dodonaea viscose), Abalo (Combretum molle), Kushele, etc. Sample areas are collected by photo camera in the field survey shown in Figure 39.

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWE Page 66

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project

Figure 39: Observed bush and shrub land points based on ACZ in the sub-basin

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWE Page 67

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project

Figure 40: Bushes and shrubs land found Libo kemkem woreda in wushatirs kebele at Nechimeda got.

In the sub-basin on 57 sites major bushes and shrubs land were identified based on individual and the whole species occurrence as shown Table 23. According to the result atat (Maytensus undata), girar (Acacia spp.) and agam (Carissa edulis) occurs dominant species both in individual and whole species by frequency 103, 92 and 64 respectively. In addition both individual and whole occurrence of species by percentage is 30.93 (19.07), 27.63 (17.04) and 19.22 (11.85) by percentage both in individual and whole occurrence for atat, girar and agam respectively. Table 23: Identified dominant bush and/or shrub species in the sub-basin

Bush and shrub type Agam Kega Gumero girar Atat Atkuar Zigita Kotkoto Abalo Kushele Other Frequency of individual species occurrence from whole sites in the sub-basin 64 13 55 92 103 4 44 43 18 24 80 % of individual species occurrence by sites 19.22 3.90 16.52 27.63 30.93 1.20 13.21 28.67 5.41 7.21 24.02 % of individual species occurrence over the whole species 11.85 2.41 10.19 17.04 19.07 0.74 8.15 7.96 3.33 4.44 14.81

Forest land

It is one source of animal feed especially for goats. In the sub-basin the forest land classified in to three groups; natural forest, plantation forest (eucalyptus tree) and riverine forest. Some of species found in this cover type are large trees adopted in the area are woyera (Olea africana), sholla (Ficus surrus), embes (Rhus glutinosa Hochst), girar (Acacia spp), Chibiha (Ficus thonnigii). Bushes and shrubs are kulqaule, agam, kechem, feyele feg, kelabo, embacho, atat, kega, lebagiba, waginus, kotquato, keskes, nacha, awura.

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWE Page 68

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project

As GIS data processed result major forest area covers 78,179.02(4.95%) hectare in the sub-basin. The collected forest point’s sites are indicated in Annex part. The sample natural forest area observed during field observation is shown in Figure 41. The representative of the sub-basin forest land cover map is in Figure 34 and area is in Table 19. During field survey farmers explained at different sites it is used for hay production and leaf (at drought) for cattle and browsing for goats.

In the sub-basin observation occurs on 43 sites, of these major forest land were identified based on individual and the whole species occurrence as shown Table 24. According to the result Bahirzaf, girar and warka/bamba/shola occur dominantly trees both in individual and whole species by frequency 144, 87 and 80 respectively. In addition both individual and whole occurrence of species by percentage is 43.24 (21.36), 26.13 (12.91) and 24.02 (11.87) by percentage both in individual and whole occurrence for bahirzaf, girar and warka respectively. More than one-fifth of observed sites are eucalyptus trees; at the different level (kebel and woreda) of group discussion assured that its dominant trees, as during recconinusus and detail survey checked in the field it expands on grazing and cultivated land, in the future it asks policy for eucalyptus plantation, especially in Wogera, L/Armachiho, Mecha, S/Achefer, Farta woredas. Table 24: Identified dominant forest species in the sub-basin

Warka/ Bamba/ Bahir Dok Chib Decer Forest cover type Wanza Shola Eshe zaf Sesa ma ha Asta encia weyra Girar Others Frequency of individual species occurrence from whole sites in the sub-basin 67 80 12 144 47 19 49 5 18 42 87 104 % of individual species occurrence by sites 20.12 24.02 3.60 43.24 14.11 5.71 14.71 1.50 5.41 12.61 26.13 31.23 % of individual species occurrence over the whole species 9.94 11.87 1.78 21.36 6.97 2.82 7.27 0.74 2.67 6.23 12.91 15.43

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWE Page 69

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project

Figure 41: Zafeyenguse dense forest at Embachikogunaguna kebele in Ebenat woreda.

Wet land

Wetlands in the sub-basin is important resources that supply essential raw materials such as reeds for the farming community for thatching purposes and the head of papyrus which are very important for ceremonial use. Wetlands are also the major source of drinking water for humans and livestock. Furthermore, wetlands play a vital role in the economic lives of many peasants in the sub-basins. As Abye Kindie (2001) indicated in Amhara region wet lands are used for fishing, growing crops, grazing and transportation. Although in sub-basin fishing, growing crops, grazing and transportation are some of the major activities undertaken, as checked during detail survey through field observations and group discussions. According GIS processed data result it covers 25,203.33(1.60%) hectare of total of the sub- basin.

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWE Page 70

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project

Figure 42: Wet land at North Achefer woreda exposed for over grazing

Wetlands are the last destination for grazers during the dry months in the sub-basin. Through during the time with an increasing in the livestock population, shortage of fodder and the expansion of agricultural activities have increased grazing pressure on wetlands, as indicated in Figure 42 above. The pressure from grazing has resulted in a change in the characteristics of wetlands, some of which have changed into rough grazing land. The threats from grazing can arise from overstocking in the wetland, year-round grazing which excludes ecological recovery and happening soil trampling. Whilst compaction of the wetlands by livestock has a significant impact on the infiltration, capacity of the wetland soil and hence affects the hydrological systems of the wetlands itself. Loss of biodiversity is one of the negative impacts that over- grazing has on wetland resources, similarly this idea supported by IFAD/EPLAUA Project Planning Team (2007). So wet land affected directly or indirectly by human and live stock, it needs to make awareness for the society how to use the wet land.

Settlement Area (Built-up Area)

Farmer’s villages were one of the feed sources, where there is availability of animal feed and around the kebele centre, woreda, zone and region town in the sub-basin. According to GIS data result; the coverage of settlement area is 87,829.29(5.56 %) hectare of the feed source area in sub-basin. As in the Figure 43 indicated, the settlement area used for grazing, back yard forage production and for feed storage. The sample points for settlement area in the sub-basin shown in the socio-economy part of document. The representative of the sub-basin settlement area coverage is indicted in Figure 34 and Table 20.

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWE Page 71

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project

Figure 43: settlement area used for grazing, back yard forage production and for feed storage

4.2.2.2 Cultivated Land

According to detailed filed survey result, 88.4% household of the sub-basin people depend on farming. Though the area of cultivated land covered is the highest feed source that is 825,176.23 hectare (as GIS processed result). Major crops like maize, teff, millet, wheat, barley, rice, peas, beans, check pea, vetch, potatoes and others are cultivated in the sub-basin. These crops are sources of crop residues for livestock; the area covered for cultivation is 825,176.23(52.26%) hectare as sample area in Table 20. As in the household survey 88.4% respondents answered that living with cultivated crops, in addition in the group discussion and secondary questionnaires response, the coverage of crop area higher than other feed sources.

In the sub-basin as livestock production is mainly targeted as input function for crop production, there is shortage of grazing land and hence the basal feed resource base are more of crop-residues; natural pasture, hay from open grass land and industrial by products and stubble grazing. According to the woreda experts’ interview and field observations result the contribution of crop-residues and stubble grazing from teff, barley, maize Stover, field pea, millet, wheat, rice and bean could be mentioned for Dry Matter (DM) production as livestock feed.

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWE Page 72

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project

As cropland expands natural pasture become fragmented and remain as patches. During the rainy season when crops are in the ground, animals must be tethered or close herded to prevent crop damage. Farmers in the study area have a practice of collecting crop residues and hay when available around their houses, but they feed without any treatment and management as shown in Figure 44.

Figure 44: Collected crop residues at Denbeya Woreda but done with poor management Source: Field observation, 2014

Crop residues and hay make a major contribution of animal feed especially in January through August but the quality is poor and no urea treatment used. Thereafter from September up to December natural pasture and stubble grazing/crop aftermath are the main sources of feed for livestock. Feed scarcity may exist in the months July and August where both crop residues and hay are declining or insufficient. Supply and quality of natural pasture is lowest when supply and quality of crop residues is highest. As supply and quality of pasture declines so residues (if available) substitute for pasture. As the total supply of pasture declines, the period in which residues contribute to the feed supply extends. As during detailed field survey checked the main problem in most of the sub-basin no proper management of crop residues, such as no shading, no urea treatment, trampling, etc. Aftermath grazing is common in the sub-basin after all crops harvested as shown in Figure 47, but it has negative effect on water and soil conservation and encouraged free grazing that opposite to current government policy, so it will be considered both local, zonal, regional and national government.

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWE Page 73

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project

In the study area sample area observed for cultivated land by kebele and woreda are shown in special map in Figure 45. In the sub-basin observation done on 106 sites, of these major crop lands were identified based on individual and the whole species occurrence as shown Table 25 and Figure 45 and 46. According to the result teff, maize/sorghum and millet occur dominantly crops both in individual and whole species occurrence by frequency teff 152, maize/sorghum, 134 and millet 109 respectively. In addition both individual and whole occurrence of species by percentage is 45.65 (16.29), 40.24 (14.36) and 32.73 (11.68) for teff, maize and millet respectively. Table 25: Identified dominant crop species in the sub-basin

Maize/ Chick Crop cover type sorghum Teff millet wheat barely Rice bean pea pea vetch potato Others Frequency of individual species occurrence from whole sites in the sub- basin 134 152 109 74 79 10 73 62 63 38 43 96 % of individual species occurrence by sites 40.24 45.65 32.73 22.22 23.72 3.00 21.92 18.62 18.92 11.41 12.91 28.83 % of individual species occurrence over the whole species 14.36 16.29 11.68 7.93 8.47 1.07 7.82 6.65 6.75 4.07 4.61 10.29

Source: Field observation, 2014

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWE Page 74

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project

Figure 45 Observed cultivated land points based on ACZ in the sub-basin Source: GIS data, 2014

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWE Page 75

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project

160

140

120 Individual species occurrence 100 from 333 sites 80 % of individual species 60 occurrence

40 % of individual species occurrence over the whole 20 species

0

Figure 46: Graph shows dominant crop species Source: Field observation, 2014

In sub-basin produces about 1,969,077.32 ton of crop residues on 1,128,738.22 hectare, which covers about 65.71% of the annual DM feed produced. It covers 718,641 TLU per year. Crop is sown with the onset of main rainy season. However, in some years rainfall is erratic and possibility of crop failure occurred. In such cases farmers cut and feed the crops to their animals.

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWE Page 76

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project

Figure 47: Aftermath grazing in North Achefer woreda Source: Field observation, 2014

4.2.2.3 Industrial by-Products

In the sub-basin there are small-scale local mills, which in one way or another have contribution in supplying varieties of grain by-products. Pulse hulls are commonly used as feed for animals. Among others the most significant by-product of small scale local mills especially in rice producing areas of the subbasin Fogera Woreda, is rice hull and rice bran. There are many small scale oil mills, which notably co ntribute to the oilseed cake supplies. Despite that, their contribution is declining from year to year due to increased price and decreased availability of oilseeds. Gondar (Dashen), which produces remarkably large quantity of spent grain to be used as feed for livestock. The most commonly used non-conventional feed in the area is by-product of home brewed and distilled beverages (tela and areki atela) in woreda, zone, region and other small kebel towns in the sub-basin. It contributes a lot especially for the urban and peri- urban dairy farmers. Use of waste from the milling houses and grain stores is common.

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWE Page 77

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project

4.2.2.4 Improved Forage

Improved forage species in the Tana sub-basin includes grasses, herbaceous legumes and bushes/tree legumes were practiced as shown in Figure 48. These improved forage development using different strategies like back yard, over sowing, area closure, intercropping, under sowing, alley cropping, etc. Common species used for improved forage are Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum), cow pea (Vigna unguiculata), Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan), chibaha (Ficus thonnigii), Sespania (Sespania saspan), Chamaecytisus palmensis (Tree lucerne), Stylo (stylosanthes hamata cultivar verano and stylosanthes scabracultivar seca), Alfalfa (medicago sativa), Oats (avena sativa), Rhodes grass (chloris gayana), Common vetch (vicia dasycarpa), Clover (trifolium species), etc, Pigeon pea, sesbania and Napier grass are planted on terraces and check dams as a means of protecting soil erosion and sometimes they are planted on irrigated areas and backyards. Oats is cultivated mostly in pure stands and occasionally in mixture with vetch. Oats in the sub-basin is used as human food and animal feed. Pigeon pea and cow pea are used as dual purpose crops. The common practice is to allow the forage crops to set seed and the residue is used as feed for livestock. With pigeon pea, after collecting the mature pods the green forage left on the plant is pruned and used as animal feed, the detail improved forage type, type of strategy and practical areas in the sub-basin indicated in the Table 26 below. In general as assured in the field work there is high feed gap in both sub-basin, so it needs high commitment from government, non- government, community, experts, others concerned body to produce high quantity and quality both under irrigation and rain fad program. In addition it asks government policy and legality to be practical filling this feed gap.

Farmers have adopted the development and utilization of an indigenous fodder tree which called Chibiha in Amharic (Ficus thonningii). Among other local trees in the area Ficus thonningii is found very important to as a source of fodder for livestock in North Armachiho, Gonder zuria, Dembya, chilega, Woreta, Takusa, Alefa, woreda. Sesbania sesban is already adopted and developed on backyard for animal feed.

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWE Page 78

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project

Pigeon pea at area closure in Takusa woreda Chibaha at back yard in Lay-Armachiho woreda

Saspania on bund at Farta woreda Treelucern developed in mynet kebele at weyn wuha water shad Figure 48: Improved forage production in the sub-basin at different sites. Sources: Field observation, 2014

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWE Page 79

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project

Table 26: Summarized improved forage species strategies practiced in sub-basin

S/No Type of improved Type strategies applied Practical areas of these improved species by forge species woreda 1 Sesbania sesban Back yard, strips, inter-crop with It practiced in all study woredas annual as well as perennial crops by using seedlings and seeds. 2 Chamaecytisus Back yard, forage strips Farta, Estie, dangila and Fagita palmensis (Tree (including bunds and contour lucerne) strips and in alley farming. It will establish both direct seeding and transplanted seedlings. 3 Alfalfa (medicago Back yard, mixed pasture at field Farta, South and North Achefer, Gonder zuria, sativa) using direct sowing. Fagita lakoma, Woreta, Dangila, B/Zuria,Mecha, Chilega, Dembiya, Dera, Takusa and Alefa 4 Clover (trifolium Direct sowing on natural pasture. Practiced in all woreda except North achefer species) 5 Common vetch Under sowing of high land crops It practiced in all study woredas (vicia dasycarpa) and combines very well with oats to form an excellent, easily harvested forge. 6 Cow pea (vigna Under sow in to sorghum, strips Fogera, Debub achefer, Dera, Denbiya, chilega unguiculata) alongside another crop, back woredas. yard. 7 Stylo (stylosanthes Grazing land Over sowing of Mecha, dangla woreta woredas hamata cultivar poor, stock exclusion area, under verano and sowing and mixed pastures. stylosanthes scabracultivar seca) 8 Elephant (Napier) Back yard, planting on contour It practiced in all study woredas grass (pennisetum strips and in gullies to control purpureum) erosion, grown as a mixed forage with climbing legumes like common vetch, green leaf silver leaf and lablab. 9 Oats (avena sativa) Pure and/or mixed pasture by Sekela, Estie, Farta, Fagita Lakoma, Farta, direct sowing. Dangila, Lay-armachiho, Wogera. 10 Rhodes grass Back yard, erosion control Mecha, G/zuria, Dera and Fogera. (chloris gayana) through strip and gully planting, exclusion area. 11 Chibeha (Ficus Back yard, fencerow, North and South achefer, Lay-Armachiho, thonningii) G/zuria and Farta woredas 12 Cajanus cajan Forage strips, hedges, back yard, Fogera, Debub achefer, Dera, Denbiya, chilega (pigeon pea) intercropping using direct sowing woredas rather than transplanting for good production. Sources: Field observation, 2014

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWE Page 80

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project

4.2.3 Major Factors Affecting Feed Resource

Feed sources are affected by different factors like slope, thermal zone, Elivation, rainfall, etc.

4.2.3.1 Slope

Slope variation is one of the most important causes of poor livestock distribution on feed resources of the sub-basin. The reluctance of livestock to use steep slopes is not entirely undesirable, since these areas are often fragile and valley bottoms can better withstand grazing. However, in many cases slopes serve as barriers to the use of benches and ridge tops above valley bottoms. The different slope categories are 0-2 % flat, 2-5% gentle undulating, 5-8 undulating, 8-15% rolling, 15-30% moderately suitable, 30-60% steep and greater than 60% very steep. Livestock vary considerable in their willingness to use steep terrain. Large and heavy animals such as mature cattle have difficulty in traversing steep, rocky slopes. Because of their small size, greater agility and surefootedness, sheep and goats use these areas more readily. Slope of the study area is also one of the major determinants for selection of land suitability for primary utilization type and it is categorized and delineated with similar techniques with that of the elevation classification. As FAO, 1991 the slope classified grazing land (feed resources) for livestock suitability is indicated in Table 27. Table 27: FAO slope (degree) classification for livestock suitability

Factor rating camel cattle Sheep/goat S1 0-8 0-16 0-16 S2 8-16 16-30 16-30 S3 16-30 30-40 30-50 N >30 >40 >50

Sources: - FAO, 1991

The estimated slope classes of the area and its proportion area for each slope class is indicated in Table 28 is 79.31% (1252428.52 hectare) of land with slope range 0-15% is an area used for highly suitable for cattle, sheep and goats. The land with slope range of 15-30% having 14.18% (223945.80 hectares) is moderately suitable for cattle and sheep but still highly suitable for goats. Similarly based on the slope class assessment result of land with slope range of 30-60% having 6.18% (97608.65 hectares) is found to be preferred for livestock production (cattle, sheep, and goat) with additional management; whereas, the land having slope >60% with an area 0.32% (5113.96 hectares) should be out of livestock use; that land can be protected from any interferences. If slope alone is considered as the only decisive factor in determining land use planning 79.31% (1252428.52 hectare) of the sub-basin with slope <15% can be allocated for livestock production purpose as FAO, 1991classification indicated above table. The remaining 20.69 % used for conservation and hay (green feed) production by using cut and carry.

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWE Page 81

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project

Table 28: Number of slope classes in the sub-basin

Slope class Slope rang Area in hectare % share Class 1 0-2% 556340.30 35.23 Class 2 2-5% 302457.34 19.15 Class 3 5-8% 153841.57 9.74 Class 4 8-15% 239789.31 15.19 Class 5 15-30% 223945.80 14.18 Class 6 30-60% 97608.65 6.18 Class 7 >60% 5113.96 0.32 Total Total 1579096.93 100 Source: Metrological data from ADSWE

4.2.3.2 Thermal Zone (ACZ)

Temperature differences are one of the most important causes of poor livestock distribution on feed resources of the sub-basin. This variation causes for decline production in live stock product and feed resources. In the sub-basin indigenous cattle, sheep, goat and equine adopted the environment. The average temperature adaptation of livestock in the sub-basin is 15 oC.

Almost four-fifth (79.37%) of the area has between temperature of 16-21oC under the ACZ of moist tepid that suited for exotic and indigenous livestock breed. Similarly 96.37 % of the total area is covered by moist tepid, moist cool and sub-humid tepid agro-climate zone within similar temperature range. Temperature causes stress to animals in hot, warm and very cool climates. Heat to the body comes mainly from outside and from the metabolism within the body metabolic heat. It costs energy to get rid of excess heat and to maintain the body temperature. When body temperature is high appetite is lost, resulting in a negative energy balance and sometimes with heart collapses. It is evident that temperatures variability also affect water intake which may varies with type of animals and production level. The special distribution of thermal zone is shown in the Table 29. In addition the LGP and altitude range of the sub-basin lies between 131 and 221days and 1327 and 3963 meter respectively, that suitable for the growth of different vegetation as sources of feed.

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWE Page 82

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project

Table 29: Different classes of ACZ in the sub-basin LGP Altitude Temperature thermal rang LGP rang (m) range zone ACZ_ Area (ha) % share 131-180 Moist 1327-1700 21-23.41 Warm Moist warm 10107.34 0.64 131-180 Moist 1700-2500 16-21 Tepid Moist tepid 1253320.28 79.37 131-180 Moist 2500-3375 11-16 Cool Moist cool 78940.34 5.00 131-180 Moist 3375-3963 7.5-11 Cold Moist cold 3137.89 0.20 Very 131-180 Moist 3963-4109 6.6-7.5 cold Moist very cold 117.15 0.01 181-221 Sub-humid 1700-2500 16-21 Tepid Sub-humid tepid 188790.54 11.96 181-221 Sub-humid 2500-3375 11-16 Cool Sub-humid cool 44485.69 2.82 181-221 Sub-humid 3375-3963 7.5-11 Cold Sub-humid cold 197.70 0.01

4.2.3.3 Elivation

Information gathered on altitude helps to advice on identifying different elevation classes, which are suitable for different rangeland vegetation cover like grasses, tree, bush/shrub species and accessibility for live stock (cattle, sheep, goat and equine) production in the sub-basin. Feed resources grown in the low land does not effectively in upper altitude in various altitude ranges. For instance, Andropogon cenchriformis schumach Cenchrus ciliaris (Bufflegrass), Chloris gayana (Rhodes grass), would effectively grow in the lower altitude does not effectively grow in the upper region; the opposite is true to Medicago sativa (tree lucern), oats (Avena sativa,) vetch (Vicia sativa). Similarly livestock breed of cattle, sheep goat and equine productivity varies with their best suitable altitude. 4.2.3.4 Soil

Soil depth is one of the environmental requirements which determined the suitability of rangeland utilization type. According to FAO , 1991 extensive grazing guide line range land soil depth suitability classification is >100cm, 50-100cm, 25-50cm and <25cm. Effective soil depth measurement was undertaken on each soil mapping unit (SMU) in the sub-basin. After soil depth analysis, the soil depth classes were recognized and it enables to identify land suitability for range land. All forage plants used a source of livestock feed are rooted in the soil and it is from the soil that the plants draw the water essential for their growth. Furthermore, the soils are very important to different animal species as a source of natural mineral and sleeping ground in the basin rangelands. Thus, the inclusion of soil parameter as a land quality is very important both for the plants which are the source of animal feed and the animal as well. Soil has embodied both the mixture of physical and chemical properties that have an important value for livestock production.

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWE Page 83

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project

4.2.3.5 Rain Fall

Moisture is one of the most important land qualities, as all plants are affected by moisture availability. Rain fall distributions on a daily, weekly, or monthly basis (rather than annual total rainfall) are required to predict patterns of pasture growth. Anywhere in the tropics moisture deficits are the most limitation to pasture production .The amount of moisture that should be available for good growth and development of plants are however very different between natural vegetation for extensive grazing and crops. Natural pasture is better adapted to variable rain fall, surviving longer drought periods and making more efficient use of whatever moisture is available (FAO, 1991). In the tropics, range of rain fall essential for natural pasture production is given within the range of 500 to 1500mm.Climatic information processed in the sub-basin indicated that, the basin has a minimum and maximum annual rain fall ranged from 815 to 2452 mm. So is the best for varieties of forage species development. As a result, various natural forage SPPs are acclimatized and grown in the sub-basin and so suitable improved forge shall be used to improve the LUT in addition to management practices.

4.2.4 Feeding System

Different feeding system in the sub-basin are adopted, free grazing, cut an carry, crop residues, by product sand others are common. 4.2.4.1 Free Grazing

The free grazing system has contributed significantly to the land degradation problem in the sub-basin, where grazing on hillsides and other fragile areas is widespread during the rainy season when other sources of feed (e.g., stubble grazing and crop residues) are in short supply. Following harvest during the dry season, all cropland become open to free grazing (stubble) until the next growing season. During this free grazing period, the little vegetative cover is completely grazed, the soils become bare and compacted, and farmers have to till the land several times to loosen up the soil to allow infiltration of the rains and avoid sheet erosion. As observed at field survey, in some woreda Farta, Fogera, Addis zemen, Gonder zuria, bigan tether feeding but not supported in extension services. In Farta woreda at Alem ber kebele (Chabi got) start tether feeding forming cooperative (47 member) to produce hay and checked in the field when they harvest hay as shown in Figure 49.

During field survey, it is observed that in some Woredas like Farta, Fogera, Libokemkem and Gonder zuria, farmers start tether feeding even though it its infant stage. In Farta woreda at Alem ber kebele (Chabi got) tether feeding if performed by cooperative (with 47 members) by producing hay as checked during the field survey. This hay support the gap of tether feeding in the kebel as explained during interviewed both development agent and the members.

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWE Page 84

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project

Figure 49: Hay produced at Chabi got by cooperative. Source: Field observation, 2014 According to House hold survey result, awareness on impact of free grazing system of feeding in the community is reached at higher level as expressed by 90% of the respondents, but practically it is not true. Table 30: HH survey result on impacts of free grazing

Awareness situation Frequency Valid Percent Awareness impact of free Grazing 3515 90.00 No awareness on impact of free 357 10.00 Grazing Total 3923 100.0 Source: HH survey result, 2014

4.2.4.2 Cut and Carry

Different staff of the OoARD claims that many improved/cultivated forage crops have been introduced and demonstrated in the sub-basin. Among others oats (commonly called ‘Sinar’ or ‘Gerima’ in Amharic), vetch, tagasaste (tree lucerne) in the cooler highlands and lablab, pigeon pea, Napier grass, sesbania and leucaena in the warmer parts of the sub-basin are grown by farmers. Oats and vetch are conventionally cultivated in arable lands either in pure stand or in mixture, while most other forage crops are established in the backyards, fence lines, field borders and stock exclusion areas. Lablab and pigeon pea are most often intercropped with sorghum and maize. The demand for pigeon pea is increasing as a result of its nature as a dual purpose crop (human food and animal feed). All these foraged and ready (mature) for feed farmers used cut and carry system to feed for their livestock.

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWE Page 85

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project

4.2.4.3 Crop Residues

Teff, barley and wheat straws, and all legume haulms are preferred by farmers to feed their animals. Oxen, fattening animals and milking cows are the primary animals to be fed with the best available feed. In the highlands pulse crop residues are offered to equines. Farmers explained that cereal straws and stovers are not suitable for equines. Crop residue improvement strategy like urea treatment is only at demonstration stage in the kebele and Woreda but it is not commonly practiced in the whole sub-basin. 4.2.4.4 By-products

Of the agro-industrial by-products, rice hull, rice bran and noug seedcake are the most commonly available which are used as animal feed in the sub-basin. These by-products are usually mixed with residues of home brewed beverages (Atela) and fed to animals. The agro-industrial by-products, especially rice hull, rice bran, Stovere and straw are not efficiently utilized. 4.2.4.5 Other Feed Resources

The most commonly used non-conventional feed in the area is industrial by-product of home brewed and distilled beverages (tela and areki atela) in the sub-basin through kebel, zone, woreda and other small villages. It contributes a lot especially for the urban and peri-urban dairy farmers. Use of waste from the milling houses and grain stores is common. These feed sources are used for poultry and sheep. Pulse hulls from lentil, field pea and grass pea are some sources of supplement feeds especially for horses.

4.2.5 Dry Matter Production

Currently three feed resource types are identified: (i) natural pastures, (ii) crop residues, (iii) aftermath grazing on cropland from which the grain and (very often) residues have been removed. The estimation of the annual production of these resource types is described below from three resources. 4.2.5.1 Natural Pastures and Herbage Production

According PADS, 2004 as sited Oromiya water works design and supervision enterprise, herbage yield be used as a conversion factor estimate total dry matter yield shown ton per hectare (1.4, 2.3, 0.9, 0.5 and 0.4) and the biomass production from naturally available vegetations is indicated in Table 31.

The estimated total area of the vegetation cover in the sub-basin for feed resources and the total dry matter yield is 1,246,184.60 hectare and 1643705.56 ton respectively. From the expected amount of feed to be produced in the sub-basin if 50% (821,852.78 ton) is available to livestock, In the sub-basin most feed comes from shrub and bush land, grass land , wet land, forest land and cultivated land (included built up area) by 5.59%, 21.02%, 0.96%, 2.38% and 70.02% respectively.

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWE Page 86

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project

Table 31: Natural pasture herbage production in the sub-basin Herbage Parameters Cover type yield Area (ha) % of DM (ton) % of (ton/ha) proportion production Moderately cultivated 0.9 241,910.52 19.41 217719.47 13.25 Grassland including afro-alpine 2.3 150,214.49 12.05 345493.33 21.02 Dense natural forest 0.5 17,828.38 1.43 8914.19 0.54 Plantation forest 0.5 60,350.65 4.84 30175.33 1.84 open and dense shrub land and 0.9 degraded Open wooded shrub land 102,071.16 0.00 91864.04 5.59 Sparsely cultivated land 1.4 55,429.09 8.19 77600.73 4.72 Farmers village 1.4 83,648.08 4.45 117107.31 7.12 Intensively cultivated land 1.4 527,836.62 6.71 738971.27 44.96 seasonal wet land 2.3 6,895.61 42.36 15859.90 0.96 Total 1,246,184.60 100 1,643,705.56 100

4.2.5.2 Crop Residue Production

Crop residue production was estimated by multiplying crop production data with established conversion factors for each crop produced in the sub-basin. Different crop types data for grain production taken during detail field survey in the year 2012/13. Assuming the edible proportion of the crop residues to be 70% (Kayouli, 1996), Zinash and Seyoum (1991) reported that 63% of cereal straws is utilized as feed for livestock, 20% is used for fuel, 10 and 7 % are used, for house construction and bedding respectively, indicating that the major use of crop residues by smallholders in Ethiopia is as feed for livestock. The total area used for crop production is 446,385.37 hectare of this area the crop residue production varies as crop type as shown in Table 32 below. The total crop residue in the sub-basin 3,029,349.73 tone of this crop residue 63% (1,969,077.32 ton) is used for livestock feed.

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWE Page 87

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project

Table 32: Crop residue production in the sub-basin

S/No Crop type Residue Area (Ha) Grain (tons) Conversion rate Crop residue (DM/ha/year) (tons) 1 Teff Straw 106617.23 211027.36 1.5 316541.04 2 Wheat Straw 39871.23 116759.95 1.5 175139.93 3 Barley Straw 66997.74 186133.64 1.5 279200.46 4 Rice Straw 26268.57 183689.59 1.3 238796.47 5 Maize Stover 85712.51 460038.89 2.2 1012085.56 6 Millet Straw 33045.76 106108.63 2 212217.27 7 Sorghum Stover 16597.92 37803.77 2.5 94509.43 8 Pulse crops haulms 25954.71 406401.5 1.2 168098.2 9 Triticale Straw 9767.35 34597.72 1.5 81741.15 10 Rye(ajja) straw 399.25 1178 1.7 2002.6 11 roots and Roots and 27851.38 416840.24 0.3 7432.73 tubers tubers waste 12 vegetables Vegetable 7301.72 136906.17 0.25 67175.84 waste Total 446,385.37 2,297,485.46 - 3,029,349.73 Source: Field observation, 2014

4.2.5.3 Aftermath Grazing

Totally 1,128,738.22 hectare used for crop production activities from this area 369,953.41 hectare for fruits and vegetables both in irrigation and rain fad that not used for aftermath grazing the other 758,784.80 hectare (cereals and pulse crops) used for aftermath grazing. The average farm cropped area was multiplied by a standard factor of 500kgs DM per hectare (Radcliffe et al 1987). For this study the aftermath production calculated from the area used to crop residue 411,232.27 hectare (rain fed area). =411,232.27hectare X 500kg= 205616135kg =205,616.14 ton

4.2.6 Feed Requirement (balance sheet)

At the rate of production feed requirements for a TLU on weight basis (3 %), an amount of 2.74 ton per TLU per annum is required. Then the total amount of dry matter need for the livestock in Lake Tana sub- basin is calculated and the quantity is 5,395,271.86 ton. This total biomass yield is calculated from Natural pasture, crop residues and aftermath and indicated in Table mm is 2,996,546.242 ton. Table 33: Estimated biomass from natural pasture land, crop residue and aftermath No Dry matter sources Area (in ha) DMY (ton) % of DMY production 1 Natural pasture land 1,246,184.60 852,821.78 27.43 2 Crop residue 446,385.37 1,969,077.32 65.71 3 Aftermath grazing 446,385.37 205,616.14 6.86 Total 2,996,546.24 100

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWE Page 88

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project

Sources: processed data The total TLU in the sub-basin is estimated to be 2,008,197. Since one TLU requires 2.74 tons/annum for maintenances and production, then the total amount of feed required in the sub-basin is estimated to be 5,395,271.86 tons/annum. When we calculate the total amount of feed required with its production there is a deficit of 2,446,393.62(45.54%) tons/annum. The produced 2,996,546.24 (54.45%) ton shows that in the basin only covered around 7 month (200 days only) of the year by locally available natural feed, crop residue and aftermath. The other 5 months will be covered by farmers by producing improved forage, bought by-products, destocking, etc. If annual maintenance requirement is considered (i.e at the rate of 2.5% of the TLU on weight basis) the deficit is decreased to 1,562,060.95 (34.27%) ton.

In other way according to the socio-economic survey collected data from household and group discussion, the major problems associated with shortage of animal feed are drought, scarcity of water, increment in grazing stock, encroachment weed, lack of improved seeds, cuts and seedlings, erratic rainfall, lack of awareness, etc. According to 4002 household interview results for the question major constraint of livestock production is ranked as shown in the table 34 below, that show more than three-fifth respondent (61.9%) responded livestock feed shortage the most severe problem in the sub-basin. The measures taken to cope with problems of feed shortage are variations within the sub-basin (among woredas) are increased sale of animals, conserving feed, collect pods and leaves, etc. So it needs governmental policy and community commitment to give sustainable solution.

Similarly the respondent responded that for the question for the major reason aggravating feed scarcity is explained in Table 34 below. Of the respondents more than three-forth (76.10%) answered expansion of farm land as first rank, 10.9% fluctuation of rain fall as second rank, 5.6% rising livestock population as third rank. Table 34: Major reasons aggravating feed problem in the sub-basin Reasons aggravating feed Frequency Percent Expansion of Farm Land 2445 76.1 Rising Livestock Population 180 5.6 Rain Fluctuation 349 10.9 Expansion of Thorny Shrubs on Pasture Land 73 2.3 Supply Shortage of seed and seedlings of Animal Feed 56 1.7 Lack of Awareness 106 3.3

4.2.6.1 Carrying Capacity

Carrying capacity is the total number of animals that a pasture is capable of supporting year after year. It is calculated from an estimation of annual production of consumable vegetation, linked to animal requirements for feed and nutrients. Animal numbers are generally expressed in some substitution unit, such as tropical livestock units, which all use distinct substitution ratios for the different classes of livestock. Feed requirements for livestock are estimated on the basis of feed intake in dry matter (DM) as a

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWE Page 89

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project

% of live weight, which are sometimes corrected for feed quality to estimate protein and energy requirements for specific maintenance and productive functions (de Leeuw and Tothill, 1990).

To determine the carrying capacity of the pasture (grazing land); first someone shall answer the questions like how much dry matter does your live stock consumed? And how much dry matter does that pasture can produce? To calculate carrying capacity by production requirement:- Total DMY ÷ [(daily forage demand for one TLU) x (Grazing days)] The total DMY in the study area obtained 2,996,546.24 tones; daily forage demand for one TLU is 7.5 kg and 365 days of grazing. = 2,996,546.24 tones x1000 ÷ [(7.5 kg x 365)] = 1,094,628. 76TLU per year = 1,094,628.76 TLU÷1,268,673.52 hectare=0.86TLU/ha/year or 1.16 hectare/ TLU/year

4.2.6.2 Stocking Rate

Stocking rate is the number of animals (animal unit) for which a grassland (grazing land) unit can provide adequate dry matter forage for a specified length of time. Stocking rate depends on the amount of herbage biomass available to grazing animals, the time of year, the type of grazing system used and the amount of forage consumed by livestock per specific time. Stocking rate is commonly presented as acres (hectare) per animal unit month (AUM) or its reciprocal, AUM's per acre (hectare). Many factors affect stocking rate, including but not limited to animal species, acres (hectare) of land useable for grazing, rainfall, forage species and productivity, topography, water distribution, and class of livestock (e.g., lactating, growing, etc.). Two general considerations in establishing an appropriate stocking rate are animal performance and the forage resource. Calculation of stocking rate can be possible from carrying capacity.

The carrying capacity of the sub-basin in one year is 1,094,628.76 TLU; but the total TLU of the sub-basin is 2,608,901 TLU; calculated from total the population in the study area Table 1. So the sub-basin can support the population for only 200 days of the year. We can conclude that the sub-basin need additional feed sources to support total population or destocking the population. Annual stocking rate= (carrying capacity in TLU ÷total TLU) X 365 days = [(1,094,628.76÷2008197)] X365 = 200 days 4.2.6.3 Stocking Density (SD)

It is defined as number of animals on a particular land at a particular point of time. The total population of livestock in the sub-basin is 2,008,197 in TLU and the total grazing and browsing land in hectare is 1,268,673.52; so the stocking density of the sub-basin based on the available resources is 1.58TLU per

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWE Page 90

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project hectare per year or 0.63ha/TLU/year, this figure shows that the population is overcrowded even less than one hectare per TLU.

4.2.7 Existing potentials, opportunities, constraints and solutions for livestock production and feed resources

In the sub-basin there are ample amount of feed resources with opportunities and constraints (problems). Accordingly in the detail tries to discuss with the concerned bodies and gathered valuable information during the field survey both cases from information gathered during field survey as follows. At different levels of study, data on feed resources, opportunities, constraints and remedies are collected from different sources like FGD, experts, key informants and field observations. Findings are summarized as followed.

4.2.7.1 Potentials and Opportunities

Livestock development potential and feed resources assessment was done during field observation period by looking into the present situations, collecting secondary data and discussing with respective bodies. All described at the previous sections accordingly. As a result, the following potentials which shall be seen more in the land evaluation and management plan are identified in the study area and summarised Presence of best local livestock breeds ( Washera and Farta sheep, Fogera cattle, Tilili, Melo- Hamisit, and , Mecha, Farta/Gassy Poultry, ) Availability of most of the study area has got suitable temperature, rainfall, sunshine, wind and moisture content for both the feed resources and livestock development) Availability of huge number and diversified livestock resources (all livestock types without camel are reared in the sub-basin) Availability of local and diversified, forge resources like local grasses, legumes and herbs and accustomed improved forage SPPS are available in the study area. availability of large amount of crop residues Availability of indigenous farmers’ knowledge for livestock and feed development. Availability of different water points, which are permanent and temporary used for drinking and irrigation Presence of different inputs and technologies Presence of different land use/land cover Presence of market place (specially at kebele and woreda) Good governance at different levels (zone, woreda and kebele) Suitable climate to cultivate improved forage species under irrigation The rich traditional and indigenous knowledge

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWE Page 91

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project

Presence different research centre in the sub-basin From Woreda and Kebeles FGD assessment results it is commonly expressed as: Potential ACZ, Large grazing area, best local livestock(cattle, sheep, poultry), crop residue, local industries by-products like Brent, large mountain areas for cut and carry and apiculture, water, irrigable land and fish sources are considered as best potentials in the sub-basins

4.2.7.2 Opportunities

These are favourable conditions that comprised combination of favourable circumstances or situations for livestock development. The main favourable conditions found in the sub-basin which are identified from various sources like FGDs, Key informants, secondary data and field observations that enhance livestock development in the sub-basin are:  Development of different infrastructures [(roads( private vet clinics at North Achefer and Mecha Woreda), means of communication (like cell-phone and electric power for some kebeles)]  Demand and prices growth of livestock and their products  Home and market opportunities are increased (home and Sudan)  Availability of different training, research and multiplication centres (Bahir dar and Debre Tabor Universities, Regional Agricultural Research Centre, TVTs, Bahir Dar Cattle Breed Improvement Centre (AI), Regional livestock Health Laboratory, Adet. Livestock research and improvement site, Andasa Poultry Multiplication Centre.  Agro-Industries that produced by-products for livestock (Bahir Dar Flour Factories, Oil Processing factories at Bahir Dar, Zone and Woreda towns, Dashen brewery factory)  Establishment of Jawe sugar factories for sources of molasses and urea-block production  Availability of NGOs (About 12 NOGs are available in the study area that support the livestock development with their other intervention areas).

4.2.7.3 Problems and Constraints

Limiting factors that affect the livestock development in the sub-basin are assessed based on the information collected from various sources like HH survey field observation and secondary sources, constraints that hindered livestock development in the sub-basin are identified and following are considered as the main ones; Feed shortage (this is due to high human population and decreasing of grazing land) As obviously indicated in the table below, the lion share of livestock development constraints in the sub- basin is taken by feed shortage (61.9%). This is mainly due to diminishing of grazing land, huge number of livestock per HH at the areas around Lake Tana, poor livestock management (grazing) systems low productivity and decreasing of grazing lands, poor extension services and poor crop residues management.

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWE Page 92

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project

Table 35 Major Constraint of Livestock Production by HH

Constraints Frequency Percent Feed Shortage 2430 61.9 Animal Disease 608 15.5 Flood 84 2.1 Market Problem 56 1.4 Budget Shortage 317 8.1 Shortage of Water 67 1.7 Lack of Technical Skill on Livestock 194 4.9 Management Shortage in Supply of seed and seedling 34 .9 Chemicals Affecting Bee keeping 18 .5 Shortage of Improved Animals 62 1.6 Animal Theft 56 1.4 Total 3926 100.0 Source, HH survey result, 2014

 Traditional husbandry system (traditional breeding. Feeding, sheltering, and marketing...)  Low health services provision (One vet clinics and one or two professionals for three Kebeles)  Budget shortage to buy improved livestock and other technologies;  Absence of policies and strategies (breeding, marketing etc.)  Low attention given to the sub-sector development by respective bodies  Pesticides application  High diseases prevalence  Poor extension services,  Poor grassland management and development  Non homogenous Oregano gram implementation of Livestock Agency  Absences of support from the region and researcher for livestock breed characterization and improved forge for grazing land improvement  High cost and shortage of improved livestock breeds  Absences of poultry treatment and vaccination  Use conflict on communal grass land  Late vaccine services  Poor crop residue improvement  Free grazing  Demand of control grazing without sufficient feed production or system development for all types of livestock, breeding system, labour or transport.  The expansion of eucalyptuses tree that hinder the crop production , that has no use for feed, has shed effect  Absences of rules or implementation to maintain natural grazing lands

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWE Page 93

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project

 Gully formation and unable to control at communal grazing land  Weed invasion and unable to control or to eradicate According to HH hold respondents, survey result situation of feed scarcity of animals over the last recent years shows that increasing (80%), deceasing (19.5%) and no change (0.5%) as shown in Table 37 below. Four-fifth (80%) responded that feed scarcity is increasing, so it needs short response from society, experts, government, NGO, etc, in the sub-basin. Table 36: Change in scarcity of animal feed over the last recent years

Scarcity condition Frequency Percent

Feed Scarcity is increasing 2955 80.0

Feed Scarcity is decreasing 723 19.5 Feed Scarcity has no change 18 0.5 Total 3696 100

Source: HH Survey result (2014) Lack of awareness on feeding system (zero grazing, tethering grazing, etc) Lack of infrastructures (road, electric, telephone) Planning is not considering the livestock potentials of the woreda. Lack of accessibility of water supply Encroachment of weeds, degradation, cultivation, plantation, etc. In sub-basin encroachment at grazing land is common in every Agro-Climatic Zone (ACZ); that are degradation, weeds like amekila (hygrophila auriculata), parthenium), plantation (eucalyptus), cultivation (farming), etc. All these factors cause soil fertility loss, ceased other grazing/ browsing/ species growth, change test of production (like milk), cause scarcity of water, etc.

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWE Page 94

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project

Figure 50: Encroachment of grazing land by different factors at different sites of sub-basin Conflicts between grazing land, crop land and plantation in the sub-basin. 4.2.7.4 Solutions (Remedies)

From the overall assessment result, the livestock development gaps are identified and listed above. The best solutions will be elaborated with optional management plan latter, however for the time being, the following measures are forwarded to be considered by respective bodies.  Better attention to the sub-sector development  Provision of effective extension services based on the existing situations and in a sustainable manner(to develop attitudes, skills, and to provide technical skills at all levels, at all time and places continuously)  Appreciation of the local potentials and device mechanisms to develop and use them (livestock breeds, feed resources)  Policies and strategies for regional livestock development (breeding, marketing, grazing.)  Special strategy to stop free grazing and implement control grazing that shall address :  Particular areas (at large bush and shrub areas; not only zero grazing but also rotational or control grazing....)  Breeding strategy to provide services at the time of demand (all may not have bull, buck ....)  To control inbreeding ( if use their own only)  Type of livestock (goats, equines.....)  Labour ( to transport feed and waters, to feed and water animals, )  Effective feed development strategies  Especial extension strategies development for control grazing  All parties shall have common awareness and commitment to wards to control grazing implementation (Training centres such as universities, research centres, politicians, Administrators, community leaders...)  Practical solutions for pesticides application

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWE Page 95

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project

 Fast and quick solutions for communal grasslands maintaining and developments  Employment of the required experts  Need attention from the government considering to capacity building.  Establish research and trial centre up to kebele level.  Intensify cooperative market especially for animal products.  Practical land use land management certification  Distribute in puts (breeds, seed, seedlings, and cuts)  Make medias their works on this field (trends exchange with others)  Resolution of grazing land conflicts  Produce awareness for investors

4.3 LUT’s Descriptions and Selection Procedures

A land-use type is a kind of land use described in terms of its products and management practices (FAO, 2006). This is a general types of description used for an immediate understanding of LUTs. However at the district and local level it has to be more detailed mainly for two purposes i.e. for determination the requirements of a use type and then for management specifications that can be used as a basis for extension services and for planning necessary inputs.

LUT is also defined by a set of technical specifications in a given physical, economic and social settings. These technical specifications are known as “diagnostic” or “key attributes” (FAO, 1976).

Unlike the other LUTs, livestock production LUTs are not started and completed with one step practice, as a result it has two distinct and correlated steps i.e. primary LUTs which deals with respects of feeds resources and secondary LUTs that involved directly with the matter of the livestock i.e. secondary LUTs (FAO 1996).

From different sources of information such as woreda office of agriculture, community and government views and field assessment the following 6 secondary and 15 primary existing LUTs were provisionally identified. After synopsis identification, these LUTs were defined briefly based on the following points.  Benefits and services gained,  Their productivity,  The farming or use techniques applied,  The inputs utilization (species, practices and management),  Apparent agro-climatic suitability,  Market and development demand,

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWE Page 96

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project

 Unsatisfied demand in the locality,  The potentials and problems,  Suggestions by local government and  Development objectives in the area (food security, export) and the basic demands of people in the area (FAO, 1976).

4.3.1 Primary LUTs

According to LUT’s identification steps the following potential LUTs from different sources of information such as office of woreda Agriculture, community and government views and field assessment the following 15 primary LUTs were identified. They are Common Vetch (Vicia sativa), oats (Avena sativa), Cow pea (vigna unguiculata), Alfalfa (Medicago sativa), Chliris gayana (Rhodes grass), Stylo (stylosanthes hamata and stylosanthes scabra), Sesbania (Sesbania sesban), Tagasaste/Tree Lucerne (Chamaecytisus palmensis), erogroties, Trifolium species (clover), hypernia, Chibeha (Ficus thonningii,), Pigeon pea (cajanus cajan), Chibiha ((Ficus thonningii), elephant grass and natural pasture.

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWE Page 97

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project

Table 37: Filtering table for primary LUTs Filtering Criteria Pennisetum purpureum Remarks

S No Agro-climatic Acceptance by Market demand Coverage Reasons for LUTs suitability Suitable. Non Government Community Experts Satisfied Un Full Partial Acceptance rejects Suit. satisfied/high demand 1 Pigeon pea X X X X X/ high X Being so suitable, Cover all areas of essential the sub-basin 2 natural X X X X X X Being so Cover all areas of pasture suitable, the sub-basin essential 3 Vetch X X X X X X Being so Cover all areas of suitable, the sub-basin essential 4 Eragroties X X - X - X X No Cover all areas of attention the sub-basin but horse is for highlands 5 oats X X X X X X Being so Cover all areas of essential the sub-basin 6 Cow pea X X X X X X Being so Cover all areas of essential the sub-basin 7 Alfalfa X X X X X X Being so Cover all areas of suitable, the sub-basin essential 8 Rhodes X X X X X X Being so Cover all areas of grass being the sub-basin suitable, essential 9 Stylo X X X X X X Being so Cover all areas of essential the sub 10 Sesbania X X X X X X Being so Cover all areas of

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWE Page 98

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project

suitable, the sub essential 11 Hyppernia X X - X X X No Its fibrous feed attention 12 Chibeha X - X X X X X Being so Cover all areas of essential the sub-basin 13 clover X X X X X X Being so Cover all areas of suitable, the sub-basin essential 14 Tree X X X X X X Being so Cover all areas of Lucerne essential the sub 15 Napier X X X X X X X Being so Cover all areas of grass suitable, the sub essential Total 15 - 15 12 15 15 15 _ _ _

Where, X = is positive aspects, or available, acceptable

Based on the above filtering criteria, 15 LUTs are selected as common Vetch (Vicia sativa), oats (Avena sativa), Cow pea (vigna unguiculata), Alfalfa (Medicago sativa), Chliris gayana (Rhodes grass), Stylo (stylosanthes hamata and stylosanthes scabra), Sesbania (Sesbania sesban), Tagasaste/Tree Lucerne (Chamaecytisus palmensis), Trifolium species (clover), Chibeha (Ficus thonningii), Pigeon pea (cajanus cajan), Chibiha ((Ficus thonningii), elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum)and natural pasture, Nevertheless, erogroties and hypernia are rejected for the time being due t o the reason that priority is given for the other feed resource SPPs by the government and experts as well as market demand is satisfied. So giving emphasise, for erogroties and hypernia production improvement, creation awareness, and improving carts are essential for the future.

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWE Page 99

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project

These preliminary LUTs were detail described and analyzed based FOA guidelines

As a result the following 13 UTs are selected, they proposed, for the convince of land evaluation, the combined 5 LUTs are selected, i.e alfalfa, natural pasture, tree lucern, Rhodes and Napier grass. The main limiting factors of these primary LUTs are described as follow;

Temperature:

Temperature determines the rate of plant growth through its effect on the rates of photosynthesis and increase in leaf area that determine the rate of DM accumulations. In the tropics with rare exceptions, temperature is always more than 6-100C.As this is considered the minimum temperature for plant development, it is not necessary to look at the bottom end of the temperature scale but only at the top end, when it is more than 400C (Pajot, 1992). However, growths of vegetations are reduced because of the lower air temperature; and frost which may occur at and above 2000masl becomes of increasing severity and rapidly dried out the herbs (FAO, 1984).

The present climatology assessment result showed that the study areas have the mean annual temperature (14.07-21.560C). Then, different natural forage SPPs are grown in the sub-basin with this range of temperature and appropriate improved forge SPPs shall be used to improve the LUT with different development strategies.

Rain fall

Moisture is one of the most important land qualities, as all plants are affected by moisture availability. Rain fall distributions on a daily, weekly, or monthly basis (rather than annual total rainfall) are required to predict patterns of pasture growth. Anywhere in the tropics moisture deficits are the most limitation to pasture production .The amount of moisture that should be available for good growth and development of plants are however very different between natural vegetation for extensive grazing and crops. Natural pasture is better adapted to variable rain fall, surviving longer drought periods and making more efficient use of whatever moisture is available (FAO, 1991). In the tropics, range of rain fall essential for natural pasture production is given within the range of 500 to 1500mm.Climatic information processed in the sub-basin indicated that, the basin has a minimum and maximum annual rain fall ranged from 814.72 to 2378.24mm. So is the best for varieties of forage species development. As a result, various natural forage SPPs are acclimatized and grown in the sub-basin and so suitable improved forge shall be used to improve the LUT in addition to management practices.

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWEPage 100

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project

Altitude

Altitude is a factor that determines the distribution of climatic factors and land suitability; this influences the crops or vegetations to be grown, rate of crops or herbs growth, natural vegetation types and their species diversity (Alemayehu, 1998). According to FAO (1984) rainfall in Ethiopia is generally correlated with altitude. In the sub-basin, the elevation various from 1304-4109 m.a.s.l. which affect the temperatures and rainfall stated above. Therefore, there are different natural forage SPPs grown on the sub-basin and suitable improved forge SPPs shall be selected to improve this LUT.

Soil Depth

Soil factors include both physical (depth, texture and structure) and chemical (adequate nutrient supply and soil acidity) which have significant effect on the growth as well as productivity of pastures. A wide variety of toxic substances may be found in the soil. Very small amounts of some substances that are normally toxic are essential for good plant growth, but excesses can cause poisoning to livestock. Soil depth is an essential land quality in pasture production since that gives roothold for the plant and provides a store of water. Major soils found in the basin are vertisol, regosol, cambisol, luvisols, flulisols and nitosols. From Soil survey data analyzed in the sub-basin it is estimated that more of the basin has deep soil or >100cm, 50-100cm for Cabisol the others however may have < 25cm for regosol. Accordingly, proper improved forage SPPs shall be used to improve this LUT.

Soil pH

Among common toxicities found in poorly drained areas is linked with potentially acid sulphate soils, and where pH value is low and falls below 3.0 that effectively kills many forage species (FAO, 1991). As of soil acidity, a pH value of about 4 is the lower value and does not necessarily inhibit plant growth. Extreme high pH values which are more than 8 affect the supply of essential nutrients. Based on this general situation of the sub-basin, appropriate natural and improved forge SPPs shall be grown to improve the selected LUT.

LGP The growing period is the period of the year when both moisture and temperature conditions are favourable for plant growth (FAO, 1996 AEZ).Growth periods are those in which average precipitation equals or exceeds 50 percent of the potential evapotranspiration; an allowance is made for an extension of the growing period due to stored soil moisture, which for most soil moisture is assumed to be 100mm (FAO, 1984)

In the tropics, where temperature is rarely a limiting factor except at very high altitudes, LGP can be assessed by a simple moisture balance of precipitation (P) and potential evapotranspiration ((FAO, 1996).

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWEPage 101

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project

From climatic survey it is indicated that there are six LGP zones with the LGP ranges of and from 119-196 days. These, revealed that the sub-basin does have a medium range of LGPs that enable to produce verity of natural and improved forage species to improve the selected LUT.

4.3.2 Secondary LUTs

Similarly, secondary LUTs in the sub-basin are selected; all livestock types i.e. cattle, sheep, goats, equines, apiculture, and poultry; dominantly the local breeds are produced mainly in extensive type of production systems.

From different sources of information such as office of agriculture, community and government views and field assessment the following 6 existing LUTs were provisionally identified ,i.e. cattle production, sheep production, goat production, equines production, poultry production and apiculture. After synopsis identification, these LUTs are defined briefly based on the following points.  Benefits and services gained,  Their productivity,  The farming or use techniques applied,  The inputs utilization (species, practices and management),  Apparent agro-climatic suitability,  Market and development demand,  Unsatisfied demand in the locality,  The potentials and problems,  Suggestions by local government and  Development objectives in the area (food security, export) and the basic demands of people in the area (FAO, 1976).

Filtering Technique

After short description of all identified LUTs, all LUTs are selected for the time being, and for further hierarchal definition and analyses the following selection criteria were also considered. Social aspects,  Growth and management requirements,  Intensity of diseases and pests of the area approved by the experts during field work,  The available feed for existing of livestock population,  Condition of market demand, at local and export level animal and by products. These and other criteria are defined in the previous sections and more elaboration and characterizations are given in the following summarization tables for each LUT including the other technical sets.

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWEPage 102

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project

Table 38: Filtering table for secondary LUTs Filtering Criteria Remarks

S Agro climatic Acceptance by Market demand Coverage Reasons for No LUTs suitability Suitable. Non Government Community Experts Satisfied Un Full Partial Acceptance rejects Suit. satisfied/high demand 1 LUT1 Cattle X X X X X/ high X Being so suitable, Cover all areas of essential the sub-basin 2 LUT2 - Sheep X X X X X X Being so Cover all areas of suitable, the sub-basin essential 3 LUT3 Goats X X X X X X Being so Cover all areas of suitable, the sub-basin essential 4 LUT5- X - X - X - X X No Cover all areas of Equines attention the sub-basin but horse is for highlands 5 LUT Poultry X X X X X X Being so Cover all areas of essential the sub-basin 6 LUT X X X X X X Being so Cover all areas of Apiculture essential the sub-basin Total 6 5 6 5 1 5 6 1 Where, X = is positive aspects, or available, acceptable

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWEPage 103

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project

Based on the above filtering criteria, 5 LUTs are selected as Cattle (for production, dairy and fattening), Sheep (for production and fattening), Goats (for production and fattening), poultry (for egg and meat production) and apiculture (for honey and wax production). Nevertheless, Equine are rejected for the time being due to the reason that priority is given for the other live stock SPPs by the g overnment and experts as well as market demand is satisfied. Nonetheless, the demand for mule at urban, pre-urban and Woredas which have plain land form and road access for cart is very high (Bahir Dar, Bahir Dar Zuria-Zegie, South Achefer, Dangela, Fageta Lekoma, Sekela, Dera, Fogera and Libo). So giving emphasise, for equines production improvement, creation awareness, and improving carts are essential for the future.

The main limiting factors affecting these secondary LUTS are;

Accessibility to Livestock feed resources

Accessibility of forage for livestock can be inhibited by steep slopes, stones, and rock out crops, dense vegetation, flooding and other land uses blocking the movement of livestock. This is due to its relevancy to the specific situation of the study area and availability of data that used to evaluate the land quality. However, stones and rock out crops areas in many mountainous areas, flooding especially in the low land valleys, land form classes and vegetation density especially noxious plants, dense forests, bushes, or shrubs with no canopy managements are affecting the accessibility of pastures to livestock that shall be given due attention at management plan Temperature:

Climate acts directly upon animals; solar heat, humidity and dryness of the air, its temperature and the intensity of winds upset or facilitate the physiological process that contribute to temperature regulation and affect hunger, thirst, reproduction etc. Domestic animals are homothermous i.e. their body temperature remains constant or nearly constant with irrespective of the environment in which they live except in camel. In general the body temperature of homeotherms is between 36.5 and 420C, (Pagot, 1992). From the climatic factors temperature is taken as the dominant one and the mean daily temperature with the range of 10-20oC is taken as comfortable zone (FAO, 1988).

Livestock show a reduced feed-intake under heat stress resulting in lowered productivity and reduced growth. Reproduction is also adversely affected.

Altitude

It has the indirect effect on livestock production but directly affects temperature and rain fall that have effects directly on both the primary and secondary production. In the previous studies like OWCE, 2008, cattle shall be produced with the altitude range of 500-3500masl with no constraints. According to

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWEPage 104

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project

Alemayehu, 2006, cattle in Ethiopia can survive below 500and above 3700masl. The sub-basin also has the altitude range of 1304-1409masl.

Infrastructural factors

Availability of health service for vaccination and treatment, water points and market for live animals and cattle products and by-products, as well as, electric power, roads and large number of human population are essential to produce cattle effectively for both fattening and dairy enterprises. The level of management thought to be applied here is more of high level and then medium and small level to some extent.

4.3.3 Definition of management Levels for Primary and Secondary LUTs

Differences on LUT types and production systems are empirically characterized by the concept of Land Utilization Types (LUTs). LUT consists of a set of technical specifications for production within a given socio-economic setting. Attributes specific to a particular LUT include agronomic and physiological information, nature of main produces, water supply type, heath service, market access, cultivation practices, utilization of produce, and associated ones . As a general rule, three levels of input/management are defined by different sources i.e. low, intermediate, and high input level each of them are described briefly with regard to feed resources and livestock production LUTs.

• Low level inputs, under a low level of inputs (traditional management assumption), the farming system is largely subsistence based. Production is based on the use of traditional cultivars (if improved cultivars/breeds are used, they are treated in the same way as local cultivars), labour intensive, techniques, and no application of nutrients, no use of chemicals for pest and disease control and minimum conservation measures. As result all livestock and forage improvement LUTs shall be described and treated under low level of inputs/management. • Intermediate level inputs, under an intermediate level of input (improved management assumption), the farming/production system of forge crops or livestock is partly market oriented. Production for subsistence plus commercial sale is a management objective. Production is based on improved varieties and breeds, on manual labour with hand tools and/or animal traction and some mechanization, is medium labour intensive, uses some fertilizer application, chemical pest, disease and weed control, and medicament, AI adequate fallows and some conservation measures. So, all of the LUTs proposed for improved forage and livestock production shall be treated under this level of management

• High level inputs, under a high level of input (advanced management assumption), the farming system is mainly market oriented for irrigated forge production, milk, honey and meat processing. Commercial production is a management objective. Production is based on improved or high yielding varieties and

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWEPage 105

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project breeds, is fully mechanized with low labour intensity and uses optimum applications of nutrients and chemical pest, disease and weed control (GAEZ, 2012).As a result, Irrigated improved forge and all livestock production LUTs shall be entertained under this level of management

Based on these general descriptions, specific definitions of each LUT at different level of management are presented in the following tables.

Table 39: Hierarchal definition of feed resources (Primary) LUTs

LUT Management level Low Intermediate High Natural Local SPP of plants like level 1+ some improved forage to Intermediate Level+ strict pasture Gajja, tucha, herbs, bushes improve the local by over sowing + hay weeding practices using and shrubs ,subsistence, for making +crop residue management burning, chemicals or manual grazing and browsing low labours. Flooding Irrigation of labour and capital intensity level grass lands and control for weed control and heard grazing like cut and carry and only paddock system and fertilizer application including manure. So high quality of feed (fresh grazing or in the form of hay up to 10 ton DM per/ha/ cycle shall produced. Alfalfa, Local variety of alfalfa, Improved variety of alfalfa, Rhodes, Researched and quality alfalfa Rhodes Rhodes, and style seeds will and stylo seeds will be supplied and seeds will be supplied, need grass, Styl be supplied and mixture mixture forage practiced on backyard, high credit, land size depends o forage practiced on backyard, enclosure area, strip and hedge at farm; on livestock farming size. > production enclosure area, strip and at this level local breed cattle 50% exotic blood level cattle hedge at farm; at this level fattening and dairy, local sheep and goa for meat and milk production, local breed cattle t production will be implemented at urb selected local sheep crossed fattening and dairy, local shee an, pre urban and best developed kebele with pure exotic breed like p and goat production will be area. Selection of the area considered dorper, in addition implemented at urban, pre ur temperature, rain fall, slope and pH. selected goat crossed with ban and best developed Family labour and capital intensity exotic breed are used . Highly kebele area. Selection of the applied. Land size can be < 0.5 hectare. mechanized irrigation and rain area considered temperature, 13 ton/ ha/year DMY can be produced. fed, well rain fall, slope and pH. Output is used for their subsistence’s. organized weed control applie Family labour and capital d it is completely surplus prod intensity applied. Land size uction and used for large dairy can be < 0.25 hectare. 10 ton/ farm, in addition selling forage ha/year DMY can be takes place up to abroad. produced. Output is used for Animal feeding will be their subsistence’s. cutting, chopping and making ration formulation with other feeds. It applied at urban areas. Napier Local variety of cuttings will Improved variety of seeds and seedlings Researched and quality grass be supplied on backyard, will be supplied on backyard, enclosure cuttings will be supplied, need enclosure area, strip and area, strip and hedge at farm. Selected high credit, land size depends hedge at farm; at this level local and > 25% exotic blood level on livestock farming size. > local breed cattle cattle for meat and milk production, 50% exotic blood level cattle fattening and dairy, local shee selected local sheep and goat in for meat and milk production, p and goat production will be addition pure and selected local sheep crossed

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWEPage 106

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project

LUT Management level Low Intermediate High implemented at urban, pre ur hybrid dorper sheep breed for meat pro with pure exotic breed like ban and best developed duction. It will be implemented at urban dorper, in addition kebele area. Selection of the and pre- urban area. Selection of the selected goat crossed with area considered temperature, area considered temperature, rain fall, exotic breed are used . Highly rain fall, slope and pH. slope mechanized irrigation and rain Family labour and capital and pH. Land size can be 0.5 to1 hectar fed, well intensity applied. Land size e. 20 ton ha/year DMY can be produced organized weed control applie can be < 0.25 hectare. 15 ton/ . Fertilizer, extension services, weeding d it is completely surplus prod ha/year DMY can be , hay making, silage and oxen-power uction and used for large dairy produced. Output is used for are used for production. Output used for farm, in addition selling forage their subsistence’s. their livestock in green feed and takes place up to abroad. making in hay form. In addition feed Animal feeding will be selling will be done. cutting, chopping and making ration formulation with other feeds. It applied at urban areas. Vetch, oats Local variety of seeds will be Improved variety of seeds will be , Cow pea implemented with sorghum implemented with sorghum and maize, production and maize, at this level local Selected local and > 25% exotic blood breed level cattle for meat and milk cattle fattening and dairy, loc production, selected local sheep and al sheep and goat production goat in addition will be implemented at urban, pure and hybrid dorper sheep breed for pre urban and best developed meat production. It will be implemente kebele area. Selection of the d at urban and pre- urban area considered temperature, area. Selection of the area considered rain fall, slope and pH. temperature, rain Family labour and capital fall, slope and pH. Land size can be 0.5 intensity applied. Land size to1 hectare. 15 ton ha/year DMY can be can be < 0.25 hectare. 10 ton/ produced. Fertilizer, extension services ha/year DMY can be , weeding, hay making, silage and produced. Output is used for oxen-power are used for production. their subsistence’s. Output used for their livestock in green feed and making in hay form. In addition feed selling will be done. Sesbania Local variety of seeds and Improved variety of seeds and seedlings seedlings will be supplied on will be supplied on backyard, enclosure backyard, enclosure area, area, strip and hedge at farm. Selected strip and hedge at farm; at local and > 25% exotic blood level this level local breed cattle cattle for meat and milk production, fattening and selected local sheep and goat in dairy, local sheep and goat pr addition pure and oduction will be hybrid dorper sheep breed for meat pro implemented at duction. It will be implemented at urban urban, pre urban and best dev and pre- urban area. Selection of the eloped kebele area. Selection area considered temperature, rain fall, of the area considered slope temperature, rain fall, slope and pH. Land size can be 0.5 to1 hectar and pH. Family labour and e. 15 ton ha/year DMY can be produced capital intensity applied. . Fertilizer, extension services, weeding Land size can be < 0.25 , hay making, silage and oxen-power hectare. 12 ton/ ha/year DMY are used for production. Output used for can be produced. Output is their livestock in green feed and used for their subsistence’s. making in hay form. In addition feed selling will be done. Tree Local variety of seeds and Improved variety of seeds and seedlings

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWEPage 107

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project

LUT Management level Low Intermediate High Lucerne seedlings will be supplied on will be supplied on backyard, enclosure backyard, enclosure area, area, strip and hedge at farm. Selected strip and hedge at farm; at local and > 25% exotic blood level this level local breed cattle cattle for meat and milk production, fattening and selected local sheep and goat in dairy, local sheep and goat pr addition pure and oduction will be hybrid dorper sheep breed for meat pro implemented at duction. It will be implemented at urban urban, pre urban and best dev and pre- urban area. Selection of the eloped kebele area. Selection area considered temperature, rain fall, of the area considered slope temperature, rain fall, slope and pH. Land size can be 0.5 to1 hectar and pH. Family labour and e. 15 ton ha/year DMY can be produced capital intensity applied. . Fertilizer, extension services, weeding Land size can be < 0.25 , hay making, silage and oxen-power hectare. 12 ton/ ha/year DMY are used for production. Output used for can be produced. Output is their livestock in green feed and used for their subsistence’s. making in hay form. In addition feed selling will be done. Clover Local variety of seeds will be Improved variety of seeds and seedlings production sown on natural grazing land; will be sown on natural grazing land;. at this level local breed cattle Selected local and > 25% exotic blood fattening and dairy, local shee level cattle for meat and milk p and goat production will be production, selected local sheep and implemented at urban, pre ur goat in addition ban and best developed pure and hybrid dorper sheep breed for kebele area. Selection meat production. It will be implemente of the area considered temper d at urban and pre- urban ature, rain fall, slope and pH. area. Selection of the area considered Family labour and capital temperature, rain intensity applied. Land size fall, slope and pH. Land size can be 0.5 can be < 0.25 hectare. 9 ton/ to1 hectare. 12 ton ha/year DMY can be ha/year DMY can be produced. Fertilizer, extension services produced. Output is used for , weeding, hay making, silage and their subsistence’s. oxen-power are used for production. Output used for their livestock in green feed and making in hay form. In addition feed selling will be done.

Pigeon pea Local variety of seeds will be Improved variety of seeds and seedlings backyard, enclosure area, will be supplied on backyard, enclosure strip and hedge at farm; at area, strip and hedge at farm. Selected this level local and > 25% exotic blood level local breed cattle fattening an cattle for meat and milk production, d dairy, local sheep and goat selected local sheep and goat in production will be implement addition pure and ed at urban, pre urban and bes hybrid dorper sheep breed for meat pro t developed duction. It will be implemented at urban kebele area. Selection of the a and pre- urban area. Selection of the rea considered temperature, area considered temperature, rain fall, rain fall, slope and pH. slope

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWEPage 108

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project

LUT Management level Low Intermediate High Family labour and capital and pH. Land size can be 0.5 to1 hectar intensity applied. Land size e. 9 ton ha/year DMY can be produced. can be < 0.25 hectare. 6 ton/ Fertilizer, extension services, weeding, ha/year DMY can be hay making, silage and oxen-power are produced. Output is used for used for production. Output used for their subsistence’s. their livestock in green feed and making in hay form. In addition feed selling will be done. Chibeha Local variety of cutting will Improved variety of seeds and seedlings production be backyard, enclosure area, will be supplied on backyard, enclosure strip and hedge at farm; at area, strip and hedge at farm. Selected this level local and > 25% exotic blood level local breed cattle fattening an cattle for meat and milk production, d dairy, local sheep and goat selected local sheep and goat in production will be implement addition pure and ed at urban, pre urban and bes hybrid dorper sheep breed for meat pro t developed duction. It will be implemented at urban kebele area. Selection of the a and pre- urban area. Selection of the rea considered temperature, area considered temperature, rain fall, rain fall, slope and pH. slope Family labour and capital and pH. Land size can be 0.5 to1 hectar intensity applied. Land size e. 9 ton ha/year DMY can be produced. can be < 0.25 hectare. 6 ton/ Fertilizer, extension services, weeding, ha/year DMY can be hay making, silage and oxen-power are produced. Output is used for used for production. Output used for their subsistence’s. their livestock in green feed and making in hay form. In addition feed selling will be done.

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWEPage 109

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project

Table 40:Hierarchal definition of livestock production (secondary LUTs) II Livestock LUTs Low level Medium High level 1 Cattle Production It shall be conducted It shall be conducted with, LUT1- Dairy with, 70 and above crossbreeds 10-30crossbreeds cows(75-100% crossed), cows(50%), with with initial capital of initial capital of 200 5463000 Birr at all 000Birr ( 10heifers) infrastructures are available and AI (water, power+ clinic, To produce average of market= at 0Km for the 1st 10 litre of three and0 – 150Km for milk/day/cow market with road access)+ for270days for sell shelter with feeding and for local and distance watering troughs+ 3-5 Cows (local zebu, Fogera, market To produce 15 lit of hybrid of zebu and Fogera Twice vaccination and milk/day/cow for 300 days breeds +, with average of 1.5-2 regular treatment for commercial sell and milk litre of milk production for210 2-3 family labours and processing at the site or local days for substances and local periodical professional areas. sell, with family labour and assistance Twice vaccination and small capital intense and with 7.5 Kg DM feed per regular treatment at site no or some sort of shelter, day balanced diet and 3-5 family+ haired labours medicament, feed supply and with shelter, feeding and constant professional shelter. w/point, v/clinic and and watering troughs assistance market at 4-6,6-7 and 10-12Km 7.5 Kg DM feed per day distance respectively + two W/point, v/clinic and (formulated ration) from times vaccine and two times market at 0-4,4-4 and industrial by products (at 0- treatment per year+6Kg DM 8--10Km distance 100Km for industrial by- feed respectively products) and hay sources. Fattening 1-5 oxen (local zebu, Fogera, 60 (per 3 cycle) local 180 and above (per 3 cycle) hybrid of zebu and Fogera best oxen with initial crossbreeds cows(local best breeds, to produce 285 Kg live capital of Birr 150000 +75-100% crossed), with weight of locally fattened oxen (20 oxen), with 435 initial capital of with 90 days of weight Kg live weight of 580000(80oxen) Birr at all increment for local sell, with fattened oxen per day infrastructures are available family labour and small capital for 90 days, for (water, power+ clinic intense and with some sort of commercial sell at market= at 0Km for the 1st shelter, one at a time treatment local and distance three and0 – 150Km for and vaccine, with local feed market. market with road access)+ supply ( crop residue +local Twice vaccination and shelter with feeding and brewery by products like Brint= regular treatment watering troughs+ 6Kg /day. 2-3 family labours and To produce 505Kg body periodical professional Wight day/oxen at 90 days assistance for commercial sell and meat 6Kg DM formulated processing at the site or local ration per day and areas. with shelter, feeding Twice vaccination and and watering troughs regular treatment at site 3-5 family+ haired labours and constant professional assistance 6Kg DM feed per day (formulated ration) from industrial by products (at 0- 100Km for industrial by- products) and hay sources. 2 Sheep LUT2 6 -12( 1male to 6 female) sheep 20-30sheep (2 male Sheep production with high

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWEPage 110

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project

with local best breeds, to +28) with local best numbers of sheep(>100 produce 20 lambs per year for breeds, to produce sheep at Guna and Sekela Production house consumption and sell at 50- lambs per year for with local best breeds, local market(0-12Km) house consumption Washera crossed with local With control grazing+ minerals, and sell at local and breeds + improved crop residues, 0.5 hay and local distance market(8- (Derper)to produce 180 residue (brewery, food left 10Km) lambs per year for over) supplementation and With control grazing+ commercial sell at local and shelter at 12000 Birr initial minerals, crop distance markets(0-150Km). capital and 0.25manday residues, hay+ With control grazing+ Health service and water points industrial by products minerals+ hay+ industrial at Kebele (4-6Km) and 6-7 (0.75) (1kg) by products respectively. supplementation supplementation and shelter; brewery, food left at Birr 120000 (100 sheep) over), and shelter; at initial capital and three times Birr 25000 (20 sheep) vaccine and regular initial capital and treatment+ with 3 man days/ twice vaccine and and professional assistances regular treatment+ Water points at + v clinic with 0.5 man day/ and (0Km)+ shelter+ improving professional natural grazing lands with assistances+ Vet clinic over sowing + manure and water Points0- application. Feed source 0- 4Km+0-50Km for 100Km processed feed. Fattening 5-10sheep(M) with local best 30-50sheep(M) with Sheep fattening with high breeds, to produce 40 Kg live local best breeds, to numbers of sheep(>70 weight days sell at local produce 50 Kg live sheep at urban and pre urban market(0-10Km),With control weight of fattened areas with local best breeds, grazing+ minerals, crop sheep for sell at local Washera crossed with local residues, hay supplementation and distance market(0- breeds and improved and shelter at 9000 Birr initial 3Km) Southern African breeds to capital and 0.25 man day. With control grazing+ 51-70Kg live weigh of body Health service and water points minerals(0-3Km), weight 90 days commercial at Kebele(0-5Km crop residues, hay+ sell at local and distance industrial by products markets(0Km). supplementation Feedlot feeding system (1kg (0.5kg /day/sheep) and concentrated and 0.25 kg or with feedlot system; hay) ; with initial capital of shelter; at Birr 34 000 Birr 70 000 (70 sheep) (30 sheep) initial initial capital and three times capital and twice vaccine and regular vaccine and regular treatment+ with 3 man days/ treatment+ with 0.5 and professional assistances man day/ and Water points (Km)+ shelter+ professional vet clinic(0Km)+ market0- assistances Health 100Km (+ feed sources with service and water 0-150 Km for market and points and v clinic (0- feed sources 3Km)

3 LUT Goats 6-12goats(( 1male to 6 female) 20-30 goats(2-3M+18- Production with local best breeds, to 27M) with local best produce 15 kids per year for breeds+ improved- house consumption and sell at South Africa local market(0-12) type(50% blood With control browsing+ levels), to produce minerals, crop residues, hay 18- lambs per year for

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWEPage 111

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project

supplementation and shelter at house consumption 10000 Birr initial capital(10 and sell at local and goats) and 0.25manday; V water distance market(8-10) +clinic =4-6 and 6-7 Km With control grazing+ respectively minerals, crop residues, hay+ industrial by products supplementation(0.5kg concentrate per day per sheep) and shelter; at Birr 25000 (20 goats) initial capital and twice vaccine and regular treatment+ with 0.5 man day/ and professional assistances V clinic+ water=0- 4Km+0-50Km for processed feed. Fattening 5-10 goats(1 male to 6 female 20-40sheep(M) with ratio) with local best breeds, to local best breeds, to 30Kg live weight of fattened produce 40-60Kg goats to sell at local market, body weight of sheep With control browsing+ for sell at local and minerals, crop residues, hay distance market(8-10) supplementation and shelter at With control 8000 Birr initial browsing+ minerals, capital(10Goats) and 0.25 man crop residues, hay+ day. industrial by products supplementation (0.5 kg/day/sheep) and or with feedlot system; shelter; at Birr 20,000 (30 goats) initial capital and twice vaccine and regular treatment+ with 0.5 man day/ and professional assistances; with feed source distances of0- 50KM at 0-4Km for water and clinic site 4 Poultry 6-12pullets and cock(1- 20-50 pullets and It shall be done with>100 Egg Production 2M+18F) with local best breeds, cockerels with local chicken with 100% WLH (Layers) and hybrids to produce 120 best breeds+ improved breeds to produce 200eggs Eggs/hen/year for house (100%)WLH to from each pullets per year consumption (with local best produce average 140 for commercial sells at breed, tilile, mecha, melo eggs per hen per year distance market(0-50Km) hamusit, etc)feed sieving left for sell at local and With feedlot system (using over + food left over) and sell at distance market(0-50) formulating ration+ 90gram local market (0-10Km) With With control feeding+ concentrate/day/hen) + control browsing+ minerals, minerals, crop water+ power+ vet clinic at crop residues, and shelter at residues +industrial by 0Km. With 1man day 1800 Birr initial capital(10 products With initial capital of Birr poultry) and supplementation (70 15,000 (100Pullets) 0.05manday; V clinic+ gram

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWEPage 112

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project

water=0Km+0-10Km for concentrate/day/hen) processed feed + minerals+ pure water and shelter; at Birr 7000 (50 pullets and cockerels) initial capital and vaccine and regular treatment+ with 0.5 man day/ and professional assistances V clinic+ water=0Km+ 0-30Km for processed feed Meat 20-40 Young Cocks(M) with 50-100day old With 200 and more day old production(Broilers) local best breeds,+ hybrids to chicks(M) with chicks with 100% RIR grow 1.8Kg live weight matured improved(RLR) breeds to produce 2Kg live cocks with 65 days for sell at breeds to produce weight cockerels for meat local market(0-10Km), With 2Kg live weight at and to sell at local and control feeding+ minerals, crop 55days for sell at distance market (0Km) and residues, supplementation (with local and distance for meat processors; With local best breed, tilile, mecha, market(0-5Km) feedlot system (using melo hamusit, etc)feed sieving With control feeding+ formulating ration=100gram left over + food left over)and minerals, crop /day/hen) + water+ power+ shelter at 700.00 Birr initial residues, hay+ vet clinic at 0Km+ with 2 capital(40day old chicken) and industrial by products men day.. With initial 0.025 man day, + water+ supplementation(90 capitals of Birr12000 and power+ vet clinic at 0Km.+ 0- gram/day hen) and or with feed source distances of 10 Km for processed feed. with feedlot system; 0-80Km. shelter; at Birr 6000 (100 day old chicks) initial capital and vaccine and regular treatment+ with 1 man day/ and professional assistances; + water+ power+ vet clinic at 0Km. with feed source distances of 0-60KM 5 Apiculture Honey With 5 traditional and 2 With 50 With 100 and more modern and wax Production transitional bee hives with local (25transitional +25 bee hives with local bee bee types to produce modern bee hives) types to produce 25kg of average honey of 7Kg/hive/Year with local bee types to honey/ hive/year for to sell at local market(0- produce 18kg of commercial sell at 0-3Km 20Km).at 0-10Km bee forage honey/hive/year for market and with bee forage plants availability commercial sell at 0- plants availability (at 0- With initial capital of 3000 birr( 5Km market and with 10Km) and with initial 7 bee hives)+ 1/8manday bee forage plants capital of 70000 birr for100 availability (at 10- modern bee hives. With ¼ 10Km) and with initial man day. capital of 25000 birr for 25 bee hives. With 1/8 man day

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWEPage 113

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project

4.4 Land Use Requirements for Relected LUTs

The following bio-physical (Temperature range, altitude range, moisture availability, vegetation types or cover types/uses, slope, soil type) and infrastructural (access to water, market and veterinary services) were rated to evaluate the suitability of the improved forage and pasture land for cattle, sheep, goat production although at the end, moisture availability, vegetation types or cover types, type of soil and slope were used for the biophysical resource assessment.

The main structure of the land suitability classification was based on that developed by the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) but was modified to suit the local condition and the perceptions of the sub-basin farmers, experts and local governments regarding land suitability evaluation for livestock production in the sub-basin. Accordingly, 3 classes of suitable (Highly suitable (S1), moderately suitable

(S2) and marginally suitable (S3)) and currently not suitable (N1) were used for the land evaluation processes. Access to veterinary service, market services and water source were also included in the analysis. The main reasons for the choice of these land qualities are based on the FAO guideline for extensive grazing land evaluation (FAO, 1991) and the perceptions of the rural communities particularly those used to evaluate the suitability of the pasture land and improved forage for different livestock species. Furthermore, these land qualities are widely documented in the scientific literature and have been used by different international and national organizations for forage crops suitability evaluation for livestock production (cattle, sheep, goat and apiculture). The detail land quality rating table on proposed LUTs indicated under land utilization types descriptions and their environmental requirements setting document.

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWEPage 114

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project

5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Conclusion

Livestock and feed resources are deeply assessed based on the pre set data collection and analyses methods in Tana Development Corridor for the land use planning purposes. As a result, huge livestock population(2,008,197TLUs), best local breeds like, Fogera cattle, Washera sheep, Tilili, Me cha, Farata and Melo-Hmusit poultry, best local feed resources like grass lands, bush and shrub lands, huge crop residues, adopted improved forage SPPs (2,996,546.24 ton of DM) are identified as best potentials. Likewise, availability of suitable ACZs, water resources, training, research, multiplication and distribution centres, are considered as best opportunities to enhance the sub-basin livestock development. On the other way round,

 Poor feed supply both in quantity and qualities (45.54% annual feed deficit) production requirement basis.  Traditional husbandry system (traditional breeding, grazing, sheltering, and marketing...)  High disease prevalence and low health services provision  Budget shortage to buy improved livestock and other technologies;  Absence of policies and strategies (breeding, marketing etc.)  Low attention given to the sub-sector development by respective bodies.  Poor chemical applications for pesticides are identified as major constraints that hindered the sub-basin livestock development. After looking into account all these issues, 5 LUTs for livestock and 13 LUTs for feed resources are identified and described. Furthermore, LURs for each LUT are identified and characterized at different lives of management based on FAO (1976) guideline. Subsequently, it can be concluded that the livestock and feed resources potentials and pertinent issues are well addressed, reliable information are provided and then the land evaluation for livestock and feed resources are able to be conducted properly that help and satisfy the client for further integrated livestock and feed resources development efforts in the study area.

5.2 Recommendation

As it is indicated at different parts of the document, the sub-basin has got good potentials and opportunities of livestock and feed resources. Nonetheless, the livestock and feed resources developments are constraint with different constraints at different levels: So that; to maximize the resources development and meet the demands of the community from the sub sector; the following recommendations are forwarded;

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWEPage 115

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project

i. Policy and Strategic issues Under the policy and strategy assessment, it is clearly identified, that not yet any livestock concerned policy is formulated and issued and implemented. As a result, the sub sector development is hindered with various constraints. So, to make an enabling environment for the sub sector development in the sub-basin; A. Livestock sector development concerned policies that include all respective issues like breeding, grazing system, marketing etc. shall be prepared, adopted and implemented at the regional level. B. The livestock development master plan drafted at the national level shall be amended, updated and contextualized with the regional objective realities and implemented. ii. Meat and dairy development Meat shall be produced from cattle, shoats and poultry in the sub-basin. So to enhance, the development of these animals; Breeds development issues

Perform the regional livestock characterization, selection, nucleus formation, breed improvements, capacity building for technical assistances, provisions of inputs, etc by the regional government and/or the private sector shall improve the livestock sector development in the sub-basin. A. Package formulation for Melo-hamusit, Mecha and Tilili poultry breeds development and protection shall improve the sub-sector development in the sub-basin. B. Research on the Wetet Abay and Kurbah Kebele cattle performances shall improve the milk production and community benefits in the sub–basin. C. In accompany with control gazing implementation, local bull, Doe, Buck stations shall be considered to assure, semen provision at the right time of breeding D. In accompany with synchronization and/or improving the local breeds with exotic breeds, first, sustainable feed supplementation system and health care services availability and accessibility shall be put as a pre requests Feed resource development

Natural pasture land development strategy  Communal grass land conservation  Communal grass land development (over sowing, fertilizer application manure application, irrigation.)  Gully treatment and encroachments controlling  Irrigation through flooding

Well developed control grazing implementation strategy

Special strategy development to stop free grazing and implement control grazing that shall address for:

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWEPage 116

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project

 Particular areas (at large bush and shrub areas; not only zero grazing but also rotational or control grazing...shall be seen.)  Breeding strategy to provide services at the time of demand (all may not have bull, duck )  To control inbreeding ( if use their own only)  Type of livestock (goats, equines )  Labour ( to transport feed and waters, to feed and water animals, )  Effective feed development strategies  Especial extension strategies developments for control grazing  All parties shall have common awareness and commitment to wards to control grazing implementation (Training, centres such as universities, research centres, politicians, Administrators, community leaders...) which are too essential to implement and realised the theoretical aspects are too essential

Improved forge development with different development strategies and selected improved SPPs

 Application of different treatment to improve the quality and palatability of the huge crop residue resources  Land levelling,  Neutralization  Fertilizer application iii. Poultry production iv. Apiculture production

v. Infrastructural provisions

Vet clinic, market places, roads, water points are essential infrastructural requirements for livestock development. So, for the development of these infrastructural due attentions shall be given by the respective bodies especially any water development structures shall be designed with livestock water drinking troughs to provide the annual water requirements of 26,473,477M3.

Marketing and markets

Market information systems Marketing Facilities Safe live animals’ transportation rules and systems  Developing quality standards and crate awareness to start livestock merchandised based on live weight of animals

vi. Technology generation and adoption.

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWEPage 117

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project

Breeds, packages, feeding, watering, transporting, processing (Honey, Milk .etc.) technologies shall be generated and /or adopted with the respect of the then capacity, local potentials ( like breeds) and demand as well as the regional concerned

vii. Extension Provisions

Most of the mentioned constraints and forwarded recommendations are believed to be solved and realised with sustainable and functional extension systems application accompanied with well linked efforts of training and research institutions available in and around the sub-basin. So cognizing all these facts all respective bodies shall do especial efforts to realise these and bring the practical results.

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWEPage 118

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project

6 REFERENCES

Abye Kindie (2001). Wetlands Distribution in the Amhara Region, their importance and current threats. In the proceeding of the Wetland Awareness and Activity Identification Workshop in the Amhara Region.

Alemayehu, Mengistu, 1997. Conservation-Based forage development in Ethiopia. Ethiopia, Addis Ababa.

CSA (2007-2011), Agricultural survey report, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

CSA,2013. Livestock and livestock characteristics on private peasant holdings, volumeII, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

Development master Plan Study Phase One Report_ Data Collected and analysis (Socio_ Economy part), 2007. Ethiopia Addis Ababa.

ESGPIP, 2008. Rangeland resource monitoring and vegetation condition scoring. Technical bulletin No.26.Ethiopia. Addis Ababa.

FAO (1981). Tropical forest resource assessment project: Forest resource of tropical Africa. II country briefs. Rome, Italy.

FAO, 1983, Guideline for extensive grazing land, Rom ; Italy

FAO, 1976. A frame work for land evaluation, Rom ; Italy

FAO , 1988. Farm Structure in tropical climate. Italy, Rome

FAO, 1991. Guidelines land evaluation for extensive grazing. Soil resources, management and conservation service, Italy, rome.

FAO, (1993). Guidelines for land-use planning .Italy, Rome

FAO, (1993). Agro-Ecological Land Resources Assessment for Agricultural Development Planning a Case Study of Kenya; Resources Data Base and Land Productivity Main Report,

FAO, 1996, Guideline for land use planning, Rom ; Italy

FAO (2002), Crop and Feed Supply Assessment Mission to Errtrea; World Food program.

FAO, (2006). Guideline for Land uses planning. Italy, Rome; Reprinted. GAEZ, 2012. Global Agro-Ecological Zones, Definitions

GEF (2009), Global Environmental Facility Baseline information on livestock Production and Grazing Land

Halima,(2007).Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, Department of Animal, Wildlife and Grassland Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree PHILOSOPHIAE DOCTOR (PhD)

IFAD/EPLAUA Project Planning Team. 2007. Amhara National Regional State Community-based Integrated Natural Resources Management in Lake Tana Watershed: On Livestock Production/Range Management (Final): Baseline Information. Ethiopia, Bahir-Dar.

Kassam, A.H. H.T. van Velthuizen, G.W. Fischer and M.M. Shah, 1991. agro-ecological land resources assessment for agricultural development planning a case study of Kenya resources data base and land productivity main report. ISBN 92-5103303-X, Kenya.

Kayouli, C. 1996. The role of feeding system based on cereal residues in integrated farming systems in Sub-Saharan Africa. http://ces.iisc./ ernet.in/hpg/envis/livdoc1121.html.

Kerealem, etal , 2009. Constraints and prospects for apiculture research and development in Amhara region, Ethiopia.

Pastoral Areas Development Study (PADS). Pastoral Areas Development Plan (PADP), General executive summary. 2004. Ministry of Agricultyre and Rural Development, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. 58p.

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWEPage 119

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project

SCI, (2006). Livestock Potential Report. Bahir Dar. Amhara

United Nations Economic and Social Council, 2007. Agricultural Development Led Industrialization (ADLI) strategy, Ethiopia.

Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. Boer goat, 2014. On line with April 25;2014; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boer_goat

Woody Biomass Inventory and Strategic Planning Project, (2002). Report on Natural Grazing Lands and Livestock Feed Resources October, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Zinash, S. and Seyoum, B.,1991. Utilization of feed resources and feeding systems in the central zone of Ethiopia.Proceedings of the Third National livestock improvement conference, Addis Ababa,Ethiopia.pp.129-132

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWEPage 120

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project

7 ANNEXES

7.1 Summary of Collected Activities for Both Livestock Production and Feed Resources

Summary of major activities surveyed at the detail levels S Activities Unit performed Remarks Methods and Soft ware’s shall be No implemented to analyse the detail result 1 observations No 333 Points at grassland, Plant composition will be analysed using wetland, bush /shrub Excel and GIS; Net DM estimation shall be lands. Forest lands, done using climatic, soli and cover modifiers, cultivated land and built stoking rate, carrying capacity shall be up areas and other calculated. practices 2 Livestock No 127 Mostly at grassland Livestock body condition assessment shall be body condition analysed using Excel sheet and Digital assessment camera photos that taken in the zoom in and out methods 3 Market No 9 Woreda and/or Zone Market assessment shall be analysed using assessment centres Excel sheet 4 Woreda FGD No 14 At all Woredas Woreda FGD assessment shall be analysed using Excel sheet 5 Kebele FGD No 29 2 Kebeles at each Kebele assessment shall be analysed using Excel sheet Woredas 6 Key Informant No 51 Mostly, farmers, and Key informant assessment shall be analysed using Excel sheet interview some experts 7 Infrastructure No 22 At all Woredas Institutions data assessment shall be analysed data collection using Excel sheet and GIS to locate spatially 8 Data collection No 4002 At sampled kebeles It can be analysed using SPSS at HH level Sources ADSWE (2013) Source: Offices of Woreda Agricultural (20013)

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWEPage 121

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project

7.2 Requirement Table for Primary and Secondary LUTs

Summary of Forage and Livestock Production LUTs and Requirements for Interim Report S. LUTs Inputs Required Factors Affecting the LUTs N 1 Primary LUTs 1.1 Sedentary pasture Improved forge seeds, fertilizer, Climatic factors such as (temperature, rainfall, improved production labour and credit LGP,) slope, and soil land 1.2 Irrigated pasture Improved Forage seeds and Temperature, Water availability, slope, soil, production land cutting, fertilizer, irrigable land, LGP, SPPs

labour and farm implements 1.3 Closure area pasture Improved forge seeds, seed lings, Climatic factors such as (temperature, rainfall, production land labour, and farm implements LGP,) slope, and soil

1.4 Crop -Forage Improved forge seeds seed lings Rain fall, temperature, LGP, slope and soil. combined production and cuts, credit and labour. land

2 Secondary LUTs 2.1 Small scale cattle Local best breed, labour, extension Sufficient feed, suitable climatic conditions services (rain fall, temperature), accessible health production Types services, and market and water points to be more productive. 2.2 Medium and Large Improved heifers, AI services, Availability of feed, climatic factors like scale Dairy Production improved forge seeds, seedlings temperate, rain fall, altitudes, and Types cuts and land for improved forge infrastructural factors like accessibility to production and training health service, water and market points. 2.3 Medium and large Credits, local and or/ improved Availability of feed, climatic factors like scale fattening bulls or oxen. Improved forge temperate, rain fall, altitudes, and production types seeds, seedlings cuts and land for infrastructural factors like accessibility to improved forge production and health service, water and market points. training 2.4 Sheep production Improved forge, improved breed, Climatic factors (temperature, rain fall.) credit, training, mineral altitude, feed availability and infrastructural supplements and labour factors like water, market and health services.

2.5. Sheep fattening Better improved breed, improved Climatic factors (temperature, rain fall.) forge seeds, cuts, seedlings, credit, altitude, feed availability and infrastructural training, mineral supplements, labour, credit and industrial by factors like water, market and health services. products 2.6a. Goats production Better local and improved breeds, Climatic factors (temperature, rain fall.) credit and labour altitude, feed availability and infrastructural factors like water, market and health services 2.7 Poultry production Processed feed, credit, and land Climatic factors like temperature, rain fall, with infrastructures, improved market, water, power, Power and health service breeds and medicament availability.

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWEPage 122

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project

S. LUTs Inputs Required Factors Affecting the LUTs N 2.8 Apiculture Modern beehives; honey Feed availability, temperature, rainfall, market processing, wax moulding and and water points. queen excluder, bee colonies, professionals and labour.

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWEPage 123

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project

7.3 Detail Field Observation Data in Both Four Water Shad Data collected sites and its description in Gilgel Abay and Gumara water shad S Slo No Date Zone Woreda Kebele LC_Type X Y Z ACZ pe S/God 1 22/04/006 ar Fogera Chalma GrassL 131304 3703748 2080 Mo_Tep 5--8 S/God 2 22/04/006 ar Fogera Chalma CultiL 370375 1313092 2086 Mo_Tep 5--8 S/God 8-- 3 22/04/006 ar Fogera Kuhar BushL 359110 1314288 1896 Mo_Tep 15 S/God 8-- 4 22/04/006 ar Fogera Kuhar CultiL 359264 1314803 1872 Mo_Tep 15 S/God 5 23/04/006 ar Fogera Kuhar GrassL 354725 1310127 1799 Mo_Tep 5--8 S/God 6 23/04/006 ar Fogera Shina CultiL 351537 1311650 1788 Mo_Tep 2--5 S/God 7 23/04/006 ar Fogera Shina GrassL 352187 1311860 1794 Mo_Tep 2--5 S/God Builtup 8 24/04/007 ar Dera Jigina area 350719 1309784 1795 Mo_Tep 2--6 S/God 9 24/04/005 ar Fogera Wagettera GrassL 342439 1315729 1786 Mo_Tep 2--4 S/God 10 26/04/006 ar Farta Soras GrassL 410067 1295550 3655 mcd 2--8 S/God 8-- 11 26/04/006 ar Farta Soras CultiL 409848 1296074 3546 mcd 15 S/God 15- 12 26/04/006 ar Farta Soras ForestL 409403 1296335 3461 mcd 30 S/God Gedam Sub 8-- 13 01/05/006 ar Dera Geregera ForestL 355173 1302712 1858 humid T 15 S/God Gedam Sub 14 01/05/006 ar Dera Geregera CultiL 354929 1303129 1838 humid T 5--8 S/God Moist 15 02/05/006 ar Farta Maynet ForestL 398886 1297446 2574 coll 5--8 S/God Moist 16 02/05/006 ar Farta Maynet GrassL 400702 1298697 2831 coll 5--9 S/God Moist 5-- 17 02/05/006 ar Farta Maynet CultiL 400968 1298685 2835 coll 10 S/God 8-- 18 03/05/006 ar Farta Werkien BushaL 388852 1304901 2394 Mo_Tep 15 S/God 19 05/05/006 ar Dera Korata Wet_land 332566 1302146 1790 Mo_Tep 0--5 S/God 15-- 20 05/05/006 ar Dera Korata ForestL 334883 1299737 1860 Mo_Tep 30 S/God 21 05/05/007 ar Dera Korata Wet_land 331573 1300138 1795 Mo_Tep 0--5 S/God MO_Co 22 06/05/006 ar Farta Kanat GrassL 396515 1304952 2635 l 2--5 S/God MO_Co 23 06/05/006 ar Farta Kanat CultiL 398344 1038430 2639 l 5--8 S/God Huletu Sub 15-- 24 07/05/006 ar Farta Simna ForestL 394769 1297491 2657 humid c 30 S/God Huletu Sub 8-- 25 07/05/006 ar Farta Simna BushL 396443 1296943 2796 humid c 15 S/God Sub 8-- 26 BoEPLAU07/05/006 Livestock ar ProductionEstie and FeedAmjaye Resource CultiL Assessment Draft396571 Final Report1292653 Volum 2615 VIII ADSWEhumid cPage 15 124

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project

S/God Sub 27 07/05/006 ar Estie Amjaye GrassL 396781 1293990 2687 humid c 2--5 S/God Builtup Sub 28 07/05/006 ar Estie Lewaye area 399078 1295466 2724 humid c 5--9 S/God 29 08/05/006 ar Fwgera Aba Gunda GrassL 367441 1304515 1889 Mo_Tep 0--2 S/God 30 08/05/006 ar Fwgera Menguzer CultiL 364099 1305994 1887 Mo_Tep 0--2 S/God 8-- 31 09/05/006 ar Dera Wonchet Bush-Land 338440 1305102 1835 Mo_Tep 15 S/God 32 09/05/006 ar Dera Mitsilee CultiL 338035 1305422 1810 Mo_Tep 2--5 S/God 33 09/05/006 ar Dera Mitsilee CultiL 338849 1308778 1796 Mo_Tep 2--5 S/God 34 10/5/2006 ar Dera Jigina CultiL 348781 1312271 1795 Mo_Tep 0-2 S/God Buss 8-- 35 10/5/2006 ar Dera Zara GrassL 340511 1306517 1837 Mo_Tep 15 S/God Buss 36 10/6/2006 ar Dera Zara GrassL 350623 1309877 1796 Mo_Tep 0--2 S/God 8-- 37 12/5/2006 ar Dera Wonchet CultiL 337056 1296936 1820 Mo_Tep 15 S/God 38 12/5/2006 ar Dera Wonchet ForestL 341936 1300836 1840 Mo_Tep 2--5 S/God Gedam 39 13/05/2006 ar Dera Geregera CultiL 352694 1299230 2036 SHT 5--8 S/God Gedam MO- 8-- 40 13/05/2006 ar Dera Geregera CultiL 348162 1299436 1947 Tep 15 Tebabari S/God and MO- 0-- 41 14/05/2006 ar Dera Arbaetu CultiL 356776 1295530 2197 Tep 45 Tebabari S/God and MO- 8-- 42 14/05/2006 ar Dera Arbaetu ForestL 352336 1265252 2043 Tep 15 S/God MO- 8-- 43 14/05/2006 ar Dera Gohha ForestL 352182 1287329 2319 Tep 15 S/God Zara and MO- 15-- 44 15/05/2006 ar Dera Mitseli Shurb_L 342771 1306280 1880 Tep 60 W/Go MO- 8-- 45 15/05/2006 jam B/Zuria Robit Bata CultiL 331423 1288446 1949 Tep 15 W/Go MO- 46 15/05/2006 jam B/Zuria Robit Bata GrassL 332966 1291912 1842 Tep 5--8 W/Go MO- 47 15/05/2006 jam B/Zuria Gombat GrassL 336171 1296342 1816 Tep 2--5 W/Go Plantation MO- 48 19/05/2006 jam B/L Zone Zenzelema forest 329852 1287208 1801 Tep 0--2 W/Go MO- 8-- 49 19/05/2006 jam B/L Zone Zenzelema Quary Site 330218 186396 1855 Tep 15 S/God Grss_Bish MO- 15- 50 20/05/2006 ar Dera Shimie La 365076 1286072 2275 Tep 30 S/God Emashenko MO- 51 20/05/2006 ar Dera ro CultiL 350028 1296669 2002 Tep 5--8 W/Go MO- 30- 52 21/05/2006 jam B/Zuria Laguna BushL 338393 1287705 2238 Tep 45 W/Go MO- 53 21/05/2006 jam B/Zuria Laguna CultiL 340211 1287550 2192 Tep 5--8 54 22/05/2006 S/God Dera Kulala GrassL 338807 1294388 1870 MO- 2--5

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWEPage 125

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project

ar Tep S/God MO- 55 22/05/2006 ar Dera Kulala CultiL 338045 1294552 1861 Tep 5--8 S/God Gelawdewo Moist 15-- 56 23/05/2006 ar Dera s ForestL 370495 1287135 2476 coll 30 S/God Gelawdewo Moist 8-- 57 23/05/2006 ar Dera s CultiL 373179 1286330 2378 coll 15 S/God MO- 58 27/05/2006 ar Dera Gibtsawit GrassL 346919 1299765 1918 Cool 2--5 S/God MO- 45- 59 28/05/2006 ar Estie Jib Asra CultiL 384662 1280681 2641 Cool 60 S/God MO.Tep 45- 60 28/05/2006 ar Estie Jib Asra Bush la 385222 1281305 2576 id 60 S/God MO.Tep 61 28/05/2006 ar Estie Jib Asra GrassL 386294 1283799 2426 id 2--5 S/God Shimagelie MO.Tep 62 28/05/2006 ar Estie Georgis CultiL 387758 1285820 2460 id 2--5 S/God Licha MO.Tep 15- 63 29/05/2006 ar Estie Licha Arida ForestL 377126 1288943 2420 id 30 S/God LichaGrass MO.Tep 64 29/05/2006 ar Estie Licha Arida L 377156 1288266 2311 id 2--5 S/God Shimagile MO.Tep 8-- 65 29/05/2006 ar Estie Georgis Bush Land 387672 1286508 2495 id 15 S/God Gind Church MO.Tep 30- 66 29/05/2006 ar Estie Atemem ForestLan 382080 1288973 2490 id 45 S/God Plantation MO- 15- 67 30/05/2006 ar Estie Lewaye forest 399772 1295380 2726 Cool 30 S/God Woolkifit- MO- 68 30/05/2008 ar Estie Madoka GrasL 395955 1292480 2651 Cool 2--5 B/L/Z MO_Te 69 06/06/006 one Bahir Dar Yenesa Grass land 314209 1270823 1992 pid 2--5 B/L/Z MO_Te 15- 70 7/6/2006 one Bahir Dar Urra ForestL 318540 1263165 1873 pid 30 B/L/Z MO_Te 15- 71 7/6/2006 one Bahir Dar Yiganda ForestL 318690 1293938 1984 pid 30 B/L/Z MO_Te 72 7/6/2006 one Bahir Dar Yiganda WeteLand 316154 1294289 1792 pid 0-2 B/L/Z Cultivated MO_Te 73 7/6/2006 one Bahir Dar Wonjetta Cul 311997 1285370 1848 pid 2--5 B/L/Z Cultivated MO_Te 74 11/06/200 one Bahir Dar Wonjetta Cul 311966 1288123 1838 pid 2--5 B/L/Z MO_Te 75 11/06/202 one Bahir Dar Woramit Grass land 314529 1285174 1817 pid 2--5 W/Go Cultivated MO_Te 76 06/06/006 jam Mecha Bachima Cul 305142 1265833 1998 pid 2--5 W/Go MO_Te 77 06/06/007 jam Mecha Bachima Shurb land 309606 1266631 2012 pid 5--8 W/Go MO_Te 78 8/6/2006 jam B/ Zuria Lat Amba WeteLand 302128 1294845 1803 pid 0-2 W/Go Cultivated MO_Te 79 8/6/2006 jam B/ Zuria Lat Amba Cul 302329 1292424 1810 pid 2--5 W/Go MO_Te 80 10/06/006 jam B/ Zuria Sekelett Grass land 307973 1308429 1792 pid 0--2 W/Go Cultivated MO_Te 81 10/06/006 jam B/ Zuria Sekelett Cul 308101 1307998 1797 pid 2--5 W/Go MO_Te 82 10/06/006 jam B/ Zuria Sekelett WeteLand 306695 1306695 1793 pid 0--2

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWEPage 126

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project

W/Go MO_Te 83 10/06/006 jam B/ Zuria Sekelett BusL 309663 1205218 1811 pid 2--5 W/Go MO_Te 84 10/06/006 jam B/ Zuria Debranta WeteLand 311487 1300945 1834 pid 0--2 W/Go Cultivated MO_Te 85 10/06/006 jam B/ Zuria Debranta Cul 311324 1301287 1838 pid 2--5 W/Go MO_Te 45- 86 11/6/2006 jam B/ Zuria Wogelsa Shurb land 310627 1284788 1874 pid 60 W/Go Cultivated MO_Te 87 11/6/2006 jam B/ Zuria Wogelsa Cul 310625 1284931 1866 pid 2--5 W/Go MO_Te 88 11/6/2006 jam B/ Zuria Lat Amba BusL 310625 1284931 1866 pid 2--5 W/Go Dahena MO_Te 89 11/6/2006 jam B/ Zuria Sostu WeteLand 298065 1288970 1812 pid 0-2 W/Go Dahena Cultivated MO_Te 90 11/6/2006 jam B/ Zuria Sostu Cul 296979 1288564 1828 pid 0-2 W/Go MO_Te 91 13/6/2006 jam B/ Zuria Yinesa BusL 311753 1279303 1862 pid 2--5 W/Go Cultivated MO_Te 92 13/6/2006 jam B/ Zuria Yibaba Cul 312373 1279438 1853 pid 2--5 W/Go Plantation MO_Te 93 13/6/2006 jam B/ Zuria Yibaba FL 314879 2240021 1884 pid 2--5 W/Go MO_Te 94 13/6/2006 jam B/ Zuria Yiloma Grass land 310632 1272844 1923 pid 0--2 W/Go Koga MO_Te 95 13/6/2007 jam Mecha 8Kebeles Irrigation L 294677 1270876 1913 pid 0--2 W/Go Abromenor MO_Te 30- 96 14/06/2006 jam Mecha e Shurb land 309463 1242874 2258 pid 45 W/Go Abromenor Cultivated MO_Te 8-- 97 14/06/2006 jam Mecha e Cul 306917 1245419 2297 pid 15 W/Go Felege MO_Te 15- 98 14/06/2006 jam Mecha Hiote BusL 305847 1247583 2204 pid 30 W/Go MO_Te 99 14/06/2006 jam Mecha Rim Grass land 304711 1251586 2042 pid 0--2 10 W/Go Cultivated 1249803 MO_Te 0 14/06/2006 jam Mecha Rim Cul 301545 2 2119 pid 0--2 10 W/Go Meder_Gen Cultivated MO_Te 1 14/06/2006 jam Mecha et Cul 304626 1252271 2052 pid 0--2 10 W/Go Sub - 2 18/06/006 jam Mecha Teklie Grass land 299589 1234680 2348 MoT 5--8 10 W/Go Cultivated Sub - 3 18/06/006 jam Mecha Teklie Cul 299055 1234213 2309 MoT 2--5 10 W/Go Sub - 15- 4 18/06/006 jam Mecha Teklie ForestL 299024 1235724 2412 MoT 30 10 W/Go Closure Sub - 8-- 5 18/06/006 jam Mecha Teklie area 298402 1235961 2370 MoT 15 10 W/Go Cultivated MO_Te 6 18/06/006 jam Mecha Addis Alem Cul 289546 1241450 2170 pid 2--5 10 W/Go Cultivated MO_Te 15- 7 19/06/006 jam Mecha Midregent Cul 310008 1252374 2239 pid 30 10 W/Go MO_Te 8-- 8 19/06/006 jam Mecha Midregent Grass land 308561 1253963 2131 pid 15 10 W/Go MO_Te 9 19/06/006 jam Mecha Kurt-Bahir WeteLand 306096 1257199 2036 pid 0--2 11 W/Go Enashnefale Cultivated MO_Te 0 19/06/006 jam Mecha n Cul 301358 1260477 2022 pid 0--2 11 21/06/2006 W/Go Mecha Bachima Grass land 303983 1265261 2000 MO_Te 2--5

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWEPage 127

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project

1 jam pid 11 W/Go MO_Te 2 24/06/006 jam Mecha B/Chora ForestL 295407 1249087 2041 pid 0--2 11 W/Go Lehulum Cultivated MO_Te 3 24/06/006 jam Mecha selam Cul 3004002 1247410 2099 pid 0--2 3Kebeles 11 W/Go A/A,B/Ch, MO_Te 4 24/06/006 jam Mecha Dagi Grass land 295924 1244011 2020 pid 0--2 11 W/Go Lehulum Cultivated MO_Te 5 24/06/006 jam Mecha selam Cul 298111 1243125 2016 pid 2--2 11 W/Go MO_Te 45-- 6 25/06/006 jam Mecha Bachima Shurb land 302677 1266231 2129 pid 60 11 W/Go Enashnefale MO_Te 7 25/06/006 jam Mecha n Grass land 304820 1266160 2034 pid 0--2 11 W/Go MO_Te 8 25/06/006 jam Mecha Bachima Shurb land 304786 1263786 2031 pid 5--8 11 W/Go Tagel MO_Te 9 28/06/006 jam Mecha wdefit WeteLand 288705 1262652 1936 pid 0--2 12 W/Go Ambo MO_Te 0 28/06/007 jam Mecha Meda Grass land 289568 1259577 1937 pid 0--2 12 W/Go Built up MO_Te 1 29/06/007 jam Mecha Dagi area 288875 1244026 2135 pid 2--5 12 W/Go MO_Te 8-- 2 29/06/008 jam Mecha Gora Gott Shurb land 285882 1253657 1954 pid 15 12 W/Go South Kier Mo_Tep 3 01/07/006 jam Achefer Gorach GrasL 283772 1259646 1889 id 2--5 12 W/Go South Kier Mo_Tep 4 01/07/006 jam Achefer Gorach CultL 281259 1257554 1920 id 2--5 12 W/Go South Abchikly Mo_Tep 5 2/7/2006 jam Achefer Zuria BushL 278043 1257835 1960 id 5--8 12 W/Go South Abchikly Mo_Tep 6 2/7/2006 jam Achefer Zuria ForestL 275832 1256989 2007 id 2--5 12 W/Go South Abchikly Bush Mo_Tep 7 4/07/006 jam Achefer Zuria GrassL 276643 1256194 1980 id 5--8 12 W/Go South Abchikly Mo_Tep 8 4/07/006 jam Achefer Zuria CultL 272999 1251344 2040 id 2--5 12 W/Go South Mo_Tep 15-- 9 05/07/006 jam Achefer Lalibela BushL 276638 1275304 2002 id 30 13 W/Go South Mo_Tep 0 05/07/006 jam Achefer Kurbha GrasL 283612 1278023 1945 id 0--2 13 W/Go South Abchikly Mo_Tep 1 05/07/006 jam Achefer Zuria GrasL 279712 1256402 1940 id 0--2 Abchikly 13 W/Go South Zuria/Guta Mo_Tep 2 06/07/006 jam Achefer Abo Wetland 272976 1257305 1989 id 0--2 13 W/Go South Ahuri SMo_T 3 08/07/006 jam Achefer Keltafa GrasL 275047 1261989 1960 epid 2--5 13 W/Go South Ahuri Mo_Tep 4 08/07/006 jam Achefer Keltafa GrasL 276313 1266433 1930 id 2--5 13 W/Go South Mo_Tep 5 9/07/006 jam Achefer Lihuda ShrubL 286052 1278299 1935 id 5--8 13 W/Go South Lihuda and Mo_Tep 6 9/07/007 jam Achefer Kurbah GrasL 281082 1276082 1994 id 2--5 13 W/Go South Mo_Tep 7 9/07/008 jam Achefer Kurbha BushL 280357 1277943 1945 id 5--8 13 W/Go South Mo_Tep 8 12/07/006 jam Achefer Lalibela GrasL 275507 1273747 1937 id 0--2

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWEPage 128

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project

13 W/Go South Ahuri Mo_Tep 9 12/07/006 jam Achefer Keltafa GrasL 276088 1268318 1914 id 0--2 14 W/Go South Mo_Tep 8-- 0 13/07/006 jam Achefer Kat-Dekuli CultL 261676 1260607 2162 id 15 14 W/Go South Builtup Mo_Tep 1 13/07/006 jam Achefer Kat-Dekuli area 267621 1259462 2071 id 2--5 14 W/Go North Yismala Mo_Tep 2 15/07/006 jam Achefer Zuria GrasL 271486 1282427 2065 id 2--5 14 W/Go North Yismala Mo_Tep 8-- 3 15/07/006 jam Achefer Zuria ShrubL 274107 1280223 2055 id 15 14 W/Go North Leben Mo_Tep 4 15/07/006 jam Achefer Zuria CultL CultL 274475 1292546 2031 id 2--5 14 W/Go North Builtup Mo_Tep 5 15/07/006 jam Achefer Kulabaka area 274721 1286754 2200 id 5--8 14 W/Go North Barder Mo_Tep 6 18/07/006 jam Achefer Qilaje GrasL 291634 1298804 1808 id 2--5 Barder 14 W/Go North Qilaje,Stim Mo_Tep 8-- 7 18/07/006 jam Achefer ut,Legdia ShrubL 291708 1298804 1810 id 15 14 W/Go North Mo_Tep 8 18/07/006 jam Achefer Legdiya Wetland 292686 1298163 1800 id 0--2 14 W/Go North Mo_Tep 9 18/07/006 jam Achefer Estumit CultL 288535 1207008 1813 id 2--5 15 W/Go North Mo_Tep 0 18/07/006 jam Achefer Legdiya GrasL 287497 1293533 1825 id 0--2 15 1247392 1 19/07/2006 Awi Dangila Girargie GrasL 267467 2 2113 Sht 0--2 15 2 19/07/2006 Awi Dangila ZeeGuada GrasL 269559 1247665 2095 Sht 2--5 15 3 20/07/006 Awi Dangila Gayita CultL 268799 1237154 2231 Sht 0--2 15 Fageeta 4 22/07/006 Awi Lecoma Gafera GrasL 270641 1223686 2546 Shc 5--8 15 Fageeta Azmach 5 22/07/006 Awi Lecoma Gola GrasL 268570 1227860 2414 Sht 5--8 15 Fageeta 6 23/07/2006 Awi Lecoma Ashwa afri CultL 123570 2669245 2287 Sht 2--5 15 7 23/07/2006 Awi Dangila Gumbria ShrubL 266392 1238767 2205 Sht 5--8 15 ButaKurdes 8 23/07/2006 Awi Dangila ha CultL 266256 1240229 2165 Sht 0--2 15 W/Go 9 23/07/2006 jam Sekala Absken CultL 312773 1222247 2915 Shcd >60 16 W/Go 0 24/07/006 jam Sekala Ambisi GrasL 295960 1213277 2618 Shcd 5--8 16 W/Go 1 24/07/006 jam Sekala Sekela ForestL 305516 1215250 2786 Shcd 5--8 16 Fageeta Asuha 2 24/07/006 Awi Lecoma Funzi GrasL 276272 1227671 2344 Sht 0-2 Segla 16 Fageeta T/Haymano 8-- 3 24/07/006 Awi Lecoma t ForestL 282920 1225772 2361 Sht 15 16 4 24/07/006 Awi Banja Gurja CultL 286491 1219011 2419 Sht 2--5 16 8-- 5 24/07/008 Awi Banja Gurja GrasL 288096 1216718 2476 Sht 15 16 27/07/006 Awi Fageeta Segela ForestL/ 268578 1222690 2386 Sht 0--2

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWEPage 129

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project

6 Lecoma Dawoona Decerencia 16 7 27/07/007 Awi Dangila Zelesh GrasL 273573 1240205 2027 Sht 0--2 Acacia 16 Woodland/ 1244579 8 27/07/009 Awi Dangila Zelesh rev 262070 2 2132 Sht 5--8

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWEPage 130

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project

Data collcted sites and its description in Megechi and Rib water shad seri Date ACZ Slop Major Place of observation Gps reading al Cover Zone Wored Kebele Got X_cor Y_cor Eli no type a r r vat ion 1 21/04/06 moist 0-2 Grass land S/Gonder Farta Alember Alember 37815 13185 19 tepid town 2 50 89 2 22/04/06 moist 15-30 Forest " Farta Koledengo Gomi 38569 13185 23 tepid se 8 42 31 3 23/04/06 moist cool 15-30 shrub and " Farta " kona 38613 13172 23 bush 1 15 52 4 23/04/06 moist cool 0-2 Grass land " Farta Ata Afkera 40715 13038 27 1 53 95 5 24/04/06 moist cool 15-30 Forest S/Gonder Farta Arkadede 41450 13051 29 m 7 76 90 6 24/04/06 moist 15-30 Forest S/Gonder Farta Alember Alember 38321 13178 21 tepid senko saga 3 44 40 7 24/04/06 moist 15-30 cultivted S/Gonder Farta Koledengo Acha 38711 13161 22 tepid land se meda 7 98 99 8 24/04/06 moist cool 0-2 Grass land S/Gonder Farta Aba Adebab 39744 13095 26 Aregay ay 8 99 35 9 25/04/06 moist 0-2 Plantation S/Gonder Farta weji mizzu 37326 13213 19 tepid Forest Awuramba 5 21 06 10 26/04/06 moist 15-30 shrub and S/Gonder Farta Deba Billa 36694 13207 18 tepid bush 8 90 24 11 26/04/06 moist 15-30 cultivted S/Gonder Fogera Tewazeke Godgua 36335 13208 18 tepid land na dit 1 38 34 12 1/5/2006 moist 0-2 cultivted S/Gonder Fogera woreta menhar 35682 13181 18 tepid land zuria 8 54 00 13 2/5/2006 moist 15-30 bush and S/Gonder Fogera Karabo Bata 35722 13156 18 tepid shrub 5 27 30 14 2/5/2006 moist 0-2 Grass land S/Gonder Fogera Abakokit Lomikol 36101 13265 17 tepid ie 3 42 94 15 3/5/2006 moist 0-2 cultivted S/Gonder L/keme Burra Amusgi 36284 13331 18 tepid land kem e 7 69 10 16 3/5/2006 moist 2_5 Town(cult S/Gonder L/keme Addis Town 36628 13399 19 tepid ivated) kem Zemen 7 16 36 17 4/5/2006 moist 15-30 Grass land S/Gonder Farta ayvaniva 38875 13216 21 tepid 5 18 43 18 6/5/2006 moist 15-30 Grass land S/Gonder Farta mokshe wembi 33394 13599 30 tepid 0 66 51 19 6/5/2006 moist cool 15-30 Grass land S/Gonder Farta awuziet 40771 13009 _ 8 12 20 6/5/2006 moist cool 0-2 Grass land S/Gonder farta 41474 13049 30 0 60 22 21 7/5/2006 moist 15-30 cultivted S/Gonder ebenat zeha begoy 38686 13356 19 tepid land 0 31 56 22 7/5/2006 moist 15-30 shrub and S/Gonder L/keme berkute golla 38596 13387 20 tepid bush kem 5 63 40 23 8/5/2006 moist 15-30 cultivted S/Gonder L/keme Arba 38585 13361 19 tepid land kem Tsegura 9 05 43 24 8/5/2006 moist 0-2 Grass land S/Gonder L/keme berkute 38372 13365 19 tepid kem 7 55 41 25 8/5/2006 moist 0-2 cultivted S/Gonder L/keme Arba 37388 13400 20 tepid land kem Tsegura 0 43 00

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWEPage 131

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project

26 8/5/2006 moist 0-2 Forest(clo S/Gonder L/keme Estifanose Fachi(fo 37819 13405 21 tepid sure area) kem rest) 4 40 14 27 8/5/2006 moist 15-30 bush and S/Gonder L/keme shotchteha Embusg 37626 13396 20 tepid shrub kem ra ie 6 70 63 28 9/5/2006 moist cool 15-30 bush and S/Gonder L/keme Taragedam kaula 36548 13427 22 shrub kem yohanni 8 31 87 s 29 9/5/2006 moist 15-30 cultivted S/Gonder L/keme Taragedam kaula 36563 13429 22 tepid land kem yohanni 1 92 84 s 30 10/5/206 moist 15-30 villge S/Gonder L/keme Addis Town 36542 13427 19 tepid (bush and kem Zemen 7 47 33 shrub) 31 10/5/200 moist 15-30 Grass land S/Gonder L/keme Taragedam kaula 36585 13398 19 6 tepid kem yohanni 8 44 79 s 32 12/5/200 moist 15-30 bush and S/Gonder L/keme wushatirse Korieb 35759 13383 19 6 tepid shrub kem 5 99 54 33 13/5/06 moist 0-2 shrub and S/Gonder L/keme wushatirse Nechim 35578 13371 19 tepid bush kem eda 6 71 03 34 13/5/06 moist 0-2 Grass land S/Gonder L/keme wushatirse 35629 13368 18 tepid kem 0 97 71 35 13/5/06 moist 0-2 cultivted S/Gonder L/keme wushatirse 35629 13381 19 tepid land kem 0 47 32 36 13/5/06 moist 0-2 cultivted S/Gonder L/keme shinatsiyo Agewac 35713 13266 17 tepid land kem n h 6 84 92 37 14/5/06 moist 15-30 Forest S/Gonder L/keme Addis Town 36752 13398 19 tepid land kem Zemen 6 62 23 38 14/5/06 moist 15-30 Grass land S/Gonder L/keme 36991 13449 20 tepid kem 3 13 55 39 14/5/06 moist 0-2 cultivted S/Gonder L/keme Angot mentoge 36426 13357 18 tepid land kem ra 1 94 54 40 14/5/06 moist 0-2 Grass land S/Gonder L/keme Angot mentoge 36431 13354 18 tepid kem ra 1 99 51 41 14/5/06 moist 15-30 Forest S/Gonder L/keme Taragedam washa 36356 13439 21 tepid land kem enderas 7 88 40 42 15/5/06 moist 0-2 cultivted S/Gonder Fogera Tihuaena 36310 13211 18 tepid land kokit 3 95 19 43 15/5/06 moist 0-2 cultivted S/Gonder Fogera woji shimb 36762 13199 18 tepid land 5 44 54 44 15/5/06 moist 0-2 cultivted S/Gonder Fogera woji Dehore 37253 13193 19 tepid land 6 02 53 45 15/5/06 moist 0-2 Grass land S/Gonder Farta senko Asiba 37407 13192 19 tepid 9 12 55 46 15/5/05 moist 0-2 Grass land S/Gonder Farta Alember Gibatme 37921 13182 20 tepid da 7 75 06 47 15/5/06 sub-humid 0-2 Grass land S/Gonder Farta zero eight melaw 39102 13124 25 7 69 97 48 15/5/06 moist cool 0-2 Grass land S/Gonder Farta hiruyabare zufil 39643 13096 26 gay 8 37 20 49 15/5/06 moist cool 15-30 Plantation S/Gonder Farta ewabagera fitana 39915 13081 26 Forest t 2 55 79 50 15/5/06 moist cool 15-30 cultivted S/Gonder Farta yewewa wado 40099 13087 26 land 5 18 91 51 15/5/06 moist cool 0-2 Grass land S/Gonder Farta yewewa wado 40070 13075 26 9 22 89 52 15/5/06 moist cool 0-2 Plantation S/Gonder Farta argadedem masero 40129 13085 26

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWEPage 132

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project

Forest medir 3 17 90 53 15/5/06 moist cool 15-30 gully S/Gonder Farta Tsegur Bahir 38803 13148 24 rehabilitat eyesus 8 46 44 ion 54 16/5/06 moist cool 15-30 cultivted S/Gonder Farta minet weeyn 39952 12991 28 land wuha 4 46 16 55 16/5/06 moist cool 15-30 Grass land S/Gonder Farta minet 40588 13011 29 7 66 00 56 19/5/06 moist 15-30 bush and S/Gonder Fogera shiwonze Baraye 35464 13145 18 tepid shrub 8 13 11 57 20/5/06 moist 15-30 cultivted S/Gonder ebenat zeha Abukoy 39314 13353 19 tepid land 9 33 55 58 20/5/06 moist 15-30 bush and S/Gonder ebenat zeha Ambo 39430 13377 20 tepid shrub 7 28 55 59 20/5/06 moist 0-2 cultivted S/Gonder ebenat zeha Bohit 38841 13327 18 tepid land 0 36 83 60 21/5/06 moist cool 15-30 bush and S/Gonder ebenat Embachik zafe 40213 13348 25 shrub o neguse 8 76 50 gunaguna 61 21/5/06 moist cool 15-30 cultivted S/Gonder ebenat Embachik zafe 40188 13337 24 land o neguse 3 48 42 gunaguna 62 30/5/06 moist 0-2 Grass land S/Gonder ebenat Zeha Neber 39275 13360 19 tepid tfer 5 31 93 63 30/5/06 moist 15-30 cultivted S/Gonder ebenat Zeha Neber 39244 13363 19 tepid land tfer 1 83 98 64 30/5/06 moist 0-2 Grass land S/Gonder ebenat zeha shimb 39272 13361 19 tepid 9 32 83 65 30/5/06 moist 15-30 Grass land S/Gonder ebenat zeha 38833 13349 19 tepid 0 17 19 66 4/6/2006 moist 0-2 bush and N/Gonder G/Zuri Sendeba Della 35905 13462 19 tepid shrub a 1 59 46 67 4/6/2006 moist 15-30 cultivted N/Gonder G/Zuri Sendeba Della 35942 13462 19 tepid land a 9 49 48 68 4/6/2006 moist 15-30 cultivted N/Gonder G/Zuri Debesianti Giramiti 35150 13516 18 tepid land a kara t 6 16 82 69 5/6/2006 moist 15-30 Forest N/Gonder G/Zuri chihiraman 34807 13615 21 tepid land a tenro 0 44 55 70 5/6/2006 moist 15-30 Forest N/Gonder G/Zuri chihiraman 34814 13607 21 tepid land a tenro 9 79 48 71 5/6/2006 moist 15-30 cultivted N/Gonder G/Zuri sihor sar Infranz 35032 13545 19 tepid land a wiha town 7 58 48 72 5/6/2006 moist 0-2 Grass land N/Gonder G/Zuri sihor sar Infranz 35055 13546 19 tepid a wiha town 9 35 26 73 6/6/2006 moist 0-2 Grass land N/Gonder G/Zuri Sogage Workam 34198 13670 19 tepid a ba 3 77 01 74 6/6/2006 moist 0-2 cultivted N/Gonder G/Zuri chihira Godgud 34534 13646 19 tepid land a o 7 63 44 75 7/6/2006 moist 15-30 cultivted N/Gonder G/Zuri Tekera 35372 13531 20 tepid land a 0 17 13 76 8/6/2006 moist 0-2 cultivted N/Gonder G/Zuri Menziro Ras 33743 13758 19 tepid land a mender 6 16 33 77 8/6/2006 moist 15-30 Grass land N/Gonder G/Zuri Bourbaux Jangira 33878 13745 19 tepid a 3 29 20 78 8/6/2006 moist 0-2 cultivted N/Gonder G/Zuri Menziro Wanzay 33853 13742 19 tepid land a e 9 64 11

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWEPage 133

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project

79 11/6/200 moist 0-2 cultivted N/Gonder G/Zuri Degola Deldalit 34099 13720 19 6 tepid land a chinchaye 1 08 68 80 11/6/200 moist 2_5 bush and N/Gonder G/Zuri Bahirginb 34027 13731 19 6 tepid shrub a 8 37 67 81 13/6/06 moist cool 15-30 bush and N/Gonder M/Bele Giragn ber Kahari 35499 13733 23 shrub sa 9 75 63 82 13/6/6 moist 0-2 cultivted N/Gonder G/Zuri Dengola Abakaul 34545 13735 19 tepid land a chinchaye aye 7 72 92 83 13/6/6 moist 15-30 bush and N/Gonder G/Zuri Das Dengez 35226 13735 21 tepid shrub a dengez 5 95 46 84 13/6/6 moist 15-30 bush and N/Gonder G/Zuri Das Dengez 35323 13735 21 tepid shrub a dengez 0 86 82 85 17/6/6 moist 0-2 Grass land N/Gonder G/Zuri Amesafeg Luwama 33251 13746 18 tepid a riam 1 69 53 86 18/6/6 moist 0-2 Grass land N/Gonder G/kete zezo 33083 13856 19 tepid ma teklehyma 7 84 61 not 87 20/6/6 moist cool 15-30 Grass land N/Gonder Woger Kossoye Gomeng 34092 14095 27 a ie 1 30 54 88 20/6/6 moist cool 15-30 cultivted N/Gonder Woger Kossoye Chilla 34240 14095 29 land a 8 17 11 89 20/6/6 moist cool 15-30 Grass land N/Gonder Woger Kossoye Chilla 34251 14092 28 a 5 00 82 90 21/6/6 moist cool 15-30 Grass land N/Gonder Woger Kossoye Abategu 34366 14076 28 a 0 49 01 91 21/6/6 moist cool 15-30 Grass land N/Gonder Woger Kossoye chelema 34287 14085 28 a dur 3 88 57 92 21/6/6 moist cool 15-30 Plantation N/Gonder Woger Kossoye chelema 34285 14086 28 Forest a dur 4 57 57 93 21/6/6 moist cool 15-30 Plantation N/Gonder Woger Kossoye 34309 14096 29 Forest a 5 72 65 94 21/6/6 moist cool 15-30 cultivted N/Gonder Woger Kossoye chelema 34301 14083 28 land a dur 5 55 72 95 21/6/6 moist cool 15-30 cultivted N/Gonder Woger Kossoye Chilla 34341 14078 28 land a 0 79 38 96 21/6/6 moist cool 15-30 cultivted N/Gonder Woger Kossoye 34324 14091 29 land a 9 41 31 97 22/6/6 moist cool 0-2 cultivted N/Gonder L/Arm Chira Lay 33880 14074 27 land achiho ambezo Markeb 3 14 76 e 98 22/6/6 moist cool 15-30 cultivted N/Gonder L/Arm Chira Cechela 33773 14063 27 land achiho ambezo 8 26 15 99 22/6/6 moist cool 15-30 Grass land N/Gonder L/Arm Chira Cechela 33774 14058 26 achiho ambezo 7 72 39 100 22/6/6 moist cool 15-30 Plantation N/Gonder L/Arm Chira Cechela 33785 14065 27 Forest achiho ambezo 6 95 36 101 24/6/6 moist cool 15-30 Plantation N/Gonder Woger Kossoye Kezkazi 34092 14102 28 Forest a t 4 81 81 102 24/6/6 moist cool 15-30 Plantation N/Gonder L/Arm Chira Belangi 33696 14036 25 Forest achiho ambezo e 7 88 97 103 25/6/6 moist 15-30 Grass land N/Gonder L/Arm Chira Balangi 33427 14025 23 tepid achiho ambezo e 4 33 21 104 25/6/7 moist cool 15-30 cultivted N/Gonder Woger Chira Majibar 33677 14034 25 land a ambezo 5 11 53 105 25/6/8 moist cool 15-30 Plantation N/Gonder Woger Chira Majibar 33697 14036 25 Forest a ambezo 2 47 90

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWEPage 134

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project

106 25/6/9 moist 15-30 Grass land N/Gonder G/kete Town wolaka 33497 13982 21 tepid ma 0 87 99 107 25/6/10 moist 15-30 Grass land N/Gonder G/kete Town 33452 14012 23 tepid ma 3 66 04 108 26/6/6 moist 2_5 cultivted N/Gonder G/kete woleka wolaka 33414 13398 22 tepid land ma 4 33 52 109 26/6/6 moist 15-30 cultivted N/Gonder G/kete woleka wolaka 33415 13988 22 tepid land ma 8 53 31 110 28/6/6 moist cool 15-30 Grass land N/Gonder L/Arm kerker bale Ginde 33242 14052 25 achiho egzaber metaya 0 28 29 111 28/6/6 moist cool 15-30 Plantation N/Gonder L/Arm kerker bale Ginde 33129 14045 25 Forest achiho egzaber metaya 6 94 35 112 28/6/6 moist cool 15-30 cultivted N/Gonder L/Arm kerker bale Ginde 33089 14041 25 land achiho egzaber metaya 9 97 32 113 1/7/2006 moist 15-30 cultivted N/Gonder chilega Alemtseha Amora 30264 13350 17 tepid land y defar 0 83 71 114 1/7/2006 moist 15-30 Grass land N/Gonder chilega Alemtseha Amora 30320 13852 17 tepid y defar 2 39 54 115 2/7/2006 moist 5_8 cultivted N/Gonder chilega Alemtseha Mizawit 30228 13864 18 tepid land y 5 74 01 116 2/7/2006 moist 2_5 cultivated( N/Gonder chilega Alemtseha Addis 30219 13867 18 tepid fattened y alem 6 81 26 area) 117 3/7/2006 moist 2_5 Grass land N/Gonder chilega Alemtseha Ferefer 30014 13843 18 tepid y 9 40 54 118 4/7/2006 moist cool 15-30 cultivated N/Gonder chilega Werengeb Atoreye 32756 13989 25 land 5 82 60 119 4/7/2006 moist cool 15-30 Grass land N/Gonder chilega Werengeb Abuzogi 32863 13971 25 e 9 91 03 120 4/7/2006 moist 2_5 bush and N/Gonder chilega Werengeb Abuzogi 32772 13965 24 tepid shrub e 3 24 52 121 5/7/2006 moist 2_5 bush and N/Gonder chilega Delamba Anker 29640 13932 21 tepid shrub 0 00 10 122 5/7/2006 moist 2_5 bush and N/Gonder chilega Awurarda Kirat 29324 13894 20 tepid shrub 7 18 74 123 5/7/2006 moist 5_8 cultivated N/Gonder chilega Anguba Alesefer 29155 13902 21 tepid land 3 96 82 124 5/7/2006 moist 0-2 cultivated N/Gonder chilega Awurarda 29544 13893 19 tepid land 9 05 33 125 6//7/6 moist cool 15-30 cultivated N/Gonder L/Arm mawura Mawura 32646 14001 24 land achiho town 0 31 71 126 6/7/2006 moist cool 15-30 bush and N/Gonder L/Arm Werengeb 32720 14008 25 shrub achiho 1 24 26 127 6/7/2006 moist cool 15-30 Grass land N/Gonder L/Arm Gonderoch Chillara 32492 13994 25 achiho Mariam 0 05 42 128 6/7/2006 moist cool 15-30 bush and N/Gonder L/Arm mawura Mawura 32635 14004 24 shrub achiho town 4 07 63 129 6/7/2006 moist cool 2_5 bush and N/Gonder L/Arm Gonderoch chillara 32781 13994 25 shrub achiho Mariam 3 06 57 130 6/7/2006 moist cool 15-30 culitvated N/Gonder L/Arm Gonderoch chillara 32537 13994 25 land achiho Mariam 2 98 50 131 8/7/2006 moist 0-2 cultivated N/Gonder Dembi Gendwa Dawa 31752 13813 20 tepid land ya balangab 9 35 08 132 9/7/2006 moist 0-2 cultivated N/Gonder Dembi Fentaye Gallaey 29465 13653 18 tepid land ya Marchicha 4 11 88 133 9/7/2006 moist 0-2 Grass land N/Gonder Dembi Shikisha Berbera 29680 13708 18 tepid ya 4 27 65

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWEPage 135

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project

134 9/7/2006 moist 0-2 bush and N/Gonder Dembi Shikisha Berbera 29714 13706 19 tepid shrub ya 5 88 00 135 9/7/2006 moist 0-2 Grass land N/Gonder Dembi Guarhi Jibba 30326 13664 18 tepid ya 8 75 13 136 9/7/2006 moist 0-2 bush and N/Gonder Dembi Guarhi Jibba 30352 13667 18 tepid shrub ya 5 38 48 137 9/7/2006 moist 0-2 Grass land N/Gonder Dembi Meskele Darna 30885 13659 18 tepid ya kirstose 1 44 93 138 9/7/2006 moist 0-2 cultivated N/Gonder Dembi Meskele darna 30892 13660 18 tepid land ya kirstose 8 87 91 139 10/7/200 moist 0-2 Forest N/Gonder Dembi Mengi Sesnios 30538 13491 18 6 tepid land ya plas 4 82 13 140 10/7/200 moist 0-2 cultivated N/Gonder Dembi Mengi Sesnios 30351 13504 18 6 tepid land ya plas 0 33 54 141 10/7/200 moist 15-30 wet land N/Gonder Dembi Mengi Sesnios 30465 13494 17 6 tepid ya plas 1 65 92 142 10/7/200 moist 0-2 cultivated N/Gonder Dembi Gundi Terekesi 30662 13575 18 6 tepid land ya e 3 37 68 143 11/7/200 moist 0-2 cultivated N/Gonder Dembi Abrijja quami 31423 13556 18 6 tepid land ya 0 81 36 144 11/7/200 moist 0-2 wet land N/Gonder Dembi Abrijja 31523 13562 17 6 tepid ya 1 83 92 145 11/7/200 moist 0-2 Grass land N/Gonder Dembi Abrijja quami 31047 13565 20 6 tepid ya 3 13 43 146 11/7/200 moist 0-2 Grass land N/Gonder Dembi Meskele 31036 13674 19 6 tepid ya kirstose 9 49 13 147 12/7/200 moist 0-2 bush and N/Gonder G/Zuri Burbuax 33929 13769 19 6 tepid shrub a 9 24 89 148 13/7/6 moist 0-2 Grass land N/Gonder chilega Kauk Andeya 28819 13657 19 tepid genbela warka 2 53 49 149 13/7/6 moist 15-30 bush and N/Gonder chilega Chandeba Amba 28816 13695 19 tepid shrub ferrar 8 50 90 150 13/7/6 moist 2_5 cultivated N/Gonder chilega Chandeba 28486 13735 21 tepid land 1 71 47

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWEPage 136

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project

7.4 Gross Estimation of Values for Livestock Production and Services

S.No .Estimates of gross values of live animals in the sub-basin A Livestock population Values and Coefficients 1 Cattle 2405113 2 Sheep 951982 3 Goats 549778 B Off-Take ratios 1 Cattle 0.07 2 Sheep 0.33 3 Goats 0.35 C Yield(Carcass Weight (Kg) 1 Cattle 108.3 2 Sheep 10 3 Goats 8.5 D Meat Production (Kg) 1 Cattle(A*B*C) 18233162 2 Sheep 3141541 3 Goats 1635590 E Hide and skin (number 1 Cattle (7%) 168,358 2 Sheep (30%) 285,595 3 Goat (35%) 192422 F Producer Price(Birr/Kg) 1 Cattle 36 2 Sheep 27 3 Goats 25 G Total values of production (Birr) 1 Cattle (D*E Birr) 656393820 2 Sheep 84821596 3 Goats 40889739 H Gross or total value of production( in Birr) 782105154 I Total value of hide and skin 1 cattle 10101474.6 2 sheep 11423784 3 goat 3848446 Total value 25373704.6 So urces, WoARD(2013), FAO,2004, Medac and MA,2011

Estimates of gross values of Milk Production in the sub-basin S.No Milk Off-take variables Values and A Livestock population Coefficients 1 Cattle In1000 2405 3 Goats in 1000 550 B Milk Animals ( Ratios of stock) 1 Cattle 0.22

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWEPage 137

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project

3 Goats 0.25 C Yield( total milk per animal (Kg)) 1 Cattle 2154 3 Goats 500 D Milk Production (tonne) 1 Cattle(A*B*C)*100/1000 113973 3 Goats 6872 E Producer Price(Birr/tonne) 1 Cattle 5845 3 Goats 9132 F. Total values of production (Birr) 1 Cattle (D*E Birr) 666175077 3 Goats 62757159 Gross or total value of production( G in Birr) 728932236 Sorces, WoARD(2013), FAO,2004, Medac and MA,2011

S.No Estimates of gross values of poultry and Egg production in the sub-basin I Chicken meat production A Producer Animals/Slaughtered(1000head) = total 1924685 B Yield/Carcass weight(gram/animal 881 C Production /tonne 1696 D Price of Chicken meat(Birr/tonne) 39103 E Total values of Chicken Meat production /Birr 66318688 II Egg production A Laying(1000 Head) 269456 B Ratio of layers 0.14 C Yield (gram/Chicken) 3589 C Production /tones/ 967 D Producers Price (birr/tonnes) 16124 E Total Values of egg production / Birr 15591908 F Grand total gross value of Poultry in Million 81.910596 Sources, WoARD (2013), FAO,2004, MoFED and MoA,2011

Estimation of Gross values of Honey production Num ber Total % of Total of Honey Producer value of crude Crude wax Average value of Beehive beehi yield(Kg/hiv Producti price of Honey in bee Produce(Kg/a get Wax in S No type ves e/year on Kg honey/Kg Birr wax nnum) price/Kg Birr Transiti 2198 1 onal 52 7 1538964 22 33857208 20 307793 25 7694820 Traditio 2 nal 3120 15 46800 22 1029600 20 9360 25 234000

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWEPage 138

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project

1874 3 Modern 1 25 468525 22 10307550 0 0 25 0 2417 Total 13 2054289 45194358 317152.8 7928820 Grand Total 53123178 Sources, WoARD (2013), FAO,2004, MoFED and MoA,2011

S .No Estimates of Gross value of oxen traction Power Value 1 Total number of a pair of oxen 384148 2 Average number of days spent by oxen in land preparation 60 3 National average rental value of oxen per day( birr) 40 4 National value of oxen draught power in Birr 921955200

Estimates of Gross value of service of equines at age 3 years and above

Rental Number of Service service ( Animal/Service type Animal day/year Birr/day) Total value (Birr/year) Hores Transportation 9017 46 25 10369550 Draft 14544 42 35 21379680 Donakeys 0 Transportation 173133 80 15 207759600 Draft 6786 48 15 4885920 Mules 0 Transportation 22688 46 30 31309440 Draft 4945 42 40 8307600 Total 284011790 Sources, WOARD, CSA,2010/2011, MoFED and MoA, 2011

Estimates of Gross value of service of dung Produced Descriptions Value Cattle number 2405110 Dung production per cattle per year (Gk) 183 Price of dung (Birr/Kg) 0.31 Gross values of dung produced ( birr) 136441890 Source, WoARD(2013), MoFED and MoA (2011)

Summary of Phenotypic features of characterised poultry in the sub-basin. S.N Type Location Peculiar features Remar o Zone Woreda ks 1 Farta South Gndar Farta Crest head shape, pea comb type, block body shape

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWEPage 139

Tana Sub-Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study project

and yellow shank 2 Melo- South Gndar Farta Crest head shape, lack of shank feather, yellow Hamusit shank colour 3 Gassay South Gondar Farta Crest head shape, lack of shank feather, yellow shank colour 4 Tillili Awi and west gijam All Pea comb, lack of shank colour 5 Gasgie Nort Gondar Alefa Long necked and red in colour 6 Mecha West Gojam Mecha Plain and crest head shape and pea comb

Livestock species holding base on household data.

No species Frequency (N) Mean 1 Cattle 3268 1.96

2 Cows 3205 1.86

3 Bulls 1975 1.44 4 Heifers 2152 1.57

5 Calve 2475 1.52

6 Sheep 2278 4.47 7 Goats 853 4.51

8 Donkeys 2063 1.43

9 Horses 312 1.48 10 Mules 302 1.41

11 Local chicken 3165 7.37 12 Improved chicken 406 4.06 13 Traditional hive 691 3.84

14 Transitional hive 70 2.56 15 Modern hive 186 2.11

Source: ADSWE, 2014

BoEPLAU Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment Draft Final Report Volum VIII ADSWEPage 140