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Fopius arisanus, le droit à l’erreur : spécificité parasitaire et sélection de l’hôte chez un parasitoïde ovo-pupal de mouches des fruits Tephritidae Pascal Rousse To cite this version: Pascal Rousse. Fopius arisanus, le droit à l’erreur : spécificité parasitaire et sélection de l’hôte chez un parasitoïde ovo-pupal de mouches des fruits Tephritidae. Biologie animale. Université de la Réunion, 2007. Français. NNT : 2007lare0004. tel-00646498 HAL Id: tel-00646498 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00646498 Submitted on 30 Nov 2011 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. UNIVERSITE DE LA REUNION Faculté des Sciences et Technologies THESE Présentée à l’université de La Réunion pour obtenir le diplôme de doctorat Discipline : Biologie Animale Ecole Doctorale Interdisciplinaire Accueil : CIRAD, UMR 53, Peuplements Végétaux et Bioagresseurs en Milieu Tropical FFOOPPIIUUSS AARRIISSAANNUUSS,, llee ddrrooiitt aa ll’’eerrrreeuurr Spécificité parasitaire et sélection de l’hôte chez un parasitoïde ovo-pupal de mouches des fruits Tephritidae par Pascal ROUSSE Soutenue le 26 février 2007 devant le jury composé de : Pr Anne-Marie CORTESERO, Université de Rennes 1 Rapporteur Dr Laure KAISER-ARNAULD, INRA Gif sur Yvette Rapporteur Dr Thierry PAILLER, Université de La Réunion Examinateur Dr Serge QUILICI, CIRAD Réunion Examinateur Dr Bernard REYNAUD, CIRAD Réunion Directeur de thèse Dr Oscar STAPEL, STEPP Bretagne Examinateur A Marie-Christine… In the elder days of art Builders wrought with greatest care Each minute and unseen part, For the Gods are everywhere. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow in H.G. Franckfurt, On bullshit. La véritable connaissance commence par la connaissance de notre ignorance. Platon Apologie de Socrate . Du… Du hast… Du hast mich gefragt… Und ich hab’ nichts gesagt. Rammstein Du hast . Heureux celui qui sait rire de lui-même, car il n’a pas fini de s’amuser. Un pingouin sur une carte postale. A tous, merci… La valeur d’un travail reflète celle de l’équipe qui l’a produit. Que les personnes qui ont su m’encadrer, me guider, m’aider ou tout simplement me supporter trouvent dans ces pages l’expression, sincère, de ma reconnaissance. Elles sont nombreuses. Merci tout d’abord à Serge pour la rigueur qu’il a apporté à ce projet en rectifiant mes élucubrations et en me rappelant la valeur du conditionnel dans la langue française. Merci pour la confiance que tu m’as témoignée en me chargeant de cette tâche. Serge, c’est un véritable plaisir de travailler avec toi. Quand tu as le temps. Merci au pacha, au boss, au parrain, enfin merci Bernard pour avoir encadré tout ça de loin, mais surtout pour m’avoir aidé à obtenir les financements nécessaires et facilité ma présence ici. A propos, Bernard, la soutenance c’est le 26 ; essaie d’être là, on ne pourra pas commencer sans toi. Merci à Fred (celui qui a des cheveux) pour l’extrême motivation qu’il a mis à venir tripoter du parasitoïde avec moi. Depuis que tu as décidé de virer romano, Fred, il flotte comme une grande absence baignée de vide dans les couloirs du labo. Merci à tous les petits gars de l’équipe entomologie : Moutou, Sylvain, Jim et Serge (ou l’inverse), éleveurs de championnes, Antoine, qui a décidé de faire profiter de ses talents au CIRAD plutôt qu’au National Geographic et Lulu pour… parce que c’est Lulu, tout simplement. Merci à Etienne Brunel, de l’INRA Rennes, pour m’avoir mis le pied à l’étrier. Merci à Philippe d’avoir pris le relais en m’invitant ici. Merci à toutes les personnes qui ont relu mes écrits au cours de ces années, y compris le présent manuscrit. Merci pour vos corrections et vos suggestions : Hélène -dont le nom pourrait également trôner dans la rubrique sourire et blanquette de veau-, Pierre François, Samuel, Jean Philippe et Loïc, dit Lolo, dit Dark Lolo de Cottard. Merci à Ernie Harris et Thomas Mangine, de l’USDA Hawaii, pour l’élevage que nous avons pu développer grâce à eux. Hi guys ! Many thanks from La Réunion ! Merci à Sergio de Angeli, de l’université de Göttingen, et Anne Bialecki de l’université de La Réunion, pour être allé flairer ce qui se passait dans les pontes de mouche. Merci à Frédéric Baret et Jean François Hanock, de l’INRA Avignon, pour les analyses colorimétriques. Merci pour leurs conseils à Louise Vet de l’université de Wageningen, Aurore Dubuffet et Eric Darrouzet de l’IRBI de Tours, Bob Wharton de l’université A&M du Texas, Yves Carton de l’université de Lyon et Fred Hamelin de l’ESSI de Nice. Merci aux membres des comités de thèse qui ont jalonné son élaboration : Laure Kaiser de l’INRA de Gif, Anne Marie Cortesero et Jean Pierre Nénon de l’université de Rennes, Eric Thibout de l’université de Tours et Serge Kreitter de l’ENSA Montpellier. Merci aux urgences de Saint Pierre, aux kinés du Tampon et à M me Alexis pour avoir préservé mon état physique ces trois dernières années. Merci aux tigres, aux éditions Sierra, aux Beru, aux Dropkick et à Carlos Nùñez d’avoir géré l’état psychologique. Merci à François Sauveur du MS400 d’avoir abreuvé la science en marche de ses doctes prescriptions. Merci à Ridley Scott pour avoir réalisé Alien . Ce film est une panacée pour expliquer au profane ce qu’est un parasitoïde. Merci aux centaines de milliers de d’insectes empoisonnés, englués, congelés, écrasés, éviscérés, avalés (pas fait exprès), encapsulés, noyés, affamés… ces myriades sacrifiées plus ou moins de leur plein gré pour me permettre d’inscrire des chiffres dans des cases. Merci à Fred (l’autre), Jacques et Caro, les statophiles R-omanes, pour m’avoir aidé à traduire ces chiffres en jolis dessins. Merci à Chantal, Nadège, Magalie, Océane, Micheline, merci pour votre aide, votre sourire et votre accueil. Merci à Pierre, Nathalie, Séverine, Lan, Gaëlle, Fabrice, Jérémie, Erwann, camarades de chiourme. A Marc d’être venu passer son stage à La Réunion pour me filer un coup de main. Merci, et bonne chance à vous tous. Parait que y a une vie après la thèse. Merci aux inclassables mais irremplaçables que sont Helmut, Nadine, Caro, Dédé, David alias Choubaka, Nico alias Furious Topinambour, Rachel, Panzer Marcel, Jean-Seb, Kenny, Johann, Pic, Léna, Nathalie. Ainsi qu’aux autres, déjà cités dans d’autres rubriques. Faudrait voir à pas abuser non plus. Merci à mon père de m’avoir guidé puis accompagné jusque là. Enfin, et surtout, merci à Gwen. Parce que si elle n’était pas, je ne pourrais pas être. AVANTAVANT----PROPOSPROPOS Le travail présenté ici est le fruit de trois ans de recherches menées au CIRAD 3P de Saint Pierre, Réunion. Il illustre la volonté de cet organisme de développer des outils de lutte intégrée contre les ravageurs de cultures. Dans cet exemple précis, nous nous intéresserons à Fopius arisanus , un parasitoïde de mouches des fruits importé de Hawaii. Ce manuscrit s’articule en cinq parties principales. La première est la présentation de la problématique, la lutte biologique contre les mouches des fruits. Dans la deuxième partie, nous dressons tout d’abord un bilan des connaissances sur le comportement de sélection de l’hôte par les parasitoïdes, puis plus précisément nous nous intéressons aux travaux existant sur F. arisanus. Les troisième et quatrième parties sont la présentation des expérimentations menées pour répondre à diverses questions soulevées lors de cette revue bibliographique. Nous nous intéressons d’abord à la spécificité de F. arisanus , puis à son comportement de localisation de l’hôte. Ces résultats, confrontés à la bibliographie, sont discutés dans une cinquième partie synthétique. Les termes pouvant prêter à confusion sont suivis d’un astérisque. Cet astérisque renvoie au lexique placé en fin d’ouvrage dans lequel sont précisées les définitions utilisées ici. Ce travail a été financé par le Conseil Régional de La Réunion, le Fonds Social Européen et le CIRAD. R EGION R EUNION TABLE DES MATIERES 1.1.1. PROBLEMATIQUE 1.1. LA LUTTE BIOLOGIQ UE : BEAUCOUP D ’ESSAIS , QUELQUES REUSSITES IMPRESSIONNANTES 2 1.2. DES DIPTER ES ET DES HOMMES 7 1.2.1. Les mouches des fruits : des ravageurs d’importance croissante 7 1.2.2. La lutte biologique contre les mouches des fruits 10 1.3. CONTEXTE LOCAL 12 1.3.1. La Réunion, l’île Intense (Météo-France, 2006) 12 1.3.2. L’agriculture réunionnaise (Agreste, 2005) 13 1.3.3. Les Tephritidae nuisibles à La Réunion 14 1.3.4. La lutte biologique contre les Tephritidae à La Réunion 17 1.4. OBJECTIFS 19 2.2.2. ETAT DES CONNAISSANCCONNAISSANCESESESES 2.1. LA SELECTION DE L ’HOTE CHEZ LES PARASITOÏDES D’ŒUFS 22 2.1.1. Définition et description 22 2.1.2. Stimuli visuels et mécaniques 23 2.1.3. Stimuli olfactifs 24 2.1.4. Le rôle des organes sensoriels 30 2.1.5. Plasticité et flexibilité des comportements 32 2.1.6. Interactions physiologiques hôte-parasitoïde 36 2.2. FOPIUS ARISANUS (S ONAN , 1932) 40 2.2.1. Systématique 40 2.2.2. Morphologie 42 2.2.3. Répartition géographique 44 2.2.4. Données biologiques 44 2.2.5.
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  • Tephritid Fruit Fly Semiochemicals: Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives

    Tephritid Fruit Fly Semiochemicals: Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives

    insects Review Tephritid Fruit Fly Semiochemicals: Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives Francesca Scolari 1,* , Federica Valerio 2 , Giovanni Benelli 3 , Nikos T. Papadopoulos 4 and Lucie Vaníˇcková 5,* 1 Institute of Molecular Genetics IGM-CNR “Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza”, I-27100 Pavia, Italy 2 Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, I-27100 Pavia, Italy; [email protected] 3 Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy; [email protected] 4 Department of Agriculture Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Fytokou st., N. Ionia, 38446 Volos, Greece; [email protected] 5 Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic * Correspondence: [email protected] (F.S.); [email protected] (L.V.); Tel.: +39-0382-986421 (F.S.); +420-732-852-528 (L.V.) Simple Summary: Tephritid fruit flies comprise pests of high agricultural relevance and species that have emerged as global invaders. Chemical signals play key roles in multiple steps of a fruit fly’s life. The production and detection of chemical cues are critical in many behavioural interactions of tephritids, such as finding mating partners and hosts for oviposition. The characterisation of the molecules involved in these behaviours sheds light on understanding the biology and ecology of fruit flies and in addition provides a solid base for developing novel species-specific pest control tools by exploiting and/or interfering with chemical perception. Here we provide a comprehensive Citation: Scolari, F.; Valerio, F.; overview of the extensive literature on different types of chemical cues emitted by tephritids, with Benelli, G.; Papadopoulos, N.T.; a focus on the most relevant fruit fly pest species.
  • Natural Enemies of True Fruit Flies 02/2004-01 PPQ Jeffrey N

    Natural Enemies of True Fruit Flies 02/2004-01 PPQ Jeffrey N

    United States Department of Agriculture Natural Enemies of Marketing and Regulatory True Fruit Flies Programs Animal and Plant Health (Tephritidae) Inspection Service Plant Protection Jeffrey N. L. Stibick and Quarantine Psyttalia fletcheri (shown) is the only fruit fly parasitoid introduced into Hawaii capable of parasitizing the melon fly (Bactrocera cucurbitae) United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine 4700 River Road Riverdale, MD 20737 February, 2004 Telephone: (301) 734-4406 FAX: (301) 734-8192 e-mail: [email protected] Jeffrey N. L. Stibick Introduction Introduction Fruit flies in the family Tephritidae are high profile insects among commercial fruit and vegetable growers, marketing exporters, government regulatory agencies, and the scientific community. Locally, producers face huge losses without some management scheme to control fruit fly populations. At the national and international level, plant protection agencies strictly regulate the movement of potentially infested products. Consumers throughout the world demand high quality, blemish-free produce. Partly to satisfy these demands, the costs to local, state and national governments are quite high and increasing as world trade, and thus risk, increases. Thus, fruit flies impose a considerable resource tax on participants at every level, from producer to shipper to the importing state and, ultimately, to the consumer. (McPheron & Steck, 1996) Indeed, in the United States alone, the running costs per year to APHIS, Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ), (the federal Agency responsible) for maintenance of trapping systems, laboratories, and identification are in excess of US$27 million per year and increasing. This figure only accounts for a fraction of total costs throughout the country, as State, County and local governments put in their share as well as the local industry affected.
  • Classical Biological Control of Mediterranean Fruit

    Classical Biological Control of Mediterranean Fruit

    CLASSICAL BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF MEDITERRANEAN FRUIT FLY, Ceratitis capitata (WIEDEMANN), (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE): NATURAL ENEMY EXPLORATION AND NONTARGET TESTING A Dissertation by MARCIA KATHERINE TROSTLE DUKE Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY May 2005 Major Subject: Entomology CLASSICAL BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF MEDITERRANEAN FRUIT FLY, Ceratitis capitata (WIEDEMANN), (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE): NATURAL ENEMY EXPLORATION AND NONTARGET TESTING A Dissertation by MARCIA KATHERINE TROSTLE DUKE Submitted to Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Approved as to style and content by: ________________________ _________________________ Robert A. Wharton James B. Woolley (Chair of Committee) (Member) _______________________ _________________________ Marvin K. Harris Thomas L. Linton (Member) (Member) _______________________ Kevin Heinz (Head of Department) May 2005 Major Subject: Entomology iii ABSTRACT Classical Biological Control of Mediterranean Fruit Fly, Ceratitis capitata, (Wiedemann), (Diptera: Tephritidae): Natural Enemy Exploration and Nontarget Testing. (May 2005) Marcia Katherine Trostle Duke, B.S., Texas A&M University Chair of Advisory Committee: Dr. Robert A. Wharton This work covers stages one through seven (of nine stages) of a classical biological control program for Mediterranean fruit fly (=medfly), Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann). Major research objectives concentrate on stage five (exploration and collection of natural enemies), and stage seven (testing and selecting natural enemies for additional work). Coffee was collected monthly from three locations in Kenya from November 1997 through July 1999. Four species of tephritid flies and ten parasitoid species were recovered. Four guilds of parasitoids were recorded, and two egg-prepupal endoparasitoids, Fopius caudatus (Szépligeti) and F.
  • Biology of Bactrocera Dorsalis (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE): Implications on Population Dynamics and Pest Management by Rebaone Motswa

    Biology of Bactrocera Dorsalis (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE): Implications on Population Dynamics and Pest Management by Rebaone Motswa

    Biology of Bactrocera dorsalis (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE): Implications on population dynamics and pest management By Rebaone Motswagole Reg no: 141000312 Bsc Agriculture (BUAN), MSc (BIUST) Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology Faculty of Science, Botswana International University Of Science and Technology [email protected],(+267) 76248133 A Dissertation/Thesis Submitted to the College of Science in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Award of the Degree of Master of Science in Biological Sciences (Applied Entomology) of BIUST Supervisor(s): Dr Casper Nyamukondiwa Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Botswana International University of Science and Technology [email protected], (+267) 4931523 Signature: Date: December 2017 i DECLARATION AND COPYRIGHT I, REBAONE MOTSWAGOLE, declare that this dissertation/thesis is my own original work and that it has not been presented and will not be presented to any other university for a similar or any other degree award. Signature This dissertation/thesis is copyright material protected under the Berne Convention, the Copyright Act of 1999 and other international and national enactments, in that behalf, on intellectual property. It must not be reproduced by any means, in full or in part, except for short extracts in fair dealing; for researcher private study, critical scholarly review or discourse with an acknowledgement, without the written permission of the office of the Provost, on behalf of both the author and the BIUST. ii CERTIFICATION The undersigned certifies that he/she has read and hereby recommends for acceptance by the Faculty of Science a dissertation/thesis titled: Biology of Bactrocera dorsalis (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE): Implications on population dynamics and pest management in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Biological Sciences (Applied Entomology) of BIUST.