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Fopius Arisanus, Le Droit À L'erreur Fopius arisanus, le droit à l’erreur : spécificité parasitaire et sélection de l’hôte chez un parasitoïde ovo-pupal de mouches des fruits Tephritidae Pascal Rousse To cite this version: Pascal Rousse. Fopius arisanus, le droit à l’erreur : spécificité parasitaire et sélection de l’hôte chez un parasitoïde ovo-pupal de mouches des fruits Tephritidae. Biologie animale. Université de la Réunion, 2007. Français. NNT : 2007lare0004. tel-00646498 HAL Id: tel-00646498 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00646498 Submitted on 30 Nov 2011 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. UNIVERSITE DE LA REUNION Faculté des Sciences et Technologies THESE Présentée à l’université de La Réunion pour obtenir le diplôme de doctorat Discipline : Biologie Animale Ecole Doctorale Interdisciplinaire Accueil : CIRAD, UMR 53, Peuplements Végétaux et Bioagresseurs en Milieu Tropical FFOOPPIIUUSS AARRIISSAANNUUSS,, llee ddrrooiitt aa ll’’eerrrreeuurr Spécificité parasitaire et sélection de l’hôte chez un parasitoïde ovo-pupal de mouches des fruits Tephritidae par Pascal ROUSSE Soutenue le 26 février 2007 devant le jury composé de : Pr Anne-Marie CORTESERO, Université de Rennes 1 Rapporteur Dr Laure KAISER-ARNAULD, INRA Gif sur Yvette Rapporteur Dr Thierry PAILLER, Université de La Réunion Examinateur Dr Serge QUILICI, CIRAD Réunion Examinateur Dr Bernard REYNAUD, CIRAD Réunion Directeur de thèse Dr Oscar STAPEL, STEPP Bretagne Examinateur A Marie-Christine… In the elder days of art Builders wrought with greatest care Each minute and unseen part, For the Gods are everywhere. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow in H.G. Franckfurt, On bullshit. La véritable connaissance commence par la connaissance de notre ignorance. Platon Apologie de Socrate . Du… Du hast… Du hast mich gefragt… Und ich hab’ nichts gesagt. Rammstein Du hast . Heureux celui qui sait rire de lui-même, car il n’a pas fini de s’amuser. Un pingouin sur une carte postale. A tous, merci… La valeur d’un travail reflète celle de l’équipe qui l’a produit. Que les personnes qui ont su m’encadrer, me guider, m’aider ou tout simplement me supporter trouvent dans ces pages l’expression, sincère, de ma reconnaissance. Elles sont nombreuses. Merci tout d’abord à Serge pour la rigueur qu’il a apporté à ce projet en rectifiant mes élucubrations et en me rappelant la valeur du conditionnel dans la langue française. Merci pour la confiance que tu m’as témoignée en me chargeant de cette tâche. Serge, c’est un véritable plaisir de travailler avec toi. Quand tu as le temps. Merci au pacha, au boss, au parrain, enfin merci Bernard pour avoir encadré tout ça de loin, mais surtout pour m’avoir aidé à obtenir les financements nécessaires et facilité ma présence ici. A propos, Bernard, la soutenance c’est le 26 ; essaie d’être là, on ne pourra pas commencer sans toi. Merci à Fred (celui qui a des cheveux) pour l’extrême motivation qu’il a mis à venir tripoter du parasitoïde avec moi. Depuis que tu as décidé de virer romano, Fred, il flotte comme une grande absence baignée de vide dans les couloirs du labo. Merci à tous les petits gars de l’équipe entomologie : Moutou, Sylvain, Jim et Serge (ou l’inverse), éleveurs de championnes, Antoine, qui a décidé de faire profiter de ses talents au CIRAD plutôt qu’au National Geographic et Lulu pour… parce que c’est Lulu, tout simplement. Merci à Etienne Brunel, de l’INRA Rennes, pour m’avoir mis le pied à l’étrier. Merci à Philippe d’avoir pris le relais en m’invitant ici. Merci à toutes les personnes qui ont relu mes écrits au cours de ces années, y compris le présent manuscrit. Merci pour vos corrections et vos suggestions : Hélène -dont le nom pourrait également trôner dans la rubrique sourire et blanquette de veau-, Pierre François, Samuel, Jean Philippe et Loïc, dit Lolo, dit Dark Lolo de Cottard. Merci à Ernie Harris et Thomas Mangine, de l’USDA Hawaii, pour l’élevage que nous avons pu développer grâce à eux. Hi guys ! Many thanks from La Réunion ! Merci à Sergio de Angeli, de l’université de Göttingen, et Anne Bialecki de l’université de La Réunion, pour être allé flairer ce qui se passait dans les pontes de mouche. Merci à Frédéric Baret et Jean François Hanock, de l’INRA Avignon, pour les analyses colorimétriques. Merci pour leurs conseils à Louise Vet de l’université de Wageningen, Aurore Dubuffet et Eric Darrouzet de l’IRBI de Tours, Bob Wharton de l’université A&M du Texas, Yves Carton de l’université de Lyon et Fred Hamelin de l’ESSI de Nice. Merci aux membres des comités de thèse qui ont jalonné son élaboration : Laure Kaiser de l’INRA de Gif, Anne Marie Cortesero et Jean Pierre Nénon de l’université de Rennes, Eric Thibout de l’université de Tours et Serge Kreitter de l’ENSA Montpellier. Merci aux urgences de Saint Pierre, aux kinés du Tampon et à M me Alexis pour avoir préservé mon état physique ces trois dernières années. Merci aux tigres, aux éditions Sierra, aux Beru, aux Dropkick et à Carlos Nùñez d’avoir géré l’état psychologique. Merci à François Sauveur du MS400 d’avoir abreuvé la science en marche de ses doctes prescriptions. Merci à Ridley Scott pour avoir réalisé Alien . Ce film est une panacée pour expliquer au profane ce qu’est un parasitoïde. Merci aux centaines de milliers de d’insectes empoisonnés, englués, congelés, écrasés, éviscérés, avalés (pas fait exprès), encapsulés, noyés, affamés… ces myriades sacrifiées plus ou moins de leur plein gré pour me permettre d’inscrire des chiffres dans des cases. Merci à Fred (l’autre), Jacques et Caro, les statophiles R-omanes, pour m’avoir aidé à traduire ces chiffres en jolis dessins. Merci à Chantal, Nadège, Magalie, Océane, Micheline, merci pour votre aide, votre sourire et votre accueil. Merci à Pierre, Nathalie, Séverine, Lan, Gaëlle, Fabrice, Jérémie, Erwann, camarades de chiourme. A Marc d’être venu passer son stage à La Réunion pour me filer un coup de main. Merci, et bonne chance à vous tous. Parait que y a une vie après la thèse. Merci aux inclassables mais irremplaçables que sont Helmut, Nadine, Caro, Dédé, David alias Choubaka, Nico alias Furious Topinambour, Rachel, Panzer Marcel, Jean-Seb, Kenny, Johann, Pic, Léna, Nathalie. Ainsi qu’aux autres, déjà cités dans d’autres rubriques. Faudrait voir à pas abuser non plus. Merci à mon père de m’avoir guidé puis accompagné jusque là. Enfin, et surtout, merci à Gwen. Parce que si elle n’était pas, je ne pourrais pas être. AVANTAVANT----PROPOSPROPOS Le travail présenté ici est le fruit de trois ans de recherches menées au CIRAD 3P de Saint Pierre, Réunion. Il illustre la volonté de cet organisme de développer des outils de lutte intégrée contre les ravageurs de cultures. Dans cet exemple précis, nous nous intéresserons à Fopius arisanus , un parasitoïde de mouches des fruits importé de Hawaii. Ce manuscrit s’articule en cinq parties principales. La première est la présentation de la problématique, la lutte biologique contre les mouches des fruits. Dans la deuxième partie, nous dressons tout d’abord un bilan des connaissances sur le comportement de sélection de l’hôte par les parasitoïdes, puis plus précisément nous nous intéressons aux travaux existant sur F. arisanus. Les troisième et quatrième parties sont la présentation des expérimentations menées pour répondre à diverses questions soulevées lors de cette revue bibliographique. Nous nous intéressons d’abord à la spécificité de F. arisanus , puis à son comportement de localisation de l’hôte. Ces résultats, confrontés à la bibliographie, sont discutés dans une cinquième partie synthétique. Les termes pouvant prêter à confusion sont suivis d’un astérisque. Cet astérisque renvoie au lexique placé en fin d’ouvrage dans lequel sont précisées les définitions utilisées ici. Ce travail a été financé par le Conseil Régional de La Réunion, le Fonds Social Européen et le CIRAD. R EGION R EUNION TABLE DES MATIERES 1.1.1. PROBLEMATIQUE 1.1. LA LUTTE BIOLOGIQ UE : BEAUCOUP D ’ESSAIS , QUELQUES REUSSITES IMPRESSIONNANTES 2 1.2. DES DIPTER ES ET DES HOMMES 7 1.2.1. Les mouches des fruits : des ravageurs d’importance croissante 7 1.2.2. La lutte biologique contre les mouches des fruits 10 1.3. CONTEXTE LOCAL 12 1.3.1. La Réunion, l’île Intense (Météo-France, 2006) 12 1.3.2. L’agriculture réunionnaise (Agreste, 2005) 13 1.3.3. Les Tephritidae nuisibles à La Réunion 14 1.3.4. La lutte biologique contre les Tephritidae à La Réunion 17 1.4. OBJECTIFS 19 2.2.2. ETAT DES CONNAISSANCCONNAISSANCESESESES 2.1. LA SELECTION DE L ’HOTE CHEZ LES PARASITOÏDES D’ŒUFS 22 2.1.1. Définition et description 22 2.1.2. Stimuli visuels et mécaniques 23 2.1.3. Stimuli olfactifs 24 2.1.4. Le rôle des organes sensoriels 30 2.1.5. Plasticité et flexibilité des comportements 32 2.1.6. Interactions physiologiques hôte-parasitoïde 36 2.2. FOPIUS ARISANUS (S ONAN , 1932) 40 2.2.1. Systématique 40 2.2.2. Morphologie 42 2.2.3. Répartition géographique 44 2.2.4. Données biologiques 44 2.2.5.
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