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Mécanismes Physiologiques Sous-Jacents À La Plasticité De La Thermotolérance Chez La Drosophile Invasive Drosophila Suzukii

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Mécanismes Physiologiques Sous-Jacents À La Plasticité De La Thermotolérance Chez La Drosophile Invasive Drosophila Suzukii THESE DE DOCTORAT DE L'UNIVERSITE DE RENNES 1 COMUE UNIVERSITE BRETAGNE LOIRE ECOLE DOCTORALE N° 600 Ecole doctorale Ecologie, Géosciences, Agronomie et Alimentation Spécialité : Ecologie Evolution Par Thomas ENRIQUEZ Mécanismes physiologiques sous-jacents à la plasticité de la thermotolérance chez la drosophile invasive Drosophila suzukii Thèse présentée et soutenue à Rennes, le 17 Mai 2019 Unité de recherche : UMR 6553 ECOBIO Rapporteurs avant soutenance : Cristina VIEIRA-HEDDI Professeure, Université Claude Bernard Lyon, UMR 5558 LBBE Thierry HANCE Professeur, Université Catholique de Louvain, Earth and Life Institute Composition du Jury : Président : Claudia WIEGAND Professeure, Université de Rennes1, UMR 6553 Ecobio Examinateurs : Cristina VIEIRA-HEDDI Professeure, Université Claude Bernard Lyon, UMR 5558 LBBE Thierry HANCE Professeur, UCLouvain, Earth and Life Institute Sylvain PINCEBOURDE Chargé de recherche, CNRS, UMR 7261, IRBI Dir. de thèse : Maryvonne CHARRIER Maître de conférences, Université de Rennes1, UMR 6553 Ecobio Co-dir. de thèse : Hervé COLINET Chargé de recherche, CNRS, UMR 6553 Ecobio i Mécanismes physiologiques sous-jacents à la plasticité de la thermotolérance chez la drosophile invasive Drosophila suzukii ii Remerciements Tout d’abord, je tiens à remercier les membres de mon jury, Cristina Vieira-Heddi et Thierry Hance d’avoir accepté d’être mes rapporteurs, ainsi que Claudia Wiegand et Sylvain Pincebourde mes examinateurs. Merci à vous tous d’avoir pris de votre temps pour lire et évaluer mes travaux. Cette thèse n’aurait pas été envisageable sans ma directrice de thèse, Maryvonne Charrier. Merci beaucoup Maryvonne, pour ton aide précieuse lors de mes comités, lors des préparations de mes différents séjours scientifiques, pour les préparations de mes oraux et posters, et pour tes conseils avisés lors de la rédaction de mes articles et de ma thèse. Je pense que c’est une chance d’avoir pu être accompagné par quelqu’un possédant un bagage scientifique aussi conséquent que le tien. Je tiens bien évidemment à remercier mon directeur de thèse, Hervé Colinet, de m’avoir fait confiance et permis de réaliser cette thèse. Donc un grand merci Hervé, pour ta patience et ton encadrement sans faille, tu as su me pousser pour que je donne le meilleur de moi-même. Merci également pour tes enseignements aux différentes techniques de paillasse, pour les conseils sur les analyses de données, pour tes relectures et corrections sur les différentes versions des articles et de la thèse. J’ai énormément appris au cours de ces trois ans, et c’est en grande partie grâce à toi. Merci pour ta bonne humeur et ton humour. Merci également pour la petite soirée passé à Roscoff pendant la formation RNAseq, c’était bien sympa ! Merci également à notre super chef d’équipe, David Renault. Je souhaite te remercier pour tes conseils et avis lors de mes comités de thèse, lors de la rédaction de notre article métabolo, et pour les manips GC. Ça a été également un réel plaisir de pouvoir discuter métal et foot avec toi pendant ces trois ans ! Je souhaite remercier les membres de mes comités de thèse, Anne Marie Cortesero, Marie Traballon, Patricia Gibert et Olivier Chabrerie, pour la pertinence de vos commentaires lors de ces deux comités, qui m’ont permis d’améliorer mes travaux. A Ecobio, nous avons la chance d’avoir une super équipe de gestionnaires, un très grand merci donc à Valérie Briand, Bertrand Di Cesare, Sandra Rigault, Isabelle Picouays et Patricia Daucé pour vos supers coups de mains administratifs, pour les ordres de missions, etc. iii Au cours de ces trois ans, j’ai pu compter sur une super Team de stagiaires, qui ont été d’une grande aide lors de différentes manips. Merci donc (dans l’ordre chronologique) à David Ruel. On en aura compté des mouches et des pupes ! Merci aussi pour les chouettes échanges musicaux, j’espère que ta thèse en Israël se passe bien ! Merci à Gaëtan Cormy, sans qui je n’aurais pas pu mettre en place les longs et laborieux tests de compétitivité, je te souhaite une réussite maximale pour la suite de tes études ! Merci à la petite dernière, Alexiane Kustre, même si tu n’as pas été réellement ma stagiaire, tu as été d’une grande aide durant ton stage et une super baby-sitteuse de pôtit chat ! Je tiens également à remercier Romain Georges de m’avoir emmené sur le terrain pour les piégeages de suzukii, ça fait du bien de sortir du labo de temps en temps ! Un tout grand merci à Benoit Dujol qui a repris d’une main de maître le délicat élevage de D. suzukii. Benoit, je te confie nos bébés. Prends en soin. En arrivant à Ecobio, j’ai eu la chance d’être accueilli dans le merveilleux bureau des Doctorant(e)s. Merci donc aux copains : Maxime Dahirel, dit l’aïeul (oui oui, tu as toujours fait partie du bureau des docs), Maud Deniau, Tiphaine Ouisse (et Greg du coup !), Alice Gadea et le petit nouveau : Mickael Pihain, bon courage et bonne continuation à toi ! Je n’ai évidemment pas oublié Youn Henri, mon ainé de 6 mois. Merci à toi pour tes conseils, les nombreux coups de main pour les manips, les découvertes BD et musicales, pour les bières au bar et les soirées jeux ! Amuse-toi bien en Suisse ! Merci à tous les autres docs du labo, ça a été un plaisir de vous côtoyer durant ces 3 ans, Maxime (force et honneur ! bonne chance à Prague), Emma (on se refera des soirées bientôt !), Kaïna, Kévin, Morgane, Gorenka, Julie, et tous ceux que j’oublie ! Au cours de cette thèse, j’ai eu l’opportunité de réaliser des séjours dans deux laboratoires, où j’ai toujours été très bien accueilli. Merci donc à Patricia Gibert et Laurence Mouton du LBBE de Lyon. Merci pour votre accueil chaleureux au sein du labo. C’est dommage que les suzukii aient compromis les manips initialement prévues, mais bon, on commence à les connaitre ces petites pestes ! Un TRES grand merci à Hélène Henri, qui m’a super bien coaché pour les qPCR. J’ai beaucoup appris à tes côtés, merci d’avoir pris de ton temps pour me former. Au LBBE j’ai eu la chance de rencontrer une super équipe de docs et stagiaires, merci donc à David, Alexis (merci pour la recette du caviar à la tomate séchée !) et Pierre. Merci pour iv votre super accueil au bureau, et pour les soirées bières/jeux de sociétés, c’était un plaisir ! Bonne continuation à vous. I would like to thanks the Seibersdorf team, for their warm welcome at the IPCL. Thanks to Carlos Caceres, who supervised my work. It was a pleasure to work with you. I also would like to address a special thanks to the two other PhD of the project, Katerina Nikolouli and Fabiana Sassu. Katerina, thank you for your welcome, and for your technical support during my experimentation! It was a pleasure to meet you. Fabiana, thanks a lot for your help in all our assays, and thanks for the diner at your place (and greetings to Mathei)! Enfin, je souhaite adresser mes derniers remerciements à ma famille : mon papa et ma maman qui ont toujours cru en moi, mon grand frère et ma grande sœur pour leur soutien (et merci pour les relectures Marie !), et ma belle-famille : merci Laëtitia William et Benoit pour votre soutien ! Et bien évidemment, merci à toi Julie, ces trois ans sans toi n’auraient pas été possibles. Merci pour ton grand soutien, pour tes avis super utiles lors de mes relectures. Merci d’avoir été là pour moi. v “When the air gets colder and the sun won't shine When the winter comes he'll be a slow slow fly fly He'll be a slow slow fly fly He’ll take a long long time time He’ll be a slow slow fly fly” – The Presidents Of The United States Of America: ‘Slow Slow Fly’ – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wXwhwiuIq5o vi "There cannot be a greater mistake than that of looking superciliously upon practical applications of science. The life and soul of science is its practical application…" Lord Kelvin - Popular Lectures Vol. I, May 3, 1883 vii Table des matières Liste des publications ............................................................................................................ xi Liste des abréviations ........................................................................................................... xii Liste des figures .................................................................................................................. xiii Liste des tableaux ................................................................................................................ xiii Introduction générale ............................................................................................................... 1 Avant-propos .............................................................................................................................. 2 I. La plasticité de la thermotolérance, un facteur déterminant du succès des invasions biologiques ................................................................................................................................. 3 I.1. La problématique des espèces invasives .................................................................... 3 I.2. La température : un facteur fondamental influençant la biologie des organismes ..... 4 I.3. Les différentes stratégies de thermorégulation ........................................................... 5 I.4. Les courbes de performance ....................................................................................... 5 I.5. Les stratégies de tolérance au froid des insectes ........................................................ 7 I.6. Adaptation de la tolérance au froid chez les insectes ..............................................
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