Non-Target Effects of Insect Biocontrol Agents and Trends in Host Specificity Since 1985
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Cycad Aulacaspis Scale
Invasive Insects: Risks and Pathways Project CYCAD AULACASPIS SCALE UPDATED: APRIL 2020 Invasive insects are a huge biosecurity challenge. We profile some of the most harmful insect invaders overseas to show why we must keep them out of Australia. Species Cycad aulacaspis scale / Aulacaspis yasumatsui. Also known as Asian cycad scale. Main impacts Decimates wild cycad populations, kills cultivated cycads. Native range Thailand. Invasive range China, Taiwan, Singapore, Indonesia, Guam, United States, Caribbean Islands, Mexico, France, Ivory Coast1,2. Detected in New Zealand in 2004, but eradicated.2 Main pathways of global spread As a contaminant of traded nursery material (cycads and cycad foliage).3 WHAT TO LOOK OUT FOR The adult female cycad aulacaspis scale has a white cover (scale), 1.2–1.6 mm long, ENVIRONMENTAL variable in shape and sometimes translucent enough to see the orange insect with its IMPACTS OVERSEAS orange eggs beneath. The scale of the male is white and elongate, 0.5–0.6 mm long. Photo: Jeffrey W. Lotz, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, The cycad aulacaspis scale has decimated Bugwood.org | CC BY 3.0 cycads on Guam since it appeared there in 2003. The affected species, Cycas micronesica, was once the most common cause cycad extinctions around the world, Taiwan, 100,000 cycads were destroyed tree on Guam, but was listed by the IUCN 7 including in India10 and Indonesia11. The by an outbreak of the scale . It is difficult as endangered in 2006 following attacks continuous removal of plant sap by the to control in cultivation because of high by three insect pests, of which this scale scale depletes cycads of carbohydrates4,9. -
ISSN: 2320-5407 Int. J. Adv. Res. 4(8), 2099-2116
ISSN: 2320-5407 Int. J. Adv. Res. 4(8), 2099-2116 Journal Homepage: - www.journalijar.com Article DOI: Article DOI: 10.21474/IJAR01/1427 DOI URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/IJAR01/1427 RESEARCH ARTICLE INSECT PESTS OF FORESTRY PLANTS AND THEIR MANAGEMENT. Meeta Sharma Arid Forest Research Institute, Jodhpur (Rajasthan)-342005. …………………………………………………………………………………………………….... Manuscript Info Abstract ……………………. ……………………………………………………………… Manuscript History Indian arid zone covers 31.7 million ha hot desert and 0.78 million ha cold desert, which is about 12 percent of the country‟s total Received: 12 June 2016 geographical area. The mean annual rainfall in the region varies from Final Accepted: 19 July 2016 100 mm in the north- western sector of Jaisalmer to 550 mm in eastern Published: August 2016 districts of Rajasthan, Gujarat and Haryana. The rainfall is highly erratic having 65 percent coefficient of variability. The vegetation in Key words:- the Indian arid zone is very sparse , scanty and thorny. However, the Forest, Bruchid, Parasitoid.. forests and trees like many other plants, suffer from attack by insect pests and diseases which cause a lot of damage, resulting in poor tree growth, poor timber quality, and in some cases, complete destruction and reduction of forest cover in Indian arid zone also. Thus, trees and forests need to be protected from these agents of destruction. With the ever increasing human and livestock population, the amount of forest per capita is declining particularly in the less industrialized or developing areas of the world. It is estimated that the land under forest in developing countries is about 2100 million hectares, or more than half of the forested land on earth. -
Vii Congreso De Estudiantes Universitarios De Ciencia, Tecnología E Ingeniería Agronómica
VII CONGRESO DE ESTUDIANTES UNIVERSITARIOS DE CIENCIA, TECNOLOGÍA E INGENIERÍA AGRONÓMICA Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos Universidad Politécnica de Madrid Madrid, 5 y 6 de mayo de 2015 COMITÉ ORGANIZADOR Profesora Pilar García Rebollar Estudiantes Iñigo Mauleón Pérez María Rodríguez Francisco Vocales Silverio Alarcón Lorenzo Carlos Hernández Díaz-Ambrona María Remedios Alvir Morencos Ignacio Mariscal Sancho Augusto Arce Martínez Mª Ángeles Mendiola Ubillos Mª Antonia Bañuelos Bernabé David Menoyo Luque Raúl Sánchez Calvo Rodríguez Felipe Palomero Rodríguez Mercedes Flórez García Margarita Ruiz Ramos José María Fuentes Pardo José Francisco Vázquez Muñiz Ana Isabel García García Morris Villarroel Robinson VII Congreso de Estudiantes Universitarios de Ciencia, Tecnología e Ingeniería Agronómica PRÓLOGO En este VII Congreso de estudiantes volvemos agradecer a todos los profesores y alumnos su participación y colaboración en todo momento para que en este Libro de Actas que tienes entre tus manos se hayan recopilado los trabajos de más de 100 estudiantes. Todos los trabajos han sido revisados por los profesores del Comité Científico del Congreso y esperamos que las correcciones hayan sido de utilidad a los autores. Ya sólo queda “la puesta en escena” con la exposición y los nervios de hablar en público. Se dice que “no hay temas aburridos, sino oradores poco entusiastas”. Sabemos que nuestros estudiantes, si se han lanzado a presentar su trabajo en este Congreso, es porque entusiasmo no les falta, y los organizadores del Congreso vamos a hacer todo lo posible para que no decaiga. No obstante, como en cualquier otro evento de este tipo, tenemos un tiempo limitado y esperamos que los ponentes controlen su entusiasmo y sepan respetarlo. -
Survival of the Cycad Aulacaspis Scale in Northern Florida During Sub-Freezing Weather
furcata) (FDACS/DPI, 2002). These thrips are foliage feeders North American Plant Protection Organization’s Phytosanitary causing galling and leaf curl, which is cosmetic and has not Alert System been associated with plant decline. This feeding damage is http://www.pestalert.org only to new foliage and appears to be seasonal. This pest is be- coming established in urban areas causing concern to home- Literature Cited owners and commercial landscapers due to leaf damage. Control is difficult due to protection by leaf galls. Howev- Edwards, G. B. 2002. Pest Alert, Holopothrips sp., an Introduced Thrips Pest er, systemic insecticides are providing some control. No bio- of Trumpet Tree. March 2002. <http://doacs.state.fl.us/~pi/enpp/ ento/images/paholo-pothrips3.02.gif>. controls have been found. FDACS/DPI. 2002. TRI-OLOGY. Mar.-Apr. 2002. Fla. Dept. Agr. Cons. Serv./ Div. Plant Ind. Newsletter, vol. 41, no. 2. <http://doacs.state.fl.us/~pi/ Resources for New Insect Pest Information enpp/02-mar-apr.html>. Howard, F. W., A. Hamon, G. S. Hodges, C. M. Mannion, and J. Wofford. 2002. Lobate Lac Scale, Paratachardina lobata lobata (Chamberlin) (Hemip- The following are some web sites and list serves for addi- tera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea: Kerriidae). Univ. of Fla. Cir., EENY- tional information on new insects pests in Florida. 276. <http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/IN471>. Hoy, M. A., A. Hamon, and R. Nguyen. 2003. Pink Hibiscus Mealybug, Ma- University of Florida Pest Alert conellicoccus hirsutus (Green) (Insecta: Homoptera: Pseudococcidae). http://extlab7.entnem.ufl.edu/PestAlert/ Univ. of Fla. Cir., EENY-29. <http://creatures.ifas.ufl.edu/orn/mealybug/ mealybug.htm>. -
Biological Characteristics of Orthonama Obstipata (Fabricius, 1794) (Lepidoptera: Geometridae), an Emerging Defoliator of Mint (Mentha Spicata L., 1753) in Morocco
Mor. J. Agri. Sci. 2 (3): 119-129, September 2021 119 Biological characteristics of Orthonama obstipata (Fabricius, 1794) (Lepidoptera: Geometridae), an emerging defoliator of mint (Mentha spicata L., 1753) in Morocco Chahrazad EL ANBRI1, Taoufik EDDAYA2, Ahmed BOUGHDAD3, Patrick CHAIMBAULT4, Abdelhamid ZAÏD1 Abstract The looper caterpillar, O. obstipata is one of the defoliator species of cultivated mint 1 Faculty of Sciences, Moulay Ismail in Morocco. Its identification and its biology constitute the preliminary step for the University, Meknes, Morocco development of a program aiming at its integrated management. The larvae were col- 2 Institute of Horticultural Special- lected from a plot of mint grown in a region of northern central Morocco, and reared ized Technicians,Meknes, Morocco in the laboratory. The identification of the species was based on comparing the male 3 Plant and Environment Protection aedeagus and the female spermatheca to the reference slides. In this study, the elements Department, National School of Agriculture, Meknes, Morocco of biology and morphological characteristics of the different ecophases ofO. obstipata are clarified and discussed. The life cycle of the species, from egg to egg, is completed 4 University of Lorraine, LCP- A2MC, Metz, France in 31.3 ± 2.16 days. The emergence occurs linearly in time after the 27th and 28th days of oviposition according the sex. The sex ratio (Male/Female) is 0.88:1. The fecundity * Corresponding author of the females is positively correlated with their lifespan. Females have an average fe- [email protected] cundity of 210 eggs and a fertility rate of 97%. Adults live on average 22.0 ± 6.3 days. -
To Us Insectometers, It Is Clear That Insect Decline in Our Costa Rican
SPECIAL FEATURE: PERSPECTIVE To us insectometers, it is clear that insect decline in our Costa Rican tropics is real, so let’sbekindto SPECIAL FEATURE: PERSPECTIVE the survivors Daniel H. Janzena,1 and Winnie Hallwachsa Edited by David L. Wagner, University of Connecticut, and accepted by Editorial Board Member May R. Berenbaum November 11, 2020 (received for review April 6, 2020) We have been field observers of tropical insects on four continents and, since 1978, intense observers of caterpillars, their parasites, and their associates in the 1,260 km2 of dry, cloud, and rain forests of Area´ de Conservaci ´onGuanacaste (ACG) in northwestern Costa Rica. ACG’s natural ecosystem restoration began with its national park designation in 1971. As human biomonitors, or “insectometers,” we see that ACG’s insect species richness and density have gradually declined since the late 1970s, and more intensely since about 2005. The overarching perturbation is climate change. It has caused increasing ambient tempera- tures for all ecosystems; more erratic seasonal cues; reduced, erratic, and asynchronous rainfall; heated air masses sliding up the volcanoes and burning off the cloud forest; and dwindling biodiversity in all ACG terrestrial ecosystems. What then is the next step as climate change descends on ACG’s many small-scale successes in sustainable biodevelopment? Be kind to the survivors by stimulating and facilitating their owner societies to value them as legitimate members of a green sustainable nation. Encourage national bioliteracy, BioAlfa. climate change | BioAlfa | conservation by rewilding | biodevelopment | insect decline As “insectometers,” also known as human biomoni- eventually focused into Area´ de Conservaci ´onGuana- tors, we have watched the conspicuous ongoing de- caste (ACG) in northwestern Costa Rica (8–13) (Fig. -
Catalog of the Encarsia of the World (2007)
Catalog of the Encarsia of the World (2007) John Heraty, James Woolley and Andrew Polaszek (a work in progress) Note: names in parentheses refer to species groups, not subgenera. Encarsia Foerster, 1878. Type species: Encarsia tricolor Foerster, by original designation. Aspidiotiphagus Howard, 1894a. Type species: Coccophagus citrinus Craw, by original designation. Synonymy by Viggiani & Mazzone, 1979[144]: 44. Aspidiotiphagus Howard, 1894a. Type species: Coccophagus citrinus Craw, by original designation. Synonymy by Viggiani & Mazzone, 1979[144]: 44. Prospalta Howard, 1894b. Type species: Coccophagus aurantii Howard. Subsequently designated by ICZN, Opinion 845, 1968: 12-13. Homonym; discovered by ??. Encarsia of the World 2 Prospalta Howard, 1894b. Type species: Coccophagus aurantii Howard. Homonym of Prospalta Howard; discovered by ??. Encarsia; Howard, 1895b. Subsequent description. Prospaltella Ashmead, 1904[238]. Replacement name; synonymy by Viggiani & Mazzone, 1979[144]: 44. Prospaltella Ashmead, 1904[238]. Replacement name for Prospalta Howard Viggiani & Mazzone, 1979[144]: 44. Mimatomus Cockerell, 1911. Type species: Mimatomus peltatus Cockerell, by monotypy. Synonymy by Girault, 1917[312]: 114. Doloresia Mercet, 1912. Type species: Prospaltella filicornis Mercet, by original designation. Synonymy by Mercet, 1930a: 191. Aspidiotiphagus; Mercet, 1912a. Subsequent description. Encarsia; Mercet, 1912a. Subsequent description. Prospaltella; Mercet, 1912a. Subsequent description. Prospaltoides Bréthes, 1914. Type species: Prospaltoides -
Natural Distribution of Parasitoids of Larvae of the Fall Armyworm, <I
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Faculty Publications: Department of Entomology Entomology, Department of 2009 Natural distribution of parasitoids of larvae of the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, in Argentina M Gabriela Murua Estación Experimental Agroindustrial Obispo Colombres, CONICET Jamie Molina Ochoa Universidad de Colima, University of Nebraska-Lincoln Patricio Fidalgo CRILAR Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/entomologyfacpub Part of the Entomology Commons Murua, M Gabriela; Ochoa, Jamie Molina; and Fidalgo, Patricio, "Natural distribution of parasitoids of larvae of the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, in Argentina" (2009). Faculty Publications: Department of Entomology. 384. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/entomologyfacpub/384 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Entomology, Department of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Publications: Department of Entomology by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Journal of Insect Science: Vol. 9 | Article 20 Murúa et al. Natural distribution of parasitoids of larvae of the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, in Argentina M. Gabriela Murúaa,b, Jaime Molina-Ochoac,d and Patricio Fidalgoe aEstación Experimental Agroindustrial Obispo Colombres, Sección Zoología Agrícola, CC 9, Las Talitas (T4101XAC), Tucumán, Argentina bCONICET cUniversidad de Colima, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Km. 40, autopista Colima-Manzanillo, Tecomán, Colima (28100), México dDepartment of Entomology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583-0816, USA eCRILAR (CONICET), entre Ríos y Mendoza s/n, Anillaco (5301), La Rioja, Argentina Abstract To develop a better understanding of the natural distribution of the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), and to update the knowledge of the incidence of its complex of parasitoids. -
The Associations Between Pteridophytes and Arthropods
FERN GAZ. 12(1) 1979 29 THE ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN PTERIDOPHYTES AND ARTHROPODS URI GERSON The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Faculty of Agriculture, Rehovot, Israel. ABSTRACT Insects belonging to 12 orders, as well as mites, millipedes, woodlice and tardigrades have been collected from Pterldophyta. Primitive and modern, as well as general and specialist arthropods feed on pteridophytes. Insects and mites may cause slight to severe damage, all plant parts being susceptible. Several arthropods are pests of commercial Pteridophyta, their control being difficult due to the plants' sensitivity to pesticides. Efforts are currently underway to employ insects for the biological control of bracken and water ferns. Although Pteridophyta are believed to be relatively resistant to arthropods, the evidence is inconclusive; pteridophyte phytoecdysones do not appear to inhibit insect feeders. Other secondary compounds of preridophytes, like prunasine, may have a more important role in protecting bracken from herbivores. Several chemicals capable of adversely affecting insects have been extracted from Pteridophyta. The litter of pteridophytes provides a humid habitat for various parasitic arthropods, like the sheep tick. Ants often abound on pteridophytes (especially in the tropics) and may help in protecting these plants while nesting therein. These and other associations are discussed . lt is tenatively suggested that there might be a difference in the spectrum of arthropods attacking ancient as compared to modern Pteridophyta. The Osmundales, which, in contrast to other ancient pteridophytes, contain large amounts of ·phytoecdysones, are more similar to modern Pteridophyta in regard to their arthropod associates. The need for further comparative studies is advocated, with special emphasis on the tropics. -
Clicking Caterpillars: Acoustic Aposematism in Antheraea Polyphemus and Other Bombycoidea Sarah G
993 The Journal of Experimental Biology 210, 993-1005 Published by The Company of Biologists 2007 doi:10.1242/jeb.001990 Clicking caterpillars: acoustic aposematism in Antheraea polyphemus and other Bombycoidea Sarah G. Brown1, George H. Boettner2 and Jayne E. Yack1,* 1Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, K1S 5B6, Canada and 2Plant Soil and Insect Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA *Author for correspondence (e-mail: [email protected]) Accepted 21 November 2006 Summary Acoustic signals produced by caterpillars have been correlated sound production with attack, and an increase documented for over 100 years, but in the majority of in attack rate was positively correlated with the number of cases their significance is unknown. This study is the first signals produced. In addition, sound production typically to experimentally examine the phenomenon of audible preceded or accompanied defensive regurgitation. sound production in larval Lepidoptera, focusing on a Bioassays with invertebrates (ants) and vertebrates (mice) common silkmoth caterpillar, Antheraea polyphemus revealed that the regurgitant is deterrent to would-be (Saturniidae). Larvae produce airborne sounds, predators. Comparative evidence revealed that other resembling ‘clicks’, with their mandibles. Larvae typically Bombycoidea species, including Actias luna (Saturniidae) signal multiple times in quick succession, producing trains and Manduca sexta (Sphingidae), also produce airborne that last over 1·min and include 50–55 clicks. Individual sounds upon attack, and that these sounds precede clicks within a train are on average 24.7·ms in duration, regurgitation. The prevalence and adaptive significance of often consisting of multiple components. Clicks are audible warning sounds in caterpillars is discussed. -
Laboratory Performance of Cactoblastis Cactorum 1163
Varone et al.: Laboratory Performance of Cactoblastis cactorum 1163 LABORATORY PERFORMANCE OF CACTOBLASTIS CACTORUM (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE) ON SOUTH AND NORTH AMERICAN OPUNTIA SPECIES OCCURRING IN ARGENTINA LAURA VARONE1, MARIANA MANTECA ACOSTA2, GUILLERMO A. LOGARZO1, JUAN A. BRIANO1, STEPHEN D. HIGHT3 AND JAMES E. CARPENTER4 1FuEDEI, Fundación para el Estudio de Especies Invasivas, Hurlingham (1686), Buenos Aires, Argentina 2INMeT, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Tropical, Puerto Iguazú (3370), Misiones, Argentina 3USDA-ARS- CMAVE, FAMU, 6383 Mahan Drive Tallahassee, FL 32308, USA 4USDA-ARS- CPMRU, 2747 Davis Road, Tifton, GA 31793, USA Corresponding author; E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT The cactus moth, Cactoblastis cactorum (Berg), is native to South America. Since its unin- tentional arrival to the United States in 1989 and to Mexican islands in 2006, it has become a serious threat to the diversity of both wild and cultivated species of Opuntia Mill. in North America. The native ecological host range of C. cactorum has not been directly ascertained and host acceptance is unclear. Taxonomic nomenclature of Opuntia spp. has been confus- ing, contradictory, and rapidly changing, leading to inaccurate conclusions about host plant use by C. cactorum in its native South American range. This study was conducted to bet- ter understand the biology and ecology of C. cactorum in Argentina by evaluating, under laboratory conditions, the insects’ performance (survivorship, development time, potential fecundity) on 8 Opuntia spp. occurring in Argentina. Feeding trials were conducted on 5 Opuntia spp. native to Argentina and 3 Opuntia spp. native to Mexico. Cactoblastis cac- torum larvae failed to feed on 2 native Opuntia spp., and had their greatest performance on the North American O. -
Climatic Condition in Mandi Distric
Research Paper Volume : 4 | Issue : 1 | January 2015 • ISSN No 2277 - 8179 Taxonomic Studies on Light Trap Collected Biotechnology Species of Abraxas Leach Under Agro- KEYWORDS : Taxonomic, Genitalia, Wing, Adeagus Climatic Condition in Mandi District of Himachal Pradesh Forest Protection Division, Himalayan Forest Research Institute, Conifer Campus VIKRANT THAKUR Panthaghati, Shimla Himachal Pradesh 171009 MANOJ KUMAR Faculty of Biotechnology, Shoolini university, Solan HP-172230 ABSTRACT The light trap collection by using mercury lamp indicated that Abraxas Leach under agro-climatic condition of Mandi district of Himachal Pradesh is comprises of three species viz. Abraxas picaria Moore, Abraxas leucostola Hampson and Abraxas sylvata Scopoli. These species obatain their peak in July- August . Abraxas leucostola Hampson was found most abundant followed by Abraxas picaria Moore and Abraxas sylvata Scopoli on the basis of daily catches. The taxonomic study on these spe- cies carried out and described in detail. A key to the species of Abraxas Leach has also been provided for their easy identification. Introduction: DEX (Beccaloni et.al. 2003). The hierarchy of different moth is This moth is mostly white with brownish patches across all of given by Van Nieukerken et al. (2011) the wings. There are small areas of pale gray on the forewings and hind wings. They resemble bird droppings while resting on Result: the upper surface of leaves. The adults fly from late May to early Abraxas picaria Moore August. They are attracted to light. The wingspan is 38 mm. to picariaMoore, 1868, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1893(2): 393 (Abraxas). 48 mm. The moth is nocturnal and is easy to find during the day.