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Invasive Insects: Risks and Pathways Project CYCAD AULACASPIS SCALE UPDATED: APRIL 2020 Invasive insects are a huge biosecurity challenge. We profile some of the most harmful insect invaders overseas to show why we must keep them out of Australia. Species Cycad aulacaspis scale / Aulacaspis yasumatsui. Also known as Asian cycad scale. Main impacts Decimates wild cycad populations, kills cultivated cycads. Native range Thailand. Invasive range China, Taiwan, Singapore, Indonesia, Guam, United States, Caribbean Islands, Mexico, France, Ivory Coast1,2. Detected in New Zealand in 2004, but eradicated.2 Main pathways of global spread As a contaminant of traded nursery material (cycads and cycad foliage).3 WHAT TO LOOK OUT FOR The adult female cycad aulacaspis scale has a white cover (scale), 1.2–1.6 mm long, ENVIRONMENTAL variable in shape and sometimes translucent enough to see the orange insect with its IMPACTS OVERSEAS orange eggs beneath. The scale of the male is white and elongate, 0.5–0.6 mm long. Photo: Jeffrey W. Lotz, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, The cycad aulacaspis scale has decimated Bugwood.org | CC BY 3.0 cycads on Guam since it appeared there in 2003. The affected species, Cycas micronesica, was once the most common cause cycad extinctions around the world, Taiwan, 100,000 cycads were destroyed tree on Guam, but was listed by the IUCN 7 including in India10 and Indonesia11. The by an outbreak of the scale . It is difficult as endangered in 2006 following attacks continuous removal of plant sap by the to control in cultivation because of high by three insect pests, of which this scale scale depletes cycads of carbohydrates4,9. fecundity, and because it infests roots, 4 is the worst . A reference population Highly infested cycads become almost where it escapes insecticides. declined from 686 plants prior to the completely coated with a white crust (as cycad reaching it to 87 individuals just if covered in snow) made up of the scales 5 three years later . In 2010 a Taiwanese (protective waxy coverings) of live and AUSTRALIAN cycad, Cycas taitungensis, was also listed dead insects8. Once established, the scale CONCERNS by the IUCN as endangered because of 9 is ‘unusually difficult’ to control . The broad host range of the cycad this scale6, and scientists have written of aulacaspis scale suggests that all of its ‘imminent extinction’7. After the scale Australia’s cycad species could be at appeared in Florida in 1996, cycads in a HUMAN AND risk. Australia has a very diverse, mostly botanical garden suffered attacks that ECONOMIC IMPACTS threatened the survival of several rare and endemic, cycad flora, with many species OVERSEAS inherently vulnerable to extinction due to endangered species in its collection8. Cycads are important ornamental plants, their small populations. They include six The cycad aulacaspis scale attacks species and unsightly infections in gardens and cycads listed as nationally endangered in all three cycad families, and has been deaths in nurseries are problems for the (two Cycas and two Macrozamia species) recorded on plants from eight of ten gardening industry. In one of the world’s and eight listed as vulnerable (three cycad genera1,9. There are concerns it will leading exporters of cycads, a nursery in Cycas, fiveMacrozamia )12. Additional INVASION WATCH: Cycad aulacaspis scale Cycad scale on sago palm leaf. Photo: Scot Nelson species are listed as threatened in climate change scenarios and the implications Species profile: Aulacaspis yasumatsui. Invasive Queensland and New South Wales. for management. PeerJ. 6: e4832. Species Specialist Group, IUCN. Retrieved The cycad aulacaspis scale could cause 2. Germain JF, Hodges GS (2007): First from http://www.iucngisd.org/gisd/species. extinctions even without killing plants report of Aulacaspis yasumatsui (Hemiptera: php?sc=814. if it sends populations into permanent Diaspididae) in Africa (Ivory Coast), and update 10. Muniappan R, Viraktamath CA (2006): The decline by reducing their seed output on distribution. Florida Entomologist. 90: Asian cycad scale Aulocaspis yasumatsui, a and seedling vigour. In Florida, one of the 755–756. threat to native cycads in India. Current Science. 91: 868–870. cultivated cycads attacked by the scale is 3. Invasive insects: risks and pathways. an Australian species (Cycas media)8. Unpublished data (2019): Monash University 11. Muniappan R, Watson GW, Evans GA, Rauf and Invasive Species Council. A, Von Ellenrieder N (2012): Cycad aulacaspis The scale has wide climatic tolerances, 4. Marler TE, Cascasan ANJ (2018): scale, a newly introduced insect pest in judging by its success in locations as Carbohydrate depletion during lethal Indonesia. HAYATI Journal of Biosciences. 19: varied as Singapore, France, Taiwan and infestation of Aulacaspis yasumatsui on Cycas 110–114. Texas. Climatic modelling indicates that revoluta. International Journal of Plant Sciences. 12. Department of the Environment and Energy much of Australia, including in eastern 179: 497–504. (n.d.): Species Profile and Threats Database. Queensland, which is rich in cycad 5. Marler T, Haynes J, Lindstrom A (2010): EPBC Act list of threatened flora. Australian species, is suitable1. Cycas micronesica. The IUCN Red List of Government. Retrieved from http://www. Threatened Species. International Union for the environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/sprat/public/ Australia allows the importation of Conservation of Nature. Retrieved from http:// publicthreatenedlist.pl?wanted=flora. cycad foliage for the florist trade from dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-3.RLTS. 13. Interim Inspector-General of Biosecurity all countries, subject to fumigation13. In T61316A12462113.e. (2015): Effectiveness of biosecurity controls 2015 the Interim Inspector-General of 6. Haynes J (2010): Cycas taitungensis. for imported fresh cut flowers. Audit Report. Biosecurity examined the effectiveness The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Australian Government. of biosecurity for imported flowers and International Union for the Conservation foliage and found that some staff weren’t of Nature. Retrieved from http://dx.doi. inspecting imports at the required rate, org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-3.RLTS. ABOUT THIS PROJECT some insects were surviving fumigation, T42067A10642224.en. The Invasive Insects: Risks and Pathways Project is a partnership 7. Ravuiwasa KT, Tan C-W, Bezirganoglu I, and some flower boxes had ventilation between Monash University and the Invasive holes that pests could escape through Hwang S-Y (2012): Temperature-dependent Species Council. To find out more visit before treatment13. In France the scale demography of Aulacaspis yasumatsui invasives.org.au/risks-and-pathways. was detected on cycad foliage imported (Hemiptera: Diaspididae). Journal of Economic from Africa2. Entomology. 105: 1581–1590. 8. Howard FW, Hamon A, Mclaughlin M, Weissling T, Yang S (1999): Aulacaspis SOURCES yasumatsui (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: 1. Wei J, Zhao Q, Zhao W, Zhang H (2018): Diaspididae), a scale insect pest of cycads Predicting the potential distributions of the recently introduced into Florida. Florida invasive cycad scale Aulacaspis yasumatsui Entomologist. 82: 14–27. (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) under different 9. Global Invasive Species Database (2010): INVASION WATCH: Cycad aulacaspis scale.
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  • Survival of the Cycad Aulacaspis Scale in Northern Florida During Sub-Freezing Weather

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    ABSTRACT Too Little and Too Late???? Asian Cycad Scale (ACS) Chronology Asian cycad scale (ACS), Aulacaspis yasumatsui, was 1972 – Aulacaspis yasumatsui described in Thailand first detected in Tumon, Guam in December 2003 in front Rhyzobius lophanthae introduced against Asian 1996 – ACS detected in Florida of a hotel where Cycas revoluta, an introduced ornamental 1998 – ACS detected in Hawaii cycad and Cycas micronesica, an indigenous cycad were cycad scale, Aulacaspis yasumatsui, on Guam 2003 – ACS detected on cycads used for landscaping in Guam’s planted. The scale is believed to have been imported from Tumon Bay hotel district Hawaii in 1998 on ornamental cycads. The scale currently R.H. Miller1, A. Moore1, R.N. Muniappan1, A.P. Brooke2 and T.E. Marler1. 2004 – ACS spreads to Cycas revoluta and C. micronesica infests introduced and indigenous cycads on about two 1CNAS-AES, University of Guam, Mangilao, Guam (fadang) throughout Guam thirds of Guam’s 354 square kilometers. Severe 2Guam National Wildlife Refuge, Dededo, Guam 2005 – Ryzobius lophanthae and Coccobius fulvus released on infestations have been observed to kill both species within Guam; Plans made to preserve C. micronesica germplasm from a few months. We fear that C. micronesica may be Guam on the nearby island of Tinian threatened with extinction should the scale spread to the few other Micronesian islands that harbor it. Rhyzobius lophanthae, a coccinellid introduced to Asian Cycad Scale Management Hawaii in 1894 for other scale insects, was imported from Biological Control Agents on Guam Maui to Guam in November 2004 and released on C. Rhyzobius lophanthae micronesica at the Guam National Wildlife Refuge at • Introduced in Hawaii in 1894; Guam ??? 1930s Ritidian point in February 2005.
  • Elemental Profiles in Cycas Micronesica Stems

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    plants Article Elemental Profiles in Cycas micronesica Stems Thomas E. Marler College of Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Guam, UOG Station, Mangilao, Guam 96923, USA; [email protected]; Tel.: +1-671-735-2100 Received: 24 August 2018; Accepted: 30 October 2018; Published: 1 November 2018 Abstract: Essential nutrients and metals have been quantified in stems of many tree species to understand the role of stems as storage and source organs. Little is known about stored stem resources of cycad tree species. Cycas micronesica tissue was collected from apical and basal axial regions of stems; and pith, vascular, and cortex tissues were separated into three radial regions. Leaves were also sampled to provide a comparison to stems. Minerals and metals were quantified in all tissues. Minerals and metals varied greatly among the six stem sections. Phosphorus varied more among the three radial sections than the other macronutrients, and zinc and nickel varied more than the other micronutrients. Stem carbon was less than and stem calcium was greater than expected, based on what is currently known tree stem concentrations in the literature. Elemental concentrations were generally greater than those previously reported for coniferous gymnosperm trees. Moreover, the stem concentrations were high in relation to leaf concentrations, when compared to published angiosperm and conifer data. The results indicated that the addition of more cycad species to the literature will improve our understanding of gymnosperm versus angiosperm stem nutrient relations, and that the non-woody cycad stem contains copious essential plant nutrients that can be mobilized and deployed to sinks when needed.
  • References, Sources, Links

    References, Sources, Links

    History of Diaspididae Evolution of Nomenclature for Diaspids 1. 1758: Linnaeus assigned 17 species of “Coccus” (the nominal genus of the Coccoidea) in his Systema Naturae: 3 of his species are still recognized as Diaspids (aonidum,ulmi, and salicis). 2. 1828 (circa) Costa proposes 3 subdivisions including Diaspis. 3. 1833, Bouche describes the Genus Aspidiotus 4. 1868 to 1870: Targioni-Tozzetti. 5. 1877: The Signoret Catalogue was the first compilation of the first century of post-Linnaeus systematics of scale insects. It listed 9 genera consisting of 73 species of the diaspididae. 6. 1903: Fernaldi Catalogue listed 35 genera with 420 species. 7. 1966: Borschenius Catalogue listed 335 genera with 1890 species. 8. 1983: 390 genera with 2200 species. 9. 2004: Homptera alone comprised of 32,000 known species. Of these, 2390 species are Diaspididae and 1982 species of Pseudococcidae as reported on Scalenet at the Systematic Entomology Lab. CREDITS & REFERENCES • G. Ferris Armored Scales of North America, (1937) • “A Dictionary of Entomology” Gordh & Headrick • World Crop Pests: Armored Scale Insects, Volume 4A and 4B 1990. • Scalenet (http://198.77.169.79/scalenet/scalenet.htm) • Latest nomenclature changes are cited by Scalenet. • Crop Protection Compendium Diaspididae Distinct sexual dimorphism Immatures: – Nymphs (mobile, but later stages sessile and may develop exuviae). – Pupa & Prepupa (sessile under exuviae, Males Only). Adults – Male (always mobile). – Legs. – 2 pairs of Wing. – Divided head, thorax, and abdomen. – Elongated genital organ (long style & penal sheath). – Female (sessile under exuviae). – Legless (vestigial legs may be present) & Wingless. – Flattened sac-like form (head/thorax/abdomen fused). – Pygidium present (Conchaspids also have exuvia with legs present).
  • Cycad Aulacaspis Scale

    Cycad Aulacaspis Scale

    CycadCycad AulacaspisAulacaspis ScaleScale InvasiveInvasive PestPest withwith ExtinctionExtinction Potential!Potential! Photo: Anne Brooke, Guam National Wildlife Refuge Jody Haynes Montgomery Botanical Center, 11901 Old Cutler Road, Miami, FL 33156 USA [email protected] GeneralGeneral CycadCycad InformationInformation OrderOrder:: CycadalesCycadales FamiliesFamilies:: BoweniaceaeBoweniaceae,, Cycadaceae,Cycadaceae, Stangeriaceae,Stangeriaceae, ZamiaceaeZamiaceae ExtantExtant speciesspecies:: 302302 currentlycurrently recognizedrecognized Photo: Dennis Stevenson DistributionDistribution:: PantropicalPantropical ConservationConservation statusstatus:: CycadsCycads representrepresent oneone ofof thethe mostmost threatenedthreatened plantplant groupsgroups worldwide;worldwide; >50%>50% listedlisted asas threatenedthreatened oror endangeredendangered Photo: Tom Broome Photo: Mark Bonta AulacaspisAulacaspis yasumatsuiyasumatsui TakagiTakagi OrderOrder:: Hemiptera/HomopteraHemiptera/Homoptera FamilyFamily:: DiaspididaeDiaspididae CommonCommon namesnames:: OfficialOfficial cycadcycad aulacaspisaulacaspis scalescale (CAS)(CAS) OtherOther AsianAsian cycadcycad scale,scale, ThaiThai scale,scale, snowsnow scalescale NativeNative distributiondistribution:: AndamanAndaman IslandsIslands toto Vietnam,Vietnam, W. Tang, USDA-APHIS-PPQ includingincluding ThailandThailand andand probablyprobably Cambodia,Cambodia, Laos,Laos, peninsularpeninsular Malaysia,Malaysia, Myanmar,Myanmar, southernmostsouthernmost China,China, andand possiblypossibly
  • The Biology and Ecology of Armored Scales

    The Biology and Ecology of Armored Scales

    Copyright 1975. All rights resenetl THE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY +6080 OF ARMORED SCALES 1,2 John W. Beardsley Jr. and Roberto H. Gonzalez Department of Entomology, University of Hawaii. Honolulu. Hawaii 96822 and Plant Production and Protection Division. Food and Agriculture Organization. Rome. Italy The armored scales (Family Diaspididae) constitute one of the most successful groups of plant-parasitic arthropods and include some of the most damaging and refractory pests of perennial crops and ornamentals. The Diaspididae is the largest and most specialized of the dozen or so currently recognized families which compose the superfamily Coccoidea. A recent world catalog (19) lists 338 valid genera and approximately 1700 species of armored scales. Although the diaspidids have been more intensively studied than any other group of coccids, probably no more than half of the existing forms have been recognized and named. Armored scales occur virtually everywhere perennial vascular plants are found, although a few of the most isolated oceanic islands (e.g. the Hawaiian group) apparently have no endemic representatives and are populated entirely by recent adventives. In general. the greatest numbers and diversity of genera and species occur in the tropics. subtropics. and warmer portions of the temperate zones. With the exclusion of the so-called palm scales (Phoenicococcus. Halimococcus. and their allies) which most coccid taxonomists now place elsewhere (19. 26. 99). the armored scale insects are a biologically and morphologically distinct and Access provided by CNRS-Multi-Site on 03/25/16. For personal use only. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 1975.20:47-73. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org homogenous group.
  • Spent Coffee Grounds Do Not Control Cycad Aulacaspis Scale

    Spent Coffee Grounds Do Not Control Cycad Aulacaspis Scale

    undersides of leaves (Howard and Spent Coffee Grounds Do Not Control Cycad Weissling, 1999; Smith and Cave, Aulacaspis Scale 2006; Wiese et al., 2005) and roots (Howard et al., 1999; Weissling et al., 1999), which are difficult to cover Tracy Monique Magellan1, Chad Husby, Stella Cuestas, with foliar sprays (Hodges et al., and M. Patrick Griffith 2003; Smith and Cave, 2006). At Montgomery Botanical Center (MBC, Coral Gables, FL), research on ADDITIONAL INDEX WORDS. asian cycad scale, Aulacaspis yasumatsui, coffee beans, the control and integrated pest man- mulch, neem oil, orange oil, Coffea arabica, Cycas debaoensis, Cycas micronesica agement of CAS has been performed (Wiese and Mannion, 2007). Mannion SUMMARY. Cycad aulacaspis scale [CAS (Aulacaspis yasumatsui)] is a highly de- structive pest insect worldwide. CAS feeds on cycad (Cycas sp.) plantings and is also (2003) performed a study examining posing a problem for the foliage industry. The use of spent coffee grounds to possible chemical deterrents, many of prevent or control CAS has received increased popularity in the last few years. This which were not viable because of phy- study assesses whether the application of spent coffee grounds is a realistic control totoxicity. Experiments on biological method against CAS, and whether spent coffee grounds can be successfully used as control of CAS were also conducted at a natural alternative to chemical pesticides. Two tests were performed during MBC (Cave, 2006; Wiese and Mannion, Summer 2010 and 2011. The first experiment assessed seven treatments: five coffee 2007; Wiese et al., 2005). treatments, neem oil, and orange oil to control CAS on the debao cycad (Cycas Potential insecticidal activity of debaoensis).