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Clinical Laboratory Animal Medicine Clinical Laboratory Animal Medicine Clinical Laboratory Animal Medicine An Introduction Fourth Edition Karen Hrapkiewicz, DVM, MS, DACLAM Lesley Colby, DVM, MS, DACLAM Patricia Denison, LVT, LATG This edition first published 2013 © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Third edition, 2007 © Karen Hrapkiewicz and Leticia Medina Second edition, 1998 © Iowa State University Press First edition, 1984 © Iowa State University Press Editorial offices: 2121 State Avenue, Ames, Iowa 50014-8300, USA The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services and for information about how to apply for permis- sion to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com/wiley-blackwell. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use, or the internal or personal use of specific clients, is granted by Blackwell Publishing, provided that the base fee is paid directly to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923. For those organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by CCC, a separate system of payments has been arranged. The fee codes for users of the Transactional Reporting Service are ISBN-13: 978-1-1183-4510-8/2013. Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. The contents of this work are intended to further general scientific research, understanding, and discussion only and are not intended and should not be relied upon as recommending or promoting a specific method, diagnosis, or treatment by health science practitioners for any particular patient. The publisher and the author make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifi- cally disclaim all warranties, including without limitation any implied warranties of fitness for a particular purpose. In view of ongoing research, equipment modifications, changes in governmental regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to the use of medicines, equipment, and devices, the reader is urged to review and evaluate the information provided in the package insert or instructions for each medicine, equipment, or device for, among other things, any changes in the instructions or indication of usage and for added warnings and precautions. Readers should consult with a specialist where appropriate. The fact that an organization or Website is referred to in this work as a citation and/or a potential source of further information does not mean that the author or the publisher endorses the information the organization or Website may provide or recommendations it may make. Further, readers should be aware that Internet Websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read. No warranty may be created or extended by any promotional statements for this work. Neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for any damages arising herefrom. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Hrapkiewicz, Karen, author. Clinical laboratory animal medicine : an introduction / Karen Hrapkiewicz, Lesley Colby, Patricia Denison. – Fourth edition. p. ; cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-118-34510-8 (softback : alk. paper) – ISBN 978-1-118-68577-8 – ISBN 978-1-118-68585-3 (Mobi) – ISBN 978-1-118-68594-5 – ISBN 978-1-118-68596-9 – ISBN 978-1-118-68606-5 (print) I. Colby, Lesley, author. II. Denison, Patricia, author. III. Title. [DNLM: 1. Animals, Laboratory. 2. Animal Diseases. 3. Laboratory Animal Science. QY 50] SF996.5 636.089–dc23 2013012732 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. Cover images: DNA © AndrewJohnson; Stethoscope © mashabuba; Monkey © 4FR; Rabbit © PinnacleMarketing; Gerbil © s-a-m; Rat © annedde Cover design by Nicole Teut Set in 10/13 pt Stempel Garamond by Toppan Best-set Premedia Limited 1 2013 I dedicate this book in memory of my parents, Theodosia and Leopold, for their lifelong encouragement and love. KH I dedicate this book: • To the memory of all the animals that have contributed both to my education and to the advancement of human and veterinary health. It has been a pleasure learning from you. • To the animal technicians, veterinary technicians, and veterinarians who have devoted their lives to the care of laboratory animals and in support of animal welfare. It has been an honor working beside you. • To my husband, Ben; our children, Nate and Tess; and our “special” family members (aka dogs), Troika, Ronal Danne, Tasha, and Bacca—for your incredible patience and support through all the nights, weekends, and holidays I spent studying or working over the years. Without you, I would not be who I am today. LAC I dedicate this work to the memory of my parents, Dr. Stefan and Shirley Foltan, who instilled a lifelong love of science and compassion for animals, and to my husband, Matt, for his endless patience and support. I also extend heartfelt gratitude to co-author Dr. Karen Hrapkiewicz, who has always been a mentor in all things laboratory animal. PLD NOTE The dosages given in this text are derived from published literature, but as few drugs are specifically licensed for use in the species described, the application is often extra-label and may be empirical or based on clinical experience. The authors have made every attempt to verify all dosages and references; however, despite these efforts, errors in the original sources or in the preparation of this book may have occurred. Users of this text should exercise caution and evaluate all dosages prior to use to determine that they are reasonable. Contents About the Authors xi Preface xiii About the Companion Web Site xv 1 Introduction to Laboratory Animal Medicine 1 Animals Used in Research, Product Safety Testing, and Education 2 Ethical Considerations 5 Organizations 9 References 14 Further Reading 14 Chapter 1 Review 15 2 Regulations, Policies, and Principles Governing the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals 18 Animal Welfare Act and Regulations 18 References 31 Further Reading 32 Chapter 2 Review 32 3 Facility Design, Equipment, Housing, and Management 34 Laboratory Animal Facility Design 34 Biosecurity 35 Facility Equipment 41 Housing 43 Management 48 References 50 Further Reading 50 Chapter 3 Review 51 vii viii Contents 4 Mice 54 Genetics 54 Microbiologic Classifications 56 Uses 57 Behavior 57 Anatomic and Physiologic Features 58 Breeding and Reproduction 60 Husbandry 61 Techniques 66 Special Techniques: Transgenic Production Technology 76 Therapeutic Agents 80 Introduction to Diseases of Mice 80 References 94 Further Reading 97 Chapter 4 Review 102 5 Rats 105 Genetics 105 Microbiologic Classifications 106 Uses 107 Behavior 107 Anatomic and Physiologic Features 108 Breeding and Reproduction 110 Husbandry 110 Techniques 113 Therapeutic Agents 123 Introduction to Diseases of Rats 123 References 138 Further Reading 140 Chapter 5 Review 143 6 Gerbils 145 Uses 145 Behavior 146 Anatomic and Physiologic Features 146 Breeding and Reproduction 147 Husbandry 148 Techniques 149 Therapeutic Agents 156 Introduction to Diseases of Gerbils 156 References 161 Further Reading 163 Chapter 6 Review 164 7 Hamsters 167 Uses 167 Behavior 168 Contents ix Anatomic and Physiologic Features 169 Breeding and Reproduction 171 Husbandry 172 Techniques 173 Therapeutic Agents 179 Introduction to Diseases of Hamsters 182 References 189 Further Reading 190 Chapter 7 Review 192 8 Guinea Pigs 195 Uses 195 Behavior 196 Anatomic and Physiologic Features 197 Breeding and Reproduction 200 Husbandry 201 Techniques 202 Therapeutic Agents 208 Introduction to Diseases of Guinea Pigs 208 References 221 Further Reading 223 Chapter 8 Review 225 9 Chinchillas 227 Uses 227 Behavior 228 Anatomic and Physiologic Features 228 Breeding and Reproduction 230 Husbandry 231 Techniques 232 Therapeutic Agents 237 Introduction to Diseases of Chinchillas 239 References 244 Further Reading 245 Chapter 9 Review 246 10 Rabbits 249 Breeds 249 Uses 250 Behavior 251 Anatomic and Physiologic Features 251 Breeding and Reproduction 254 Husbandry 256 Techniques 259 Therapeutic Agents 271 Introduction to Diseases of Rabbits 271 References 289 x Contents Further Reading 292 Chapter 10 Review 295 11 Ferrets 298 Uses 298 Behavior 299 Anatomic and Physiologic Features 299 Breeding and Reproduction 301 Husbandry 302 Techniques 304 Therapeutic Agents 312 Introduction to Diseases of Ferrets 312 References 330 Further Reading 332 Chapter 11 Review 334 12 Primates 337 Taxonomy 337 Uses 341 Behavior 342 Anatomic and Physiologic Features 343 Breeding and Reproduction 344 Husbandry 345 Techniques 349 Therapeutic Agents 356 Introduction to Diseases of Nonhuman Primates 356 References 377 Further Reading 379 Chapter 12 Review 383 13 Research Variables and Quality Control 386 Research Variables: Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factors 386 Quality Control 395 Reference 400 Further Reading 400 Chapter 13 Review 401 Appendix 1: Normal Values 403 Appendix 2: Comparative Biologic and Reproductive Values by Species
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