Animal research essay resources 2013
Animal Research Essay Resources (Manage) and AO2 (Use Resources) assessment objectives of their EPQ. Click on one of the links below for resources on the specific area of interest surrounding the AO1 requires students to identify their topic and issue of animal testing: the project’s aims and objectives. They must then produce a project plan and complete their History of animal research work, applying organisational skills and Ethics of animal experiments strategies to meet stated objectives. This page Costs and benefits of research aims to help students get a handle on the topic Regulatory systems and the 3Rs of animal research and provide some inspiration Animal rights activism and extremism for possible areas of further study. General Websites AO2 requires students to obtain, and select Many students, from primary school to from, a variety of resources, analyse and apply university, write assignments that relate to the this data in a relevant manner and demonstrate issue of animal research. This page aims to an understanding of appropriate links. This page support this by providing links to useful will provide links to large amounts of relevant materials. It is especially useful to any students information that students can use for their carrying out the Extended Project Qualification project, however it remains up to students to (EPQ) alongside their A-levels or Extended Essay critically analyse and apply it to their specific as part of their International Baccalaureate project focus. studies. Those students should read the section below. History of animal research
Beneath each link is a Harvard Reference for the The use of animals in scientific experiments in book, webpage or document in question which the UK can be traced back at least as far as the can be used in the footnotes or endnotes of 17th Century with Harvey’s experiments on your project paper. For online resources it is numerous animal species aiming to demonstrate common practice to add the date you accessed blood circulation. Across Europe, the use of the resource in square brackets at the end e.g. animals in scientific research began to expand over the 19th Century, in part supported by the Cressey, D., 2011. Animal Research: Battle Scars. development of anaesthetics which had Nature. [online] 23 February. Available at: previously made animal research impossible. In
Understanding Animal Research, Hodgkin Huxley House, 30 Farringdon Lane, London, EC1R 3AW www.understandinganimalresearch.org.uk 020 3675 1230 [email protected] Animal research essay resources 2013
field; animals had played a part in most medical The Animal Research Timeline (AR.info) advances of the 20th century including insulin, provides an outline of many of the major the polio vaccine, penicillin and the elimination medical discoveries since 1881, as well as of smallpox. In 1986 the Animals (Scientific explaining the role of animals in each of these Procedures) Act was passed, which ensured developments. higher animal welfare standards in laboratories - AnimalResearch.Info. Timeline. [online]. across the UK. Available at: http://www.animalresearch.info/en/medical- In 2010, EU Directive 2010/63 was passed. This advances/timeline/ regulation harmonises European animal laboratory standards, improving animal welfare Animal Research Info: Nobel Prizes (AR.info) across the EU, and is currently being transposed provides a breakdown of all the Nobel Prizes in into the laws of the member countries. It passed Physiology and Medicine since 1901 and into UK law on 1st January 2013. includes how animals were involved in the discoveries. Books - AnimalResearch.Info. Nobel Prizes. [online]. Available at: Animal Research in Medicine: 100 Years of http://www.animalresearch.info/en/medical- Politics, Protests and Progress (John Illman) advances/nobel-prizes/ provides a history of animal research legislation and the context in which they were developed. The Animals (UAR) provides information about - Illman, J., 2008. Aninmal Research in Medicine: the number and type of animals used in medical 100 years of Politics, Protests and Progress. The research. Look at how the number of animals in Story of the Research Defence Society. London: research has risen and fallen over time in the Research Defence Society. Number of Animals section. - Understanding Animal Research. The Animals. A Guinea Pig’s History of Biology (Jim Endersby) [online]. Available at: tells the story of modern biology through the http://www.understandinganimalresearch.org.u stories of the animals and plants that made it k/the-animals/ possible. - Endersby, J., 2007. A Guinea Pig’s History of Pro-Test: Tackling Animal Rights (SR) is an essay Biology. Heinemann. following the battle over the building of the Oxford University Biomedical Facility from 2005- Online resources 2008. It covers the rise of the animal rights group SPEAK, and the student counter- Medical Advances and Animal Research (RDS & movement, Pro-Test. It also covers some of the CMP) is an excellent booklet outlining the role of issues which helped change public opinion from animals in many of the medical developments 2006. we see around us. It provides full references to - Speaking of Research, 2008. Pro-Test Tackling the scientific literature it mentions throughout. Animal Rights in the UK. [online]. Available at: - Research Defence Society & Coalition for http://speakingofresearch.com/about/the-uk- Medical Progress, 2007. Medical Advances and experience/ Animal Research: The Contribution of Animal Science to the Medical Revolution: Some Case Histories. London: RDS. [online] Available at: http://www.understandinganimalresearch.org.u k/media-library/download/document/64/
Understanding Animal Research, Hodgkin Huxley House, 30 Farringdon Lane, London, EC1R 3AW www.understandinganimalresearch.org.uk 020 3675 1230 [email protected] Animal research essay resources 2013
The ethics of animal research - Hills, A., 2005. Do Animals Have Rights? Cambridge: Icon Books. Animal use has been a hotly contested moral issue for hundreds of years. In the 17th century The Case for Animal Rights (Tom Reagan) is René Descartes, a French philosopher, argued another major piece of philosophical writing that animals were no more than automata and which argues for animal rights on the basis of could not feel pain. This was rejected by Jeremy their similar cognitive abilities. Bentham in the 18th Century who extended his - Reagan, T., 1983. The Case for Animal Rights. utilitarian conception of rights to animals due to Berkeley: University of California Press. their capability to suffer. This was expanded by Peter Singer, in 1975, who wrote in Animal A Rat is a Pig is a Dog is a Boy (Wesley J Smith) Liberation that arbitrarily treating humans takes its title from a quote from PETA president, above animals – particularly in marginal cases Ingrid Newkirk. It is a useful book covering many where animals may be as intelligent as young issues of animal rights activism and philosophy. children or severely cognitively-impaired adults In Chapter 18, Smith creates his argument in – was not justified. favour of animal research on the basis of human rights and duties. Animal rights philosophy is distinct from - Smith, W.J., 2009. A rat is a pig is a dog is a proponents of animal welfare who argue that boy. New York: Encounter Books. we must provide adequate conditions for animals in our care – a position held by the The Human Use of Animals: Case Studies in RSPCA among others. The scientific community Ethical Choice (Beauchamp et al.) investigates a has often been the driving force for these number of difficult issues regarding the use of improvements, arguing that better conditions animals in society. Through 16 case studies, and for animals was conducive to better, more plenty of ethical theory, the authors attempt to replicable, scientific results. navigate the moral minefields involved. - Beauchamp, T.L., Orlans, F.B., & Dresser, R. Books Morton D. and Gluck J. 2008. The Human Use of Animals: Case Studies in Ethical Choice. 2nd ed. Animal Liberation (Peter Singer) was an New York: Oxford University Press. immensely influential book which discussed the ethics of animal use (including animal research). An Odyssey with Animals (Adrian Morrison) It is often considered the forerunner to the investigates the relationship between humans animal liberation movement. This is, perhaps, and animals, and explains why efforts to halt the core piece of literature on animal rights animal research would be damaging to human philosophy. health. - Singer, P., 1995. Animal Liberation. 2nd Ed. - Morrison, A., 2009. An Odyssey with Animals. London: Pimlico. New York: Oxford University Press
Do Animals Have Rights? (Alison Hills) is an Online resources objective assessment of the case for whether animals should have rights and what rights those Ethics (Pro-Test) looks at the question of should be. Hills discusses their ability of mind, whether animals have rights, concluding that whether all animals should be regarded as their lack of understanding does not allow them equal, and what that means. Hills concludes with to participate in the system of rights and duties. a graded scale of animals rights. - Pro-Test. Ethics. [online]Available at: http://pro-test.org.uk/facts.php?lt=a
Understanding Animal Research, Hodgkin Huxley House, 30 Farringdon Lane, London, EC1R 3AW www.understandinganimalresearch.org.uk 020 3675 1230 [email protected] Animal research essay resources 2013
The ethics of research involving animals Costs and benefits of research (Nuffield Council on Bioethics) is an independent report on the use of animals for The philosophy of animal research has not been medical science. Although it looks at the whole the only area of contention – there is some issue, it pays particular attention to the ethics, debate on the scientific merit of research. specifically in chapter three. Scientists who carry out research explain that - Nuffield Council on Bioethics, 2006. The ethics they cannot attain their results any other way – of research involving animals. [online] London: they also point to the huge number of medical Nuffield Council on Bioethics. Available at: treatments available thanks to animal research. http://www.nuffieldbioethics.org/sites/default/f Furthermore, nearly every Nobel Prize in iles/The%20ethics%20of%20research%20involvi Physiology or Medicine has also been reliant on ng%20animals%20-%20full%20report.pdf the use of animals in research.
Animal Rights Beliefs (SR) provides a polemic Nonetheless, a small number of scientists reject disagreeing with Bentham’s basis of animal the scientific argument for animal research. rights. It also investigates the question of Their argument is two-fold. Firstly, that medical whether animals should be considered development can be continued without the use “innocent”. of animals – using alternative, non-animal - Speaking of Research. Animal Rights Beliefs. methods. Secondly, they claim that the [online] Available at: differences between humans and other animals http://speakingofresearch.com/extremism- mean that scientists cannot meaningfully undone/ar-beliefs/ translate the research from one species to another. The Ethics of Animal Research (Simon Festing and Robin Wilkinson) provides an insight into Books the ethics of animal research, including a look at public opinion and the animal welfare Animal Testing: Issues and Ethics (Stephanie regulations. It also has a useful and extensive Watson) is a book aimed at students which references list. looks over some of the scientific and - Festing S. and Wilkinson R., 2007. The Ethics of philosophical arguments for and against animal Animal Research. EMBO reports. [online] research. Available at: - Watson, S., 2009. Animal Testing: Issues and
Understanding Animal Research, Hodgkin Huxley House, 30 Farringdon Lane, London, EC1R 3AW www.understandinganimalresearch.org.uk 020 3675 1230 [email protected] Animal research essay resources 2013
http://www.understandinganimalresearch.org.u Animal Research: Lectures and Articles k/media-library/download/document/64/ (AR.info) provides a selection of lectures written by a multitude of scientists on the subject of Experimenting on animals (BBC) provides an animal research. Most are about animal impartial overview of the arguments for and research and its role in fighting a specific against animal research. It covers, briefly, both disease, others are more general. the science and ethics, as well as some of the - AnimalResearch.Info. Articles & Lectures. regulations involved. [online] Available at: - BBC. Experimenting on animals. [online] http://www.animalresearch.info/en/medical- Available at: advances/articles-lectures/ http://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/animals/using/exp eriments_1.shtml Debates: This House Would Ban Animal Testing (IDEA) provides an overview of arguments for What have guinea pigs ever done for us? and against animal research that could be used (Vivienne Parry) – This Guardian article in a debate or argument. discusses a list of 10 major medical milestones - IDEA. Debates: This House Would Ban Animal and looks at why animals were involved for each Testing. [online] Available at: one. http://idebate.org/debatabase/debates/science - Parry, V., 2005. What have guinea pigs ever -technology/house-would-ban-animal-testing done for us? The Guardian, [online] 1 September. Available at: Understanding Animal Research: Human Health http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2005/sep/0 (UAR) provides a summary of different diseases, 1/medicalresearch.health and the animal research which has led to new treatments. Look at the links on the left for Where do Medicines Comes From? (UAR) is a more information on each disease. pamphlet which summarises the drug - Understanding Animal Research. Human development process and the role of animals in Health. [online] Available at: that process. http://www.understandinganimalresearch.org.u - Understanding Animal Research, 2011. Where k/why/human-health Do Medicines Come From? [online] Available at: http://www.understandinganimalresearch.org.u Review of Cost-Benefit Assessment in the Use of k/media-library/download/document/4/ Animals in Research (APC) is an independent review of the costs and benefits of animal Animal Experimentation – Indispensable or research. While this is a long document, many Indefensible? (SCT) is a lengthy debate on people will be interested in focusing on the animal research between Michelle Thew Introduction (chapter 1) and the conclusion (against), director of the British Union for the (chapter 6). Abolition of Vivisection, and Tom Holder, - Animal Procedures Committee, 2003. Review founder of Speaking of Research (for). It covers of Cost-Benefit Assessment in the use of issues of both science and ethics. Animals in Research. [online] Available at: - Speakers’ Corner Trust, 2012. Animal http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/publications/ag Experimentation – Indispensable or encies-public-bodies/apc/cost-benefit- Indefensible? [online] Available at: assessment?view=Binary http://www.speakerscornertrust.org/6342/anim al-experimentation-indispensable-or- Speaking of Research: Bad Science (SR) assesses indefensible/ 18 claims by animal rights groups about the science of animal research and attempts to
Understanding Animal Research, Hodgkin Huxley House, 30 Farringdon Lane, London, EC1R 3AW www.understandinganimalresearch.org.uk 020 3675 1230 [email protected] Animal research essay resources 2013
evaluate the science behind them. Much time is and reduction of animal research – which means spent looking at whether research can translate that if there is a non-animal replacement between animals and humans. method which will provide as accurate results as - Speaking of Research. Bad Science. [online] animal methods then it must be used instead. Available at: http://speakingofresearch.com/extremism- All vertebrates (and some invertebrates) are undone/bad-science/ covered by the Animal (Scientific Procedures) Act, 1986, and this has recently been updated to The ethics of research involving animals: a comply with the new EU Directive 63/10 which guide to the report (Nuffield Council on has been brought in to improve animal welfare Bioethics) is an independent report on the use standards across the rest of Europe. of animals for medical science. This short report is a brief summary of the much longer report. Books - Nuffield Council on Bioethics, 2006. The ethics of research involving animals: a guide to the Laboratory Animal Law: Legal Control of the report. [online] London: Nuffield Council on Use of Animals in Research (Dolan) looks at the Bioethics. Available at: stringent regulations that exist within the UK. http://www.nuffieldbioethics.org/sites/default/f This book provides a practical guide to the iles/The%20ethics%20of%20research%20involvi Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986. ng%20animals%20-%20short%20guide.pdf - Dolan K., 2007. Laboratory Animal Law: Legal Control of the Use of Animals in Research. For and against: Animal Testing (Bella Williams Oxford: Blackwell. & Alistair Currie) is a newspaper debate between Dr Bella Williams from Understanding Guide for the care and use of laboratory Animal Research and Alistair Currie from PETA. It animals (NRC) is the American handbook for primarily focuses on the scientific arguments for laboratory animal scientists on how to care for and against animal research animals in laboratories. It deals with everything - Williams B. and Currie A., 2012. For and from the size of enclosure necessary for each against: Animal Testing. Manchester Evening animal, to how to handle the animals correctly. News. [online] 28 August. Available at: - National Research Council, 2011. Guide for the http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/new care and use of laboratory animals. 8th ed. s/greater-manchester-news/for-and-against- Washington: National Academies Press. animal-testing-693965 Online resources
Regulatory systems and the 3Rs Understanding Animal Research: Regulation (UAR)- provides an explanation of the different levels of regulation that exist to safeguard Animal research is one of the most heavily animal welfare in laboratories across the UK. regulated industries in the UK. Individual - Understanding Animal Research. Regulation. projects, the researchers involved, and the [online] Available at: institutions where the work is going on must all http://www.understandinganimalresearch.org.u be licensed by the Home Office. All facilities are k/how/regulation subject to rigorous inspections, both announced and unannounced. How is Animal Research Regulated (UAR) is a short leaflet which explains the different levels Animal research is also governed by the of regulation of animal research in the UK. principles of the 3Rs – refinement, replacement
Understanding Animal Research, Hodgkin Huxley House, 30 Farringdon Lane, London, EC1R 3AW www.understandinganimalresearch.org.uk 020 3675 1230 [email protected] Animal research essay resources 2013
- Understanding Animal Research, 2011. How is - Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986. c14. animal research regulated? [online] London: [online] London: HMSO. Available at: UAR. Available at: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1986/14/p http://www.understandinganimalresearch.org.u dfs/ukpga_19860014_en.pdf k/assets/document/AC139D45-0767-2981- 366C782A74D08618/how-is-animal-resear.pdf Animal rights activism and extremism
The Challenge of Animal Research (NC3Rs) is a While animal rights extremism is currently rare leaflet by the National Centre for the in the UK, it has ebbed and flowed over the last Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of fifty years. In 1975, Singer released a seminal Animal Research. It outlines some basic facts book, Animal liberation, which provided the about the organisation’s efforts to improve 3R moral basis for many new animal rights activists. integration in labs. This rise in activism was also accompanied in the - NC3Rs. The Challenge of Animal Research. UK with a rise in animal rights extremism [online] Available at: spearheaded by the direct action front group, http://www.nc3rs.org.uk/downloaddoc.asp?id= the Animal Liberation Front (ALF). Animal rights 1012 activism shifted its focus between animal research, farming and fur over the following Animal Welfare and the Three Rs (UAR) is a decades. short leaflet which explains the role of the 3Rs – replacement, refinement and reduction of During the 1990s and 2000s, there was a animal research – in regulating and improving renewal of extremism against animal research animal-based research. facilities and their staff with the rise of the direct - Understanding Animal Research, 2011. Animal action group SHAC. In 1998 the British Welfare and the Three Rs: Replacement, Government banned cosmetic testing and in Refinement and Reduction [online] London: 1999 Great Apes could no longer be used for UAR. Available at: research purposes. The animal rights extremism http://www.understandinganimalresearch.org.u of the 2000s culminated in the grave-robbing of k/media-library/download/document/16/ Gladys Hammond, the deceased grandmother of a family who ran a guinea pig breeding farm. Speaking of Research: US research Regulation (SR) provides an explanation of the different The public backlash, new police powers, and the levels of regulation for animal research in the formation of pro-research advocacy group Pro- United States. This covers the laws at a national Test resulted in a significant fall in illegal activity and institutional level. – almost to nothing. This was supported by a - Speaking of Research, 2012. Research concerted effort by the scientific community to Regulations. [online] Available at: better communicate the work they did. http://speakingofresearch.com/facts/research- However, legal protests against animal research regulation/ continue to exist.
Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986 Books (HMSO) is the government regulations on the use of animals in scientific procedures. It lays The Animal Research War (Michael Conn and out the system of project licenses and other James Parker) provides an insight into the regulations which must be followed. It was animal rights movement over the past century amended in 2012 to comply with EU Directive from the perspective of two research scientists. 63/2010. It looks into groups and individuals involved, as
Understanding Animal Research, Hodgkin Huxley House, 30 Farringdon Lane, London, EC1R 3AW www.understandinganimalresearch.org.uk 020 3675 1230 [email protected] Animal research essay resources 2013
well as their motivations and influences. Online resources - Conn, P.M. and Parker, J.V., 2008. The Animal Research War. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Animal Research: Battle Scars (Daniel Cressey) looks at the impact of animal rights extremism Animal Liberation (Peter Singer) was an on scientists involved in animal research. It immensely influential book which discussed the includes a number of polls of researchers. ethics of animal use (including animal research). - Cressey, D., 2011. Animal Research: Battle It is often considered the forerunner to the Scars. Nature. [online] 23 February. Available at: animal liberation movement. This is, perhaps, http://www.nature.com/news/2011/110223/ful the core piece of literature on animal rights l/470452a.html philosophy. - Singer, P., 1995. Animal Liberation. 2nd Ed. Pro-Test: Tackling Animal Rights in the UK (SR) London: Pimlico. is an essay follows the battle over the building of the Oxford University Biomedical Facility from Animal Warfare: The story of the Animal 2005-2008. It covers the rise of the animal rights Liberation Front (David Jenshaw) provides a group SPEAK, and the student counter- detailed history of the animal rights extremist movement, Pro-Test. It also covers some of the front organisation, the Animal Liberation Front. issues which helped change public opinion from It also discusses the rise of animal rights 2006. extremism since the 1960s, focusing on the UK. - Speaking of Research, 2008. Pro-Test Tackling - Henshaw, D., 1989. Animal Warfare: The story Animal Rights in the UK. [online] Available at: of the Animal Liberation Front. London: Fontana http://speakingofresearch.com/about/the-uk- experience/ The Brown Dog Affair (Peter Mason) investigates the story of a 1903 surgical Time to act against animal rights protesters demonstration on a dog which led to a libel (Tony Blair) – was a front page article in the case, a memorial statue to the dog, subsequent Sunday Telegraph written by then Prime riots and finally a new statue over 70 years later. Minister, Tony Blair, explaining why he was - Mason, P., 1997. The Brown Dog Affair: the signing the People’s Petition in support of story of a monument that divided a nation. animal research and against animal rights London: Two Sevens extremism. - Blair, T., 2006. Tony Blair: Time to act against A Rat is a Pig is a Dog is a Boy (Wesley J Smith) animal rights protesters. The Telegraph. [online] takes its title from a quote from PETA president, 14 May. Available at: Ingrid Newkirk. A rat is a pig is a dog is a boy http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/151 takes a look at animal rights activism in the UK 8328/Tony-Blair-Time-to-act-against-animal- and US, as well as the philosophies which drive rights-protesters.html it. - Smith, W.J., 2009. A rat is a pig is a dog is a The Animal Liberation Front FAQ (NAALPO) boy. New York: Encounter Books The Case for provides some insight into the Animal Liberation Animal Rights (Tom Reagan) is another major Front from their own perspective. It explains piece of philosophical writing which argues for their views on direct action and extremism. animal rights on the basis of their similar - North American Animal Liberation Press Office. cognitive abilities. Frequently Asked Questions About the North - Reagan, T., 1983. The Case for Animal Rights. American Animal Liberation Press Office. Berkeley: University of California Press. [online] Available at:
Understanding Animal Research, Hodgkin Huxley House, 30 Farringdon Lane, London, EC1R 3AW www.understandinganimalresearch.org.uk 020 3675 1230 [email protected] Animal research essay resources 2013
https://animalliberationpressoffice.org/NAALPO For animal research /f-a-q-s/ Understanding Animal Research – The Freedom of Speech Paradox (Tom Holder) – www.understandinganimalresearch.org.uk argues that threats to scientists by animal rights activists cannot be justified through freedom of Animal Research Info – speech. Holder compares the tactics of animal www.animalresearch.info rights extremists to those of the anti-abortion movement. Speaking of Research – - Holder, T., 2012. The Freedom of Speech www.speakingofresearch.com Paradox. Speaking of Research. [blog] 16 Jan. Available at: Americans for Medical Progress – http://speakingofresearch.com/2012/01/16/the www.amprogress.org -freedom-of-speech-paradox/ American Physiological Society - Bite Back (ALF) is a website providing a list of all http://www.animalresearchcures.org/ direct action activities done in the name of animal rights. The website is often used as a Animal Testing Perspectives - mouthpiece for those wishing to take illegal http://animaltestingperspectives.org/ activities under the branding of the Animal Liberation Front (ALF). Pro-Test – www.pro-test.org.uk - Bite Back. News from the Frontlines. [online] Available at: http://www.directaction.info Foundation for Biomedical Research – www.fbresearch.org ARE Information (ARE.info) is a website dedicated to providing the facts about animal Against animal research rights extremism. It is a useful website for separating real and claimed incidents of animal People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals – rights activism. www.peta.org.uk - ARE Information. ARE Information. [online] Available at: http://animalrightsextremism.info/ Animal Aid – www.animalaid.org.uk
Websites British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection – www.buav.org There are many websites which argue for and against animal research. They may cover the Humane Society International – www.hsi.org scientific arguments, the moral arguments or both. The ethical arguments are built on many Oxford Centre for Animal Ethics – different principles, which can often have far www.oxfordanimalethics.com reaching consequences when taken to their logical extreme. The scientific arguments should Speak – www.speakcampaigns.org be treated with more caution – not all scientific arguments are equal. While we encourage you North American Animal Liberation Press Office – to investigate the scientific claims for and www.animalliberationpressoffice.org against animal research, it is important to try to double check your information with established In Defence of Animals – www.idausa.org scientific organisations and journals.
Understanding Animal Research, Hodgkin Huxley House, 30 Farringdon Lane, London, EC1R 3AW www.understandinganimalresearch.org.uk 020 3675 1230 [email protected]