Animal Use in Major Depressive Disorder: a Necessary Evil? Assessing the Past to Improve the Future

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Animal Use in Major Depressive Disorder: a Necessary Evil? Assessing the Past to Improve the Future UNIVERSIDADE DE LISBOA FACULDADE DE CIÊNCIAS Animal use in Major Depressive Disorder: a necessary evil? Assessing the past to improve the future “Documento Definitivo” Doutoramento em Biologia Especialidade Biotecnologia Maria Constança Dias Pinheiro de Oliveira Carvalho Tese orientada por: Professor Doutor Andrew David Knight Professor Doutor Luís António de Matos Vicente Professor Doutor Tiago André Lamas Oliveira Marques Documento especialmente elaborado para a obtenção do grau de doutor 2020 UNIVERSIDADE DE LISBOA FACULDADE DE CIÊNCIAS Animal use in Major Depressive Disorder: a necessary evil? Assessing the past to improve the future Doutoramento em Biologia Especialidade de Biotecnologia Maria Constança Dias Pinheiro de Oliveira Carvalho Tese orientada por: Professor Doutor Andrew David Knight Professor Doutor Luís António de Matos Vicente Professor Doutor Tiago André Lamas Oliveira Marques Júri: Presidente: ● Doutora Sólveig Thorsteinsdottir, Professora Associada com Agregação da Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa Vogais: ● Doutor Andrew Knight, Professor na Faculty of Health and Wellbeing da University of Winchester (Reino Unido) (Orientador) ● Doutora Paula Maria Marques Leal Sanches Alves, Investigadora Principal do Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier (ITQB) da Universidade Nova de Lisboa ● Doutor Rui Filipe Nunes Pais de Oliveira, Professor Catedrático do ISPA - Instituto Universitário de Ciências Psicológicas, Sociais e da Vida ● Doutor Davide Vecchi, Investigador Júnior do Centro de Filosofia das Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa ● Doutor Rui Miguel Borges Sampaio e Rebelo, Professor Auxiliar da Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa Documento especialmente elaborado para a obtenção do grau de doutor AnimalFreeResearch/Switzerland John Hopkins University Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing 2020 I This research was funded by AnimalFreeResearch/Switzerland and, partially, by the John Hopkins University Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing. With the institutional and logistical support of Centro de Filosofia das Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa: This thesis should be cited as: Carvalho, C. (2020). Animal use in Major Depressive Disorder: a necessary evil? Assessing the past to improve the future. PhD Thesis, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal, 2020. II Nota Prévia A presente tese contém capítulos já publicados (Capítulos 2, 4, 5 e 7) e outros submetidos (Capítulos 3 e 6) de acordo com o Regulamento de Estudos Pós-Graduados da Universidade de Lisboa, E no Despacho N. º 4624/2012 do Diário da República II série n. º 65 de 30 de março de 2012. A candidata realizou os trabalhos em colaboração, mas liderou e participou integralmente na concepção dos mesmos, desde a obtenção dos dados, análise estatística, discussão dos resultados e redação dos manuscritos. Lisboa, 26 de janeiro de 2020 Maria Constança Dias Pinheiro de Oliveira Carvalho III Este trabalho é dedicado ao seguinte conjunto de pessoas: Alberto Garcia, Alexandra Pereira, Carlos Muralhas, Hugo Evangelista, Inês Milagre, João Pedro Santos, Luísa Bastos, Mariana Crespo, Paulo Daniel, Rita Castro. IV Aknowledgments A minha primeira palavra de agradecimento vai, naturalmente, para os meus três orientadores: Luís Vicente, que me incitou a fazer este trabalho, acarinhando-o desde o início. Andrew Knight, que tem um trabalho notável nesta área científica e que se prontificou a co-orientar a minha tese ajudando-me a delinear a parte empírica, tirando todas as dúvidas e revendo e melhorando todos os rascunhos dos meus artigos. Tiago Marques, que embora se tenha associado ao meu trabalho numa fase adiantada do mesmo foi uma ajuda imprescindível na análise estatística dos dados, dando também um importante contributo teórico que acrescentou valor ao trabalho final. Estou profundamente grata a todos os co-autores dos meus artigos. Sem eles seria impossível ter estas publicações. De entre estes destaco três: Susana Varela, cientista de excelência, que com as suas perguntas e comentários me desafiou a ir mais longe que os objectivos iniciais deste trabalho. Daniel Alves, que tem posições antagónicas às minhas no que concerne à experimentação animal, o que gerou inúmeras discussões construtivas que levaram inclusivamente a recolha adicional de dados e à publicação de um artigo em conjunto. Augusta Gaspar, minha orientadora das teses de licenciatura e mestrado e a minha “mãe” científica. Com a Augusta aprendi a importância de dominar a bibliografia, formular perguntas e hipóteses testáveis empiricamente, a interpretar os dados com rigor, a aceitar construtivamente as críticas. Foi um prazer trabalharmos juntas de novo no artigo que escrevemos em conjunto. Neste âmbito, agradeço ainda ao Luís Borda d’Água a sua ajuda na estatística do meu primeiro artigo. Gostaria de agradecer também à EcoComp, o meu grupo de trabalho dentro da Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa – FCUL. É um privilégio estar inserida num grupo tão exigente no detalhe, com um espírito crítico tão elevado e com uma cultura de colaboração e entre ajuda tão marcadas. Neste âmbito, um agradecimento especial ao Manuel Sapage pela paciência infinita nas correcções das formatações dos meus power points. V Por fim, gostaria de agradecer à minha família e amigos por tudo. Pela paciência de me ouvirem a discorrer sobre temas da tese, pouco interessantes para a maioria deles, pelo apoio ao longo desta longa tarefa, pela compreensão nos meus períodos de ausência e por me obrigarem a “desligar” de trabalho. Neste contexto destaco três pessoas: Vanda Beja, que me ajudou na formatação dos artigos e da tese. Sem a sua ajuda estas tarefas teriam demorado o triplo do tempo com metade da qualidade; Leonor Pacheco, que em momento algum duvidou da importância deste trabalho e da minha capacidade para o fazer. Isabel Carvalho, que mesmo sem perceber uma palavra de inglês guarda ciosamente cópias de todos os meus artigos e tem um orgulho infinito na minha tese mesmo sem perceber o que lá está. É mesmo bom ter uma mãe assim. Obrigada a todos. VI Abstract Animal models are widely used in research aimed at advancing human healthcare, although their utility for this purpose is more often presumed, than studied. In this thesis I evaluate the contribution of animal models to current knowledge of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), a poorly understood mental disorder of multifactorial origin that affects thousands of people worldwide. My hypothesis is that if animal models are contributing meaningfully to medical advances, then animal studies will be well cited by human medical literature. Accordingly, and after conducting a pilot study on ADHD (Chapter 2), I conducted a citation analysis on studies which used rats (Chapter 3) and non-human primates (NHP) (Chapter 4) as models for MDD research. The number of citations of these papers by human medical papers was low. To determine if the low number of citations could be caused by the need for sufficient evidence to accumulate within a field, before a medical breakthrough can be reached, I determined if the citations were by papers on the same disorder, or on unrelated disorders (Chapter 5). In an attempt to determine if low citation numbers are common to all indirect research approaches, I compared the number and relevance of citations of in silico, in vitro and NHP studies, by human medical papers. Other research approaches more effectively informed human research, than NHP models (Chapter 4). I also quantified the citations of other research methods by subsequent animal studies. Citations were low, contrary to common expectations that in vitro and in silico inform subsequent animal studies (Chapter 6). Overall, these results indicate that animal models make poor contributions to human mental disorders research. This merits a change in the extant paradigm in biomedical research, at least in some human disorders, as proposed in Chapter 7. Key words: animal use alternatives, Major Depressive Disorder, citation analysis, rats, non-human primates. VII Resumo A experimentação animal é amplamente utilizada na investigação biomédica, nomeadamente na área da saúde mental. O objetivo desta tese é avaliar o contributo dos modelos animais para o conhecimento atual sobre as doenças mentais utilizando como estudo de caso a Perturbação Depressiva Major (PDM). A doença mental pode ser descrita como um padrão comportamental derivado de causas biológicas e ambientais que provoca sofrimento e incapacidade funcional aos indivíduos afetados. Existem mais de 200 perturbações mentais, estas são particularmente complexas não só devido à sua origem multifatorial, mas também devido à multiplicidade dos seus sintomas- alguns impossíveis de mimetizar em modelos animais (e.g. sentimento de culpa excessiva no caso da PDM). A PDM é o tipo mais grave e prevalente de depressão. Caracteriza-se pela existência de um episódio depressivo major. Durante este período com duração mínima de duas semanas, os indivíduos afetados podem experimentar alterações aos seus padrões habituais de sono e alimentação, humor deprimido, sentimentos de fadiga, perda de interesse e prazer nas atividades quotidianas, sentimentos de auto desvalorização, ideação suicida entre outros. É fundamental compreender qual o contributo real da investigação com modelos animais para as doenças mentais. Esta compreensão é relevante não só pelas questões éticas levantadas pelo uso de animais em procedimentos- frequentemente invasivos e dolorosos- mas também pelos recursos alocados a
Recommended publications
  • The Use of Non-Human Primates in Research in Primates Non-Human of Use The
    The use of non-human primates in research The use of non-human primates in research A working group report chaired by Sir David Weatherall FRS FMedSci Report sponsored by: Academy of Medical Sciences Medical Research Council The Royal Society Wellcome Trust 10 Carlton House Terrace 20 Park Crescent 6-9 Carlton House Terrace 215 Euston Road London, SW1Y 5AH London, W1B 1AL London, SW1Y 5AG London, NW1 2BE December 2006 December Tel: +44(0)20 7969 5288 Tel: +44(0)20 7636 5422 Tel: +44(0)20 7451 2590 Tel: +44(0)20 7611 8888 Fax: +44(0)20 7969 5298 Fax: +44(0)20 7436 6179 Fax: +44(0)20 7451 2692 Fax: +44(0)20 7611 8545 Email: E-mail: E-mail: E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Web: www.acmedsci.ac.uk Web: www.mrc.ac.uk Web: www.royalsoc.ac.uk Web: www.wellcome.ac.uk December 2006 The use of non-human primates in research A working group report chaired by Sir David Weatheall FRS FMedSci December 2006 Sponsors’ statement The use of non-human primates continues to be one the most contentious areas of biological and medical research. The publication of this independent report into the scientific basis for the past, current and future role of non-human primates in research is both a necessary and timely contribution to the debate. We emphasise that members of the working group have worked independently of the four sponsoring organisations. Our organisations did not provide input into the report’s content, conclusions or recommendations.
    [Show full text]
  • Animal Research Essay Resources 2013
    Animal research essay resources 2013 Animal Research Essay Resources (Manage) and AO2 (Use Resources) assessment objectives of their EPQ. Click on one of the links below for resources on the specific area of interest surrounding the AO1 requires students to identify their topic and issue of animal testing: the project’s aims and objectives. They must then produce a project plan and complete their History of animal research work, applying organisational skills and Ethics of animal experiments strategies to meet stated objectives. This page Costs and benefits of research aims to help students get a handle on the topic Regulatory systems and the 3Rs of animal research and provide some inspiration Animal rights activism and extremism for possible areas of further study. General Websites AO2 requires students to obtain, and select Many students, from primary school to from, a variety of resources, analyse and apply university, write assignments that relate to the this data in a relevant manner and demonstrate issue of animal research. This page aims to an understanding of appropriate links. This page support this by providing links to useful will provide links to large amounts of relevant materials. It is especially useful to any students information that students can use for their carrying out the Extended Project Qualification project, however it remains up to students to (EPQ) alongside their A-levels or Extended Essay critically analyse and apply it to their specific as part of their International Baccalaureate project focus. studies. Those students should read the section below. History of animal research Beneath each link is a Harvard Reference for the The use of animals in scientific experiments in book, webpage or document in question which the UK can be traced back at least as far as the can be used in the footnotes or endnotes of 17th Century with Harvey’s experiments on your project paper.
    [Show full text]
  • Accountability
    ACCOUNTABILITY animal experiments & freedom of information The assessment of projects under the Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986 The licensing process The Animal Procedures Committee The application of Nolan principles ACCOUNTABILITY animal experiments & freedom of information - a parliamentary briefing CONTENTS 1. Introduction 1 2. Background 2 3. Secrecy vs Transparency 5 4. Put it to the test 9 5. The Animal Procedures Committee 13 6. Reform of the APC 16 7. Local Ethics Committees 21 8. Conclusions 25 Appendix: Profile of current members of the APC 261 Goldhawk Road, London W12 9PE. Tel. 0181 846 9777 Fax. 0181 846 9712 e-mail: [email protected] Web: http://www.cygnet.co.uk/navs ©NAVS 1997 ACCOUNTABILITY 1. Introduction There is undoubtedly considerable public disquiet that cruel, unnecessary or repetitive research continues on animals in British laboratories. Bland government assurances that our legislation is the ‘best in the world’ do not convince a public now familiar with video and photographic evidence of the reality of animal experimentation. The secrecy with which the law is administered only hardens the conviction that there is something to hide. Well documented evidence from the NAVS and others has shown that government guidelines and the ‘Code of Practice for the Housing and Care of Laboratory Animals’ are not diligently enforced and that the Home Office leans towards protection of vivisection industry interests rather than towards serving the public will. It has taken undercover investigations to expose serious abuses within the system. In March 1997 a Channel 4 investigation led to the threat of the revocation of the Certificate of Designation for Huntingdon Life Sciences and the prosecution of former staff members.
    [Show full text]
  • Perspectives
    PERSPECTIVES several organizations that were set up to SCIENCE AND SOCIETY continue the campaign. In both the United States and Europe, the debate about animal experimentation waned Animal experimentation: with the advent of the First World War, only to re-emerge during the 1970s, when anti- the continuing debate vivisection and animal-welfare organizations joined forces to campaign for new legislation to regulate animal research and testing. In the Mark Matfield United States, the public debate re-emerged in a more dramatic fashion in 1980, when an The use of animals in research and there was considerable protest from some activist infiltrated the laboratory of Dr Edward development has remained a subject of members of the audience and that, after one Taub of the Institute of Behavioural Research public debate for over a century. Although animal had been injected, an eminent med- at Silver Spring, Maryland (BOX 1). This attack there is good evidence from opinion surveys ical figure summoned the magistrates to on Taub’s research was organized by a tiny that the public accepts the use of animals in prevent the demonstration from continuing. animal-rights group called People for the research, they are poorly informed about the The Royal Society for the Prevention of Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA), which way in which it is regulated, and are Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA) brought a pros- has since grown to dominate the campaign in increasingly concerned about laboratory- ecution for cruelty, and several of the doctors the United States. animal welfare. This article will review how present at the demonstration gave evidence public concerns about animal against Magnan, who returned to France to The anatomy of the campaign experimentation developed, the recent avoid answering the charges.
    [Show full text]
  • Platforms and Funds for Alternatives to Animal Experimentation
    Platforms and Funds for Alternatives to Animal Experimentation Live Kleveland A report from The Norwegian Reference Centre for Laboratory Animal Science & Alternatives, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Oslo, Norway 2005 ISBN 82-7725-120-3 This is a revised version of the report, after circulation to representatives of all ecopa platforms for approval. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION _____________________________________________________ 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ______________________________________________ 4 ECOPA AND EUROPEAN CONSENSUS-PLATFORMS FOR ALTERNATIVES TO ANIMAL EXPERIMENTATION _____________________________________ 5 Austria ______________________________________________________________ 5 Belgium _____________________________________________________________ 6 The Czech Republic ____________________________________________________ 6 Finland______________________________________________________________ 7 Germany_____________________________________________________________ 8 Italy_________________________________________________________________ 8 The Netherlands ______________________________________________________ 9 Spain_______________________________________________________________ 10 Sweden _____________________________________________________________ 11 Switzerland__________________________________________________________ 12 The UK _____________________________________________________________ 13 SUMMARY OF CONSENSUS-PLATFORMS FOR ALTERNATIVES TO ANIMAL EXPERIMENTATION ________________________________________________ 15 FUNDING OF
    [Show full text]
  • Australian Animal Protection Law Journal
    AUSTRALIAN ANIMAL PROTECTION LAW JOURNAL 2008 VOLUME 1 EDITOR John Mancy LEGAL BULLETIN SERVICE [2008] 1 ANIMAL PROTECTION LAW JOURNAL 1 AUSTRALIAN ANIMAL PROTECTION LAW JOURNAL Editor: John Mancy Assistant Editor: Jacquie Mancy-Stuhl SPECIAL CONTRIBUTIONS The Australian Animal Protection Law Journal welcomes any financial donation. Any person or organisation wishing to become a patron of the AAPLJ should contact the Editor for further information. The Australian Animal Protection Law Journal expresses its appreciation to Voiceless, the fund for animals, for its generous support in 2008. The Australian Animal Protection Law Journal (AAPLJ) is meant for general information. Where possible, references are given so readers can access original sources or find more information. Information contained in the AAPLJ does not represent legal advice. Liability is limited by a scheme approved under the Professional Standards legislation © 2008 Lightoir Holdings Pty Ltd t/as Legal Bulletin Service [2008] 1 ANIMAL PROTECTION LAW JOURNAL 2 Australia’s first animal law journal The Australian Animal Protection Law Journal (AAPLJ) is intended to be a forum for principled consideration and spirited discussion of the issues of law and fact affecting the lives of non-human animals. “The greatest threat to animals is passivity and ongoing acceptance of the status quo; a status quo most easily maintained through silence,” as Peter Sankoff says in a note on the imminent publication of Animal Law in Australasia: A New Dialogue. This inaugural issue of the AAPLJ illustrates some of the width and depth of issues arising under animal law. Arguably, as Ian Weldon writes, animal protection laws in all Australian states fail to protect “most animals from routine and systematic ill treatment”.
    [Show full text]
  • The Ethics of Research Involving Animals Published by Nuffield Council on Bioethics 28 Bedford Square London WC1B 3JS
    The ethics of research involving animals Published by Nuffield Council on Bioethics 28 Bedford Square London WC1B 3JS Telephone: +44 (0)20 7681 9619 Fax: +44 (0)20 7637 1712 Email: [email protected] Website: http://www.nuffieldbioethics.org ISBN 1 904384 10 2 May 2005 To order a printed copy please contact the Nuffield Council or visit the website. © Nuffield Council on Bioethics 2005 All rights reserved. Apart from fair dealing for the purpose of private study, research, criticism or review, no part of the publication may be produced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form, or by any means, without prior permission of the copyright owners. Designed by dsprint / redesign 7 Jute Lane Brimsdown Enfield EN3 7JL Printed by Latimer Trend & Company Ltd Estover Road Plymouth PL6 7PY The ethics of research involving animals Nuffield Council on Bioethics Professor Sir Bob Hepple QC, FBA (Chairman) Professor Catherine Peckham CBE (Deputy Chairman) Professor Tom Baldwin Professor Margot Brazier OBE* Professor Roger Brownsword Professor Sir Kenneth Calman KCB FRSE Professor Peter Harper The Rt Reverend Richard Harries DD FKC FRSL Professor Peter Lipton Baroness Perry of Southwark** (up to March 2005) Professor Lord Raymond Plant Professor Martin Raff FRS (up to March 2005) Mr Nick Ross (up to March 2005) Professor Herbert Sewell Professor Peter Smith CBE Professor Dame Marilyn Strathern FBA Dr Alan Williamson FRSE * (co-opted member of the Council for the period of chairing the Working Party on the ethics of prolonging
    [Show full text]
  • Handbook for NGO Success with a Focus on Animal Advocacy
    HANDBOOK FOR NGO SUCCESS WITH A FOCUS ON ANIMAL ADVOCACY by Janice Cox This handbook was commissioned by the World Society for the Protection of Animals (now World Animal Protection) when the organization was still built around member societies. INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION The World Society for the Protection of Animals (WSPA) was created in 1981 through the merger of the World Federation for the Protection of Animals (WFPA), founded in 1953, and the International Society for the Protection of Animals (ISPA), founded in 1959. Today, WSPA has 12 offices worldwide and over 640,000 supporters around the world. The WSPA Member Society Network is the world’s largest international federation of animal protection organisations, with over 650 societies in more than 140 countries. Member societies range from large international organisations to small specialist groups. WSPA believes that there is a need for close cooperation amongst animal protection groups – by working together and sharing knowledge and skills, greater and more sustainable progress can be made in animal welfare. Member societies work alone, in collaboration with each other or with WSPA on projects and campaigns. The Network also supports and develops emerging organisations in communities where there is great indifference to animal suffering. The Member Society Manual was created for your benefit, and includes guidance and advice on all major aspects of animal protection work. It also details many of the most effective and useful animal protection resource materials available. We hope that it will prove to be a helpful operating manual and reference source for WSPA member societies. D.Philips Marine Conservation Society ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The Member Society Manual was collated by Janice H.
    [Show full text]
  • Animal Experimentation Is Justified ­
    Animal Experimentation Is Justified ­ Animal Experimentation Is Justified The Rights of Animals, 2004 Listen Stuart Derbyshire is an assistant professor at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center and a contributor to Animal Experimentation: Good or Bad? Animal research has played a major part in the development of medicine, and will continue to do so. Yet scientists are becoming increasingly apologetic about their work. Regulations brought in to protect animals' welfare are hindering vital research. There is no 'middle ground' between animal research and a broader concern with animal welfare. Scientists who research with animals have made a moral choice—to put human life first. They should mount a robust defence of their work. Animal research has been an integral part of the development of modern medicine, has saved an incalculable number of lives, and prevents tremendous human suffering. Yet it continues to be an issue of major political controversy.... But where are the scientists in this debate? A strong case for more animal research could easily be made. Yet scientists appear increasingly apologetic about their actions. I would argue that scientists have made a series of disastrous tactical errors in dealing with the animal rights movement, and they continue to do so. Most of the errors have to do with trying to accommodate to the animal rightsmovement, or to reason with it and make compromises. Scientists on the Defensive The most widespread accommodation is the adoption of 'the three Rs', first proposed in 1959 following a report for the Universities Federation for Animal Welfare (UFAW). The three Rs are 'refinement', 'reduction' and 'replacement'.
    [Show full text]
  • Refining, Reducing, and Replacing the Use of Laboratory Animals
    The First Forty Years of the Alternatives Approach: 8CHAPTER Refining, Reducing, and Replacing the Use of Laboratory Animals An updated version of “Looking Back Thirty-three Years to Russell and Burch: The Development of the Concept of the Three Rs (Alternatives)” (Rowan 1994) Martin L. Stephens, Alan M. Goldberg, and Andrew N. Rowan Introduction he concept of the Three Rs— were established during the ’90s. By proved unpersuasive (French 1975; reduction, refinement, and 2000 the use of animals in research Turner 1980). Activism in the United Treplacement of animal use in had fallen by up to fifty percent from States over animal research waned biomedical experimentation—stems its high in the 1970s. after World War I and remained at a from a project launched in 1954 by low level until after World War II, a British organization, the Universi- when a new dimension in the animal ties Federation for Animal Welfare The Alternatives research controversy emerged. (UFAW). UFAW commissioned William Spurred in part by advances in Russell and Rex Burch to analyze the Approach in technological methods, animal pro- status of humane experimental tech- tectionists began advocating for niques involving animals. In 1959 the Context alternatives to laboratory animal use, these scientists published a book that of the Animal not simply advocating against animal set out the principles of the Three Rs, use or otherwise criticizing the sta- which came to be known as alterna- tus quo. These alternatives make up Research Issue the Three Rs: methods that could tive methods. Initially, Russell and Animals have been used as experi- replace or reduce laboratory animal Burch’s book was largely ignored, but mental subjects in biomedical re- use in specific procedures or refine their ideas were gradually picked up search, testing, and education during such use so that animals experience by the animal protection community the last 150 to 200 years, but the less suffering.
    [Show full text]
  • THE BOYD GROUP and ANIMAL EXPERIMENTATION a Case Study of Deliberation
    THE BOYD GROUP AND ANIMAL EXPERIMENTATION A Case Study of Deliberation by Robert Garner Abstract This article is an account of the work of the Boyd Group, an informal grouping of stakeholders on both sides of the debate about animal experimentation formed in Britain in the early 1990s. It is an explorative case study which aims to map the opinion-forming processes of the participants of the Boyd Group, many of whom were interviewed by the author, in light of deliberative theory and with the intention of generating suggestions for improved democratic practices in representative bodies split by seemingly intractable moral differences. Not only is animal experimentation a policy issue involving acute moral conflict, but the Boyd Group is also a body made up of partisans representing organisations on both sides of the debate. Not surprisingly, the transformation of views predicted by some deliberative theorists has not occurred. However, deliberation within the Boyd Group has had the effect of softening some of the views and attitudes of the participants, has facilitated some compromises and provides a useful guide to the methods available to those wishing to manage moral conflict. Professor of Political Theory at the School of History, Politics and International Relations, University of Leicester. E-mail: [email protected]. The author would like to acknowledge the financial support of the Centre for Animals and Social Justice, and the provision of a period of research leave by the University of Leicester. 79 Global Journal of Animal Law, Vol 5, No 1 (2017) 1. Introduction This article consists of a case study of the Boyd Group (hereinafter BG), an informal grouping of stakeholders on both sides of the debate about animal experimentation formed in Britain in the early 1990s.
    [Show full text]
  • Guidelines for Crisis Management
    Guidelines for oscience Crisis Management Responsible Use of Animals and Humans in Research Society for Neur Guidelines for Crisis Management SfN Committee on Animals in Research David G. Amaral, PhD, Chair Jeffrey A. Roberts, DVM University of California, Davis University of California, Davis Department of Psychiatry, M.I.N.D. Department of Primate Medicine Institute Yvette Tache, PhD Steven W. Barger, PhD University of California, Los Angeles University of Arkansas for Medical Department of Medicine, Division of Sciences Digestive Diseases Department of Geriatrics Anthony J. Wynshaw-Boris, MD, PhD Judy L. Cameron, PhD University of California, San Diego University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine David H. Hubel, MD, ex officio Department of Psychiatry Harvard Medical School Department of Neurobiology Linda C. Cork, DVM, PhD Stanford University School of Medicine Richard K. Nakamura, PhD, Department of Comparative Medicine Special Liaison National Institute of Mental Health Suzanne N. Haber, PhD University of Rochester Michael D. Oberdorfer, PhD, Department of Neurobiology and Special Liaison Anatomy National Eye Institute John H. Morrison, PhD Margaret D. Snyder, PhD, Mount Sinai School of Medicine Special Liaison Neurobiology of Aging Labs National Institutes of Health I Guidelines for Crisis Management Table of Contents Introduction III Preparation 1 Complying with Regulations 1 Animal Use Project File 2 Coordinating with Institutions 3 Wording Research Documents 6 Becoming an Advocate 7 Using the Media 8 Guidelines for Use of Animals
    [Show full text]