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The Croatan Indians of Samson County, Their Origin and Racial Status, a Plea for Separate Schools" - Adolph Dial

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The Croatan Indians of Samson County, Their Origin and Racial Status, a Plea for Separate Schools -------- ----------------------------------- ORAL HISTORY PROGRAM UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA MONOLOGUE: G. E. Butler, "The Croatan Indians of Samson County, Their Origin and Racial Status, a Plea for Separate Schools" - Adolph Dial DATE: September 3, 1971 D: Today is September 3, 1971. I am at the Sampson County Public Library, visiting the festivities of the Indians in Robeson County. Tonight there well be a princess contest, tomorrow a parade and speakers, and a thing on Sunday afternoon. While here in Sampson County, I thought it would be feasible to research in the library any material on the Indians of this area. I have here one book written by George E. Butler, Clinton, North Carolina, entitled The Croatan Indians of Sampson County, Their Origin and Racial Status":­ A Plea for Separate Schools. George E. Butler's son, Alvin R. Butler, is the federal judge of this district and is much in the news these days. He is holding a hearing on the public schools in the Prospect area of Robeson County. On the very first page are pictures of the Croatan Normal School at Pembroke, North Carolina--the first Croatan Indian school established and supported by the state. There were about fifty or sixty students. The copyright date of this book is 1916. It was published by the Seenman Printery, Durham, North Carolina. On the first page is a petition of the Indians of Sampson County to the Honorable Board of Education of Sampson County, North Car­ olina, stating: "The undersigned, your petitioners, a part of the Croatan Indians living in the county of Sampson, state aforesaid, having their residence here for more than 200 years as a citizen and taxpayer of the county and state equally sharing all the bur­ dens of our government and desiring to share in all the benefits ----------------respectfully petition your honorable board for such recognition and aid in the education of their children as you may see fit to extend to them the amount appropriated to be used for the sole and exclusive purpose of assisting your petitioners to educate their children and fit them for the duties of citizen­ ship. Your petitioners would show that there are, according to the bulletin of the thirteenth census of 1910, 213 Indians in Sampson County and that there are, I believe, of school age for whom there are no separate school provisions, over 100 Indian school children, that these children are not permitted to attend, and have no desire to attend, the white schools and in no other section of the state are they required to attend the colored schools, that they are a distinct and separate race of people and are now endeavoring as best they can at their own expense to build and maintain their own schools without any appropriation from the county or state notwithstanding their carefully paid taxes for this purpose and otherwise share in the burdens and benefits of the government, that the Croatan Indians of this county are a quiet, peaceful, and industrious people and have been residents of this section long before the event of the white man with whom they are, they have always been friendly and with whom they have always courted and maintained cordial relations. There is tradition among them that they are a remnant of White's lost colony and during the long years that have passed since the disappearance of that colony they have been struggling to fit themselves and their children for the exalted privileges and duties of American freemen and to sub­ stantiate this historical and traditional claim hereto attend and make a part of this petition such historical data as they have been able to collect to aid you in arriving at their proper racial status. Your petitioners respectfully show that they are of the 2 same race and blood and is part of the same people held by Indians of Robeson County, many of whom w~re former residents of Sampson County and with whom they have married and intermarried. That since the state of North Carolina has been so just and generous as to provide special and separate school advantages for our brothers and kinsmen in Robeson County as well as in the counties of Richmond, Scotland, Hoke, Person, and Cumberland, we now appeal to you for the same just and generous recognition from the State of North Carolina and from your honorable board in Sampson County that we may share equal advantages with them as people of the same race and blood and as loyal citizens of the state, and your petitioners will ever pray. Respectfully submitted, Ezem Amond, H. A. Brayton, J. H. Brayton, J. R. Jones, Robin Jacob, R. J. Jacob, Calvin Amond, H. S. Brayton, Jonathan Goodman, Lucy Goodman, Jeff Jacob, J. D. Simmon, William Simmon, Sr., W. J. Bedsole, Matthew Burnett, Enich Emanuel, Jr., Gus Robertson, M. L. Brayton, R.H. Jacog, J, W. Faircloth, E. R. Brayton, W, R. Bedsole, Enich Emanuel, C. B. Brayton, W. D. Brayton, Thomas Jones, C. O. Jacob, J. S. Strictland, Michael Goodman, Enich Jacob, A. J. Amond, C. A. Brayton, C. D. Brayton, Martha Jones, C. J. Jacobs, J.M. West, Albert Jacobs, R. W. Wims, J. A. Brayton, Harley Goodman, W. E. Goodman, D. J. Faircloth, Hersey Simmon, J. G. Simmon, J. A. Bedsole, H.J. Jones, and Jonah Manuel. " Chapter one, page eight, contains an historical sketch of the Indians of Sampson and adjoining counties. On July 30, 1914, the United States Senate passed a resolution directing the secretary of the interior to investigate the conditions and tribal rights of the Indians of Robeson and adjoining counties of North Carolina, recently declared by the legislature of North Carolina to be Cherokee and formally known as Croatan. They were to report to Congress what tribal rights, if any, they have with the Indian band or tribe--whether they are entitled to have or receive any land, whether there are any monies due them under their present condition, their educational facilities, and such other facts as would enable Congress to determine whether the government would be warranted in making suitable provisons for their support and education, In conformity with this request, the secretary of the interior called an investigation to be made by a special Indian agent> O. M. Macpherson. His report, dated September 19, 1914, is quite full, showing a careful investigation of the grounds as well as histori­ cal research. This report was submitted by the secretary of the interior to the president of the Senate of January 4, 1915, and is entitled, "Report on Conditions and Tribal Rights of the Indians of Robeson and Adjoining Counties of North Carolina." This report contains 252 pages from which we have gathered much information embraced in this historical sketch. We hav~ examined the booklet prepared by Honorable Hamilton McMillan of Fayetteville, North Carolina, who made an extensive study and investigation of the Croatans entitled, nsir Walter Raleigh's Lost Colony." We have examined the sketch entitled, "The Lost Colony of Roanoke, Its Fate and Survival," by one of our state historians, Honorable Steven B. Wheat. We have also examined Samuel A. Ash's history of North Carolina, volume two of Hull's history of North Carolina, and a work entitled, "Handbook of American Indians." The histor­ ical records, the family history and traditions, information 3 attainable from the United States census in 1910, and the school and tax records of Sampson County form the basis of the information set out in this historical sketch. The Croatan Indians comprised a body of mixed blood people residing chiefly in Sampson, Robeson, Bladen, Columbus, Cumberland, Scotland, Richmond and Hoke counties in North Carolina, and in Sumter, Marlboro, and Dillon counties in South Carolina. They are called "Redbones" in South Carolina but probably belong to the same type of people residing in North Carolina. In the eleventh census, 1890, under the title, "North Carolina Indians," they are described as "generally white, showing the Indian mostly in actions and habits. They are enumerated by the regular census, enumerated in part as white, are clannish, and hold with considerable pride the tradition that they are descendents of the Croatans of the Raleigh period in North Carolina and Virginia." They are described in the Handbook of American Indians as people evidently of mixed Indian and white blood, found in various sections of the eastern part of North Carolina, particularly in Robeson County. It is also stated that for many years they were classed with the free Negroes but steadfastly refused to accept such classification or to attend Negro schools or churches, claiming to be descendents of the early native tribes and white settlers who had intermarried with them. A bulletin of the thir­ teenth census, 1910, of North Carolina, showed their number to be as follows: Bladen County, thirty-six; Columbus County, twelve; Cumberland County, forty-eight; Scotland County, seventy-four; Union County, ten; Harnett County, twenty-nine; Sampson County, 213; and Robeson County, 5,895. The total in North Carolina was 6,317 in 1910. The Indian office in Washington had no knowledge of the existence of the Croatan Indians until the latter part of 1888 when that office received a petition sent by fifty-four of these Indians describing themselves as part of the Croatan Indians living in Robeson County, claiming to be remnants of White's lost colony, and petitioning Congress for aid. On January 11, 1889, the directors of the Ethnological Bureau, in response to this petition, replied, "I beg leave to say that Croatan in 1585 was the name of an island and Indian village just north of Cape Hatteras, North Carolina.
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