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Up From Obscurity: Indian Rights Activism and the Development of Tribal-State Relations in the 1970s and 1980s Deep South Item Type text; Electronic Dissertation Authors Bates, Denise Eileen Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 23/09/2021 11:42:11 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/194053 UP FROM OBSCURITY: INDIAN RIGHTS ACTIVISM AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF TRIBAL-STATE RELATIONS IN THE 1970S AND 1980S DEEP SOUTH by Denise Eileen Bates ______________________ A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2007 2 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Dissertation Committee, we certify that we have read the dissertation prepared by Denise E. Bates entitled “Up From Obscurity: Indian Rights Activism and the Development of Tribal-State Relations in the 1970s and 1980s Deep South” and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. _______________________________________________________________________ Date: Feb. 23, 2007 Katherine G. Morrissey _______________________________________________________________________ Date: Feb. 23, 2007 K. Tsianina Lomawaima _______________________________________________________________________ Date: Feb. 23, 2007 Karen Anderson _______________________________________________________________________ Date: Feb. 23, 2007 Roger Nichols Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate’s submission of the final copies of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement. ________________________________________________ Date: Feb. 23, 2007 Dissertation Director: Katherine G. Morrissey 3 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in his or her judgment the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author. SIGNED: Denise E. Bates 4 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This dissertation would not have been possible without the support of my family who made many sacrifices for me to complete this project. Thank you, Kevin, for running the household on those days when I rarely got up from my desk. I also appreciate all the time you took to read every page I wrote to give me feedback and motivation to continue pressing on. And thank you, Claire and Aidan, for being a constant source of joy even in the most stressful of times. I would also like to express my deepest gratitude to my dissertation committee, Katherine Morrissey, K. Tsianina Lomawaima, Karen Anderson and Roger Nichols for offering their wonderful insights to this study and for constantly keeping me on my toes and helping me to get the most of the dissertation experience. Lastly, I would like to give a special acknowledgement to the numerous individuals who helped me along the way. The aid and generosity of Norwood A. Kerr of the Alabama Department of Archives and History and Bill Stafford of the Louisiana State Archives ensured that my research trips were positive and productive. I would also like to thank the many other friends and family who have helped me to clarify and articulate my ideas over the years. In particular, Wanda Tully, Naomi Barber, Alice Bates, Kim Bates, Margaret Vaughn, Martiza de la Trinidad, Cherstin Lyon, Meghan Winchell, Angelica Lawson, Cynthia Gonzales and Ziad Abi-Shakra. 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES .............................................................................................................7 ABSTRACT.........................................................................................................................8 KEY TO INDIAN GROUPS AND ORGANIZATIONS....................................................9 KEY TO SIGNIFICANT PEOPLE ...................................................................................10 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................16 CHAPTER 1: BACK ON THE MAP: THE EMERGENCE OF A DEEP SOUTHERN INDIAN RIGHTS MOVEMENT......................................................................................52 Laying the Foundation: Steps Toward a New Southern Indian Movement.................54 Louisiana Indian Activism and the Creation of the Office of Indian Affairs ..............63 Alabama Indian Activism and the Creation of the State Commission of Indian Affairs ......................................................................................................................................87 Forging New Ground: Developing Tribal-State Relationships .................................107 CHAPTER 2: “WE’LL DO IT IN THE SPIRIT OF BROTHERHOOD”: INTER-TRIBAL POLITICS AND THE CHALLENGE OF CENTRALIZING REPRESENTATION IN STATE COMMISSIONS .......................................................119 Toward a “vehicle for Indians to have control”: The Development of the Alabama Indian Affairs Commission (AIAC) ..........................................................................122 Working Toward “A Declaration of Unity”: The Development of the Louisiana Office of Indian Affairs (LOIA) ................................................................................147 CHAPTER 3: ACKNOWLEDGING INDIANS IN A BI-POLAR SOUTH: SHIFTING RACIAL IDENTITIES IN ALABAMA AND LOUISIANA......................173 “Sabines,” “Cajuns,” and “Others”: Setting the Record Straight ..............................177 Building Racial Unity ................................................................................................201 A New Minority.........................................................................................................211 CHAPTER 4: STARTING FROM SCRATCH: STRUGGLING TO IMPROVE INDIAN LIVES...............................................................................................................226 Measuring Indian Needs and Building Political Support ..........................................232 Building a Future: Initiating Tribal Development .....................................................258 Tackling the Immediate Needs ..................................................................................304 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS - Continued CHAPTER 5: A REGIONAL MAKEOVER: TOURISM AND HOW INDIANS REMADE THE SOUTH..................................................................................................316 Recognizing the Need for Public Education..............................................................322 Taking Control of Representations ............................................................................331 Public Education Campaigns Pay Off........................................................................354 CONCLUSION................................................................................................................372 APPENDIX: SOUTHERN INDIAN GROUPS NOT INCLUDED IN THIS STUDY ..........................................................................................................................................380 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................383 7 LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 1, Map of Alabama Indian communities........................................................50 FIGURE 2, Map of Louisiana Indian communities ......................................................51 FIGURE 3, Coushatta leader Ernest Sickey, 1972........................................................65 FIGURE 4, Coushatta basketweaver Rosabel Sylestine, 1973 .....................................69 FIGURE 5, Indian advocate and lawyer Ruth Loyd Miller ..........................................70 FIGURE 6, Commissioner David Garrison at an Indian art exhibit, 1972 ...................74 FIGURE 7, Ernest Sickey and David Garrison, 1975...................................................75 FIGURE 8, National tribal representatives during a powwow held by the Indian Angels in Baton Rouge, 1975 ....................................................................82 FIGURE 9, Indian Angels founder Sarah Peralta, 1983 ...............................................83 FIGURE 10, Members of the Indian Angels during a demonstration at the governor’s mansion, 1980............................................................................................85 FIGURE 11, Calvin McGhee with President John F. Kennedy, 1962............................92
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