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A Historical and Linguistic Study of the German Settlement at Roberts Cove, Louisiana

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A Historical and Linguistic Study of the German Settlement at Roberts Cove, Louisiana Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1969 A Historical and Linguistic Study of the German Settlement at Roberts Cove, Louisiana. Stanley Joe Mccord Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses Recommended Citation Mccord, Stanley Joe, "A Historical and Linguistic Study of the German Settlement at Roberts Cove, Louisiana." (1969). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 1606. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/1606 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. This dissertation has been microfilmed exactly as received 70-253 McCORD, Stanley Joe, 1936- A HISTORICAL AND LINGUISTIC STUDY OF THE GERMAN SETTLEMENT AT ROBERTS COVE, LOUISIANA. [Portions of Text in German]. The Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, Ph.D., 1969 Language and Literature, modem University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. A HISTORICAL AND LINGUISTIC STUDY OF THE GERMAN SETTLEMENT AT ROBERTS COVE, LOUISIANA A Dissertation Submitted, to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of Foreign Languages fcy Stanley Joe McCord B,A.f Louisiana State University, i960 M.A., Louisiana State University, 1963 May, 1969 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ACKNOWLEDGMENT The author wishes to express his appreciation to Dr. A. E. Schroeder for his assistance in the preparation of this dissertation. The author is deeply indebted to the many people in Acadia Parish, Louisiana, who so kindly assisted him, and most especially to the Reverend Father Charles Zaunbrecher, whose generous help was invaluable. ii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENT.......... ii ABSTRACT ............................................ v Chapter I. GERMAN IMMIGRATION INTO LOUISIANA ......... 1 The First Period, 1718-1800 ........... 2 The Second Period, 1800-1860 ........... 21 The Third Period, 1865-1914 ........... 42 II. ROBERTS COVE: THE 19th CE N T U R Y ........... 57 III. ROBERTS COVE: THE 20th CE N T U R Y ........... 121 The Pre-War Pe r i o d ........................ 122 The War and Post War P e r i o d ............ 148 IV. THE LANGUAGE................................ 172 Sample Text . ............ .......... 175 Description of Phones ................... 185 Observations and Conclusions....... 213 V. CONCLUSION.................................. 244 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................. 252 APPENDIX A: German Immigration, 1820-1895 ......... 261 iii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Chapter Page APPENDIX B: Land Acquisitions..................... 264 APPENDIX C: M a p s .................................. 272 APPENDIX D: Questionnaire and Evaluation ......... 279 VITA ................................................ 291 iv Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ABSTRACT This study was undertaken to trace the history of the German settlement established at Roberts Cove in Acadia Parish, Louisiana, in 1881 and to investigate the Low German dialect in use there. A variety of sources was used in compiling the history of Roberts Cove. A search of published material provided information about the beginnings of the settle­ ment, descriptions of individuals and of the community at various times, and information concerning the history of the community church. The broad outline of the history was, however, obtained in a series of interviews with members of the community. In each subsequent interview an attempt was made to verify and complete the d^ta previ­ ously gathered; a search of the files of local newspapers also proved productive in this respect. Public land records, church records, court records and immigration passenger lists not only provided specific dates and v Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. facts, but also served to verify or correct data gathered from the interviews and published works. Information re­ garding the preservation of German customs in the Cove, and among descendants living elsewhere, was obtained from the forty-three responses to 125 questionnaires mailed. Finally, samples of the dialect obtained from three in­ formants were analyzed to determine the phonological characteristics of the language. The samples were then compared with one another and with the original dialect as represented in the Deutscher Sprachatlas to determine whether and to what extent the dialect has undergone phonological change since the settling of the Cove. It has been shown in this study that the continued observance of German customs and the continued use of the German language give the Roberts Cove community a unique place in the history of German immigration into Louisiana, since no other German community maintained these elements of German culture for so long without the support of con­ tinuing immigration. The establishment of the Roberts Cove community and the retention of elements of its German heritage in the absence of continuing immigration are to a large degree the results of the efforts of Father Peter vi Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Leonhard Thevis, a priest who had immigrated to New Orleans in 1867. The persuasive efforts made by Thevis during two trips to Germany, in perhaps 1878 and in 1881, either caused or greatly influenced the emigration of the fifteen families and seven unmarried men, a total of seventy-nine persons, who settled in the Cove in 1881 and 1882. The economic survival of the community was derived from the development of the modern rice industry in 1885, but its survival as a cultural entity was principally due to the presence of a German Catholic Church, and the customs still observed are either church practices or are otherwise related to the religion. Father Thevis was instrumental in obtaining the services of the Swiss- American Benedictines who founded the church and adminis­ tered it until 1930. Even after the monks left the church, German continued in use in the services to some extent until 1950, and is still used in certain hymns. The principal factor in the retention of the dialect, however, seems to have been the church school, since, even though it was conducted in High German, few persons are now conversant with the dialect who did not attend the school before instruction in German ceased in 1922. vii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. As it is presently spoken, the dialect shows some effects of the leveling of regional differences and has adopted the English phone [w], but has otherwise remained es­ sentially unchanged. Since it is now used as a means of communication almost exclusively by persons over the age of fifty, the dialect seems destined to disappear within a few years. viii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. CHAPTER I GERMAN IMMIGRATION INTO LOUISIANA The purpose of this chapter is to g i a brief survey of the history of German emigration to Louisiana, with the intention of showing the uniqueness of the German settlement of Roberts Cove, Louisiana. For the purposes of this study, the review will be limited to the period of time from the colonial era to the beginning of World War One. This period may be divided into three distinct sections: (1) 1718-1800; (2) 1800-1860; (3) 1865-1914.1 Each of the sections will be considered from the follow­ ing points of view: (1) the causes of the emigration; (2) the journey and arrival; (3) settlement in Louisiana; (4) survival of the immigrants as a cultural entity. '''Robert T. Clark, Jr., "The German Liberals in New Orleans 1J40-1860," Louisiana Historical Quarterly, XX (1937), 137. Clark gives a separate period of immigration for the liberals, but this distinction need not be made here. 1 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 2 A. THE FIRST PERIOD, 1718-1800 The causes of German emigration to French Louisi­ ana are twofold, i_.e. , they lie not only in the conditions in Germany at the beginning of the eighteenth century, but also in those of France. The conditions in France are perhaps the more important of the two. After the death of King Louis XIV in 1715, France found herself all but bank­ rupt. The wars and extravagances of L£ Roi Soleil had left the treasury empty and debts higher than the highest possible taxes could pay. The Duke of Orleans, acting as regent for the minor king, accepted the proposals of the Scotsman John Law to revive the moribund economy of the nation. Accordingly, Law received a charter for the 2 Western
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