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Tar Heel Junior Historian North Carolina History for Students Fall 2005 Volume 45, Number 1

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Tar Heel Junior Historian North Carolina History for Students Fall 2005 Volume 45, Number 1 * Pro due Si aro Tar Heel Junior Historian North Carolina History for Students Fall 2005 Volume 45, Number 1 On the cover: John Locklear Jr., a Fancy dancer from the Lurnbee tribe, performs during the 2003 Contents American Indian Heritage Celebration Education Day at the N.C. Museum of History. Image Introduction: The First People of North Carolina courtesy of the N.C. Museum of History. 1 These stemmed projectile points dating by Dr. Joseph C. Porter from the Late Archaic period were recov¬ The Archaeology of Early North Carolina ered in Yadkin County. Image from 3 the collections of the N.C. Office of by Dr. I. Randolph Daniel Jr. State Archaeology Research Center. 7 A Look at the Cherokee Language State of North Carolina by Ben Frey Michael F. Easley, Governor Beverly Perdue, Lieutenant Governor 10 Laying the Loundation: American Indian Education by Jejferson Currie II Department of Cultural Resources Lisbeth C. Evans, Secretary The Occaneechi People: Experiencing a Cultural Renaissance Staci T. Meyer, Chief Deputy Secretary 13 by Forest Hazel Office of Archives and History Communities of Laith: American Indian Churches Jeffrey J. Crow, Deputy Secretary 14 by Dr. Christopher Arris Oakley Division of State History Museums Tar Heel Junior Historian Essay Contest Winners North Carolina Museum of History 16 Elizabeth F. Buford, Director ACTIVITIES SECTION William J. McCrea, Associate Director 18 Education Section 20 The N.C. Commission of Indian Affairs; The State and Its Tribes Michelle L. Carr, Curator of Internal Programs by Gregory A. Richardson and Acting Section Chief Charlotte Sullivan, Acting Curator A Conversation with Artist Joel Queen of Outreach Programs 25 by Lisa Coston Hall Tar Heel Junior Historian Association Suzanne Mewbom, Program Coordinator 28 North Carolina’s American Indians in World War II Paula Creech, Subscription Coordinator by Dr. David La Vere/Our State Books Tar Heel Junior Historian Longtime Chief of the Waccamaw-Siouan: Priscilla Freeman Jacobs Doris McLean Bates, Editor in Chief 30 Lisa Coston Hall, Editor/Designer by Dr. Patricia B. Lerch (in collaboration with Priscilla Joseph C. Porter and Gregory A. Richardson, Freeman Jacobs) Conceptual Editors Indian Cabinetmakers in Piedmont North Carolina Tar Heel Junior Historian 32 Association Advisory Board by Patricia Phillips Marshall Cris Crissman, Elaine Forman, Vince Greene, Lisa Inside the Contemporary Powwow Coston Hall, Tenley Long, Jackson Marshall, 33 Suzanne Mewbom, Gail O'Brien, Terri Ann by Marvin “Marty" Richardson Rouse, Charlotte Sullivan, David Wagoner 36 Celebrating Thousands of Years in a Single Day Do you need to contact the THJH editor? by Emily Grant Send an e-mail to [email protected]. THE PURPOSE of Tar Heel Junior Historian magazine (ISSN 0496-8913) is to present the history of North Carolina to the students of this state through a well- balanced selection of scholarly articles, photographs, and illustrations. It is published two times per year for the Tar Heel Junior Historian Association by the North Carolina Museum of History, Raleigh, North Carolina 27699-4650. Copies are provided free to association advisers. Members receive other benefits, as well. Individual and library subscriptions may be purchased at the rate of $8.00 per year. © 2006, North Carolina Museum of History. PHOTOGRAPHS: Unless otherwise indicated, images are courtesy of the North Carolina Office of Archives and History. EDITORIAL POLICY: Tar Heel Junior Historian solicits manuscripts from expert scholars for each issue. Articles are selected for publication by the editor in consulta¬ tion with the conceptual editors and other experts. The editor reserves the right to make changes in articles accepted for publication but will consult the author should substantive questions arise. Published articles do not necessarily represent the views of the North Carolina Museum of History, the Department of Cultural Resources, or any other state agency. The text of this journal is available on magnetic recording tape from the State Library, Services to the Blind and Physically Handicapped Branch. For information, call 1-888-388-2460. NINE THOUSAND copies of this public document were printed at an approximate cost of $5,865.00, or $.65 per copy. Introductior The First People of North Carolina by Dr. Joseph C. Porter* The first people to inhabit the land that would Carolina directly affected European efforts to settle become North Carolina were American in the continental United States. The explorer Indians. The Indians have lived on this land Hernando de Soto entered the future North for at least 12,000 years. They were here during the Carolina in 1540, becoming one of the first Ice Age, a time when now-extinct mammals such Europeans to meet Indians in the state's interior. as the mammoth, giant bison, and mastodon still De Soto's expedition was just passing through, but roamed parts of North America. If junior historians in early 1567, could use a time machine to visit these first people, Captain Juan they would find that the Indians lived in a land Pardo led a that was much different from the North Carolina military expe¬ we live in today. The climate was cooler and drier, dition with and the environment had different types of trees 125 Spanish and plants. Archaeologists call these oldest ances¬ soldiers into tors of the American Indians who still live here the the area. He Paleo-Indians. and his men American Indians were building communities met with and making history for thousands of years before many Italian explorer Christopher Columbus reached the American Western Hemisphere in Indian chiefs. 1492. The Spanish and One village other Europeans began that Pardo vis¬ visiting the southeastern ited was Joara Atlantic Coast soon after (state archaeo¬ Columbus's travels. logical site These visitors introduced classification ■■ diseases from Europe to 31Bk22) in Waya Dimalanta (Lumbee and Haliwa-Saponi) demonstrates the the Native peoples along present-day Hoop Dance at the 2004 American Indian Heritage Celebration. Image courtesy of the N.C. Museum of History. the coast, and epidemics Burke County spread to the interior of near Morganton. At Joara, Pardo's soldiers built the Southeast, killing Fort San Juan, the very first "European settlement thousands of American in the interior of what is now the United States," Indians and, in the according to historian Charles Hudson in his process, destroying tribes. recent book on the Pardo expeditions. The Spanish Thus many Indians felt soldiers at Fort San Juan violated the cus¬ the impact of the toms of Joara, causing the Indians to attack Europeans before actually and destroy Fort San Juan. So North meeting any of them. Carolina Indians stopped the first effort at After 1500, the native European settlement within the continental American Indians and United States. The site of Joara and Fort Europeans and Africans San Juan can be visited today. (Access from the Old World www.warren-wilson.edu/~arch/fs2004 began to make history for information.) Lloyd C. Owle, a Cherokee, carved this together here. By 1500, American Indians in the North dancing Indian from John White sketched American Indians In the 1500s, Indians Carolina region practiced sophisticated cherrywood in 1969. he saw here in the 1500s. © The Trustees Image courtesy of the of the British Museum. in what is now North agriculture that included growing crops N.C. Museum ofHistoi *Dr. Joseph C. Porter is the chief curator at the N.C. Museum of History. He and Gregory A. THJH, Fall 2005 Richardson, executive director of the N.C. Commission of Indian Affairs, served as the concep¬ tual editors for this issue of Tar Heel Junior Historian. 1 Eastern Band of Cherokee 2 Sappony 3 Occaneechi 4 Cohane 5 Lumbee 6 Waccamaw-Siouan 7 Haliwa-Sapom 9 Mehemn The map at the left shows the locations of many of the American Indian tribes present in North Carolina in the 1700s. The map at the right shows the locations of today's state-recognized tribes. Images courtesy of the North Carolina State Archives and the N.C. Museum of History. such as corn, beans, and many varieties of squash, as well as hunting, fishing, and gathering. Extensive Native trade networks connected the Indians of the Coastal Plain, Piedmont, and Mountain regions to one another and to Indian peoples farther away. By the time of Pardo's explo¬ rations, many of the historic tribes that Tar Heels know today had created their own communities, including the Tutelo, Saponi, Occaneechi, Keyauwee, Eno, Cheraw, Waxhaw, Waccamaw, Sugeree, Sissipahaw, Shakori, Catawba, Cape Fear, Neuse River, Coree, Pamlico, Hatteras, Machapunga, Weapemeoc, Secotan, Moratac, Chowanoke, Croatan, Meherrin, Tuscarora, and Cherokee. Nearly three dozen tribes have lived in North -- Carolina at one time or English colonist John White made this draw¬ another. Many of them ing of American Indians fishing in the 1500s. © The Trustees of the British Museum. disappeared due to war¬ fare, dislocation, disease, and absorption into other tribes. Today, the state officially recognizes eight tribes, and North Carolina has the largest American Indian popula¬ tion of any state east of the Mississippi River. Modern American Indians dress, eat, and live in much the same ways as other North Carolinians. (Clockwise, from toy left) Rep Ronnie Sutton (Lumbee), of Robeson County, a seven-term The arrivals of de Soto and Pardo began the member of the N.C. House of Representatives. Charlene Martin and Emily Stewart of interaction between the native American Indians the Sappony tribe at the 2005 N.C. Indian Unity Conference in Raleigh. Virginia Dixon (Cherokee) in fall 1942, when she was stationed at Walter Reed Medical Center as an and the new settlers from Europe and Africa. army nurse. Daniel Patrick (Waccamaw-Siouan) performing the Grass Dance at the 2005 Together all of them created, and continue to create, Indian Unity Conference.
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