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The Piggot Site (31CR14), Carteret County, North Carolina

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The Piggot Site (31CR14), Carteret County, North Carolina ABSTRACT GARRETT, AMY. Osteological Analysis of a Late Woodland North Carolina Ossuary: The Piggot Site (31CR14), Carteret County, North Carolina. (Under the direction of Dr. Ann Ross). This study represents a comprehensive osteological analysis of the Piggot ossuary site (31CR14) from coastal North Carolina. Calibrated radiocarbon dating indicates an age of AD 1420-1640, situating the site within the Late Woodland/Protohistoric period. The skeletal remains were not processed or catalogued prior to this investigation. The primary goal of this study is to determine the demographic profile of the site—including age and sex distributions and most likely number of individuals (MLNI)—as part of the inventorying process. This investigation additionally documents all evident pathologies in order to interpret overall levels of health and nutrition. Biological sex is assessed for adults through pelvic and cranial morphology. Adult ages are determined by dental and pelvic degeneration, as well as Lamendin et al.’s (1992) aging technique based on dental transparency. For subadults, age is estimated through dental development and maximum lengths of long bones. Results indicate the Piggot ossuary originally comprised 121 individuals, containing an incomplete, non- representative population with a significantly higher-than-expected percentage of subadults (79%). Prominent pathologies include osteoarthritis, periostitis, osteomyelitis, and probable scurvy. Results also indicate the presence of congenital syphilis. However, due to the protohistoric nature of this sample, results of this investigation cannot definitively contribute to the debate concerning the origins of venereal syphilis in the New World. The pathological evidence along with an overnummeration of subadults suggests the sample could represent a Native American population experiencing the first wave of disease resulting from European contact. © Copyright 2012 by Amy Leigh Garrett All Rights Reserved Osteological Analysis of a Late Woodland North Carolina Ossuary: The Piggot Site (31CR14), Carteret County, North Carolina by Amy Garrett A thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty of North Carolina State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Anthropology Raleigh, North Carolina 2012 APPROVED BY: _______________________________ ______________________________ Dr. Ann Ross Dr. Kevin Donald Committee Chair ________________________________ ________________________________ Dr. Troy Case Dr. Scott Fitzpatrick ii BIOGRAPHY Amy Garrett spent her childhood in Danville, Virginia. Growing up she aspired to be an archaeologist, and she followed this career path into adulthood. Amy completed her Bachelor of Arts degree in Anthropology at the University of Mary Washington in Fredericksburg, Virginia. During this time, she participated in an archaeological field school at Werowocomoco, the political center of the Powhatan chiefdom. This experience strengthened her love for archaeology and also incited an interest in Native American studies. After gaining two years of archaeological experience as a field technician at a Cultural Resource Management (CRM) firm, she decided to pursue a graduate degree at North Carolina State University. Amy concentrated in bioarchaeology and was able to combine her interest in archaeology and Native American studies through her thesis on a Late Woodland Algonkian ossuary. She is currently a candidate for the Master of Arts degree in Anthropology under the direction of Dr. Ann Ross. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First, I would like to thank my committee members for their support, encouragement, and constructive criticism throughout this entire process. I would like to thank Dr. Ross for providing me with the means to study the collection—volunteering her lab for its storage and analysis and essentially allowing me to ‘camp out’ there until its completion. And also, a big thanks for transporting my collection to the lab when I was in Thailand, carrying 16 heavy boxes of bones across the city in the middle of a very hot summer. I especially want to thank Dr. Donald for all his help with the collection over the summer, acting as my guide through the curation process. Many tedious hours were spent weighing bone fragments and writing cataloguing cards, and for that I am exceedingly grateful. Thanks to Dr. Case for his encouragement and input throughout this process. When I would begin to feel completely overwhelmed during the four month processing phase, he helped me find my focus and determination. I would also like to thank Dr. Fitzpatrick for all his archaeological input, and for his expert advice on radiocarbon dating. I would like to thank my friends and family for their love, support, and understanding. Thanks especially for bearing with me as I have been, on the whole, MIA during this time. I want to thank my dog Nelly for forcing me to take study breaks every so often (she didn’t know it, but those games of tug-of-war really helped). Finally, I want to thank Cedric for his constant, unwavering support and encouragement. He is my foundation and best friend, and has helped me stay sane and centered these past two years of graduate school. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................. VII LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................... VIII CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 2 – PREHISTORIC CULTURAL SEQUENCE ............................................................. 4 PALEO-INDIAN PERIOD ................................................................................................. 4 ARCHAIC PERIOD ......................................................................................................... 5 WOODLAND PERIOD ..................................................................................................... 8 LATE WOODLAND CAROLINA ALGONKIANS .............................................................. 16 CHAPTER 3 – OSSUARY BURIAL ......................................................................................... 24 BACKGROUND ............................................................................................................ 25 REGIONAL ANALYSES ................................................................................................ 27 NORTH CAROLINA OSSUARY INTERMENT .................................................................. 31 ANALYTICAL MEASURES ............................................................................................ 34 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................... 37 CHAPTER 4 – PALEOPATHOLOGY ....................................................................................... 38 ARTHRITIS .................................................................................................................. 39 FRACTURES ................................................................................................................ 40 INFECTION .................................................................................................................. 41 CONGENITAL DISORDERS ........................................................................................... 43 CIRCULATORY DISTURBANCES ................................................................................... 44 TUMORS AND TUMOR-LIKE PROCESSES OF BONE ...................................................... 45 METABOLIC DISORDERS ............................................................................................. 45 ENDOCRINE DISTURBANCES ....................................................................................... 47 HEMATOLOGIC DISORDERS ........................................................................................ 48 MISCELLANEOUS ........................................................................................................ 49 CHAPTER 5 – MATERIALS AND METHODS .......................................................................... 50 MATERIALS ........................................................................................................................ 50 THE PIGGOT OSSUARY ............................................................................................... 50 ARTIFACT ASSEMBLAGE ............................................................................................ 53 METHODS .......................................................................................................................... 58 CURATION .................................................................................................................. 58 MOST LIKELY NUMBER OF INDIVIDUALS ................................................................... 60 AGE ESTIMATION ....................................................................................................... 62 SEX ESTIMATION ........................................................................................................ 65 PALEOPATHOLOGY ..................................................................................................... 66 PALEODEMOGRAPHY .................................................................................................. 67 v CHAPTER 6 – RESULTS ......................................................................................................
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