Opportunities and Risks of Nanotechnologies Report in Co-Operation with the OECD International Futures Programme Contents
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Konarka Technologies
Colorado Renewable Energy Collaboratory Partners for Clean Energy Center for Revolutionary Solar Photoconversion updateSummer 2010 CRSP Research Profile Plasma Sheds Light on Mysteries of PV Efficiency Stars are made of plasma, an ionized gas comprising a complex mixture of gas-phase species. So it’s remarkable that CRSP researchers are using plasmas to create photovoltaic (PV) devices that can better convert energy from our own star, the sun, into power we can use here on Earth. A CRSP research team, made up of re- searchers from CSU and NREL, has been using plasmas to modify PV materials and improve the interfaces between the layers of materials in thin-film solar cells. The goal is to increase efficiency in PV devices. Ellen Fisher is an analytical/materials The CRSP plasma processing project team Ina Martin (left) and Ellen Fisher are shown chemist and the project’s principle investiga- includes Ina Martin, an analytical chemist at in the laboratory with a low-pressure rf plasma reactor. The two chemists work to- tor at CSU. “We know we can use plasmas NREL. Her role is to extend the character- gether on a CRSP project that uses plasmas to change materials and get different device ization of the modified materials and evalu- results, but we need to know exactly how it to modify PV materials and improve the ate the resulting devices under real-world interfaces between the layers of materials in works,” she says. conditions. The rest of the team includes thin-film solar cells. Credit: Jeff Shearer. The team is developing new materials for Michael Elliott, a CSU electrochemist with solar cells by taking known materials, such a background in PV device testing; Patrick McCurdy, a CSU staff scientist who special- chemistry, applying these results to as titanium dioxide (TiO2), and improv- ing their properties. -
Accomplishments in Nanotechnology
U.S. Department of Commerce Carlos M. Gutierrez, Secretaiy Technology Administration Robert Cresanti, Under Secretaiy of Commerce for Technology National Institute ofStandards and Technolog}' William Jeffrey, Director Certain commercial entities, equipment, or materials may be identified in this document in order to describe an experimental procedure or concept adequately. Such identification does not imply recommendation or endorsement by the National Institute of Standards and Technology, nor does it imply that the materials or equipment used are necessarily the best available for the purpose. National Institute of Standards and Technology Special Publication 1052 Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. Spec. Publ. 1052, 186 pages (August 2006) CODEN: NSPUE2 NIST Special Publication 1052 Accomplishments in Nanoteciinology Compiled and Edited by: Michael T. Postek, Assistant to the Director for Nanotechnology, Manufacturing Engineering Laboratory Joseph Kopanski, Program Office and David Wollman, Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory U. S. Department of Commerce Technology Administration National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, MD 20899 August 2006 National Institute of Standards and Teclinology • Technology Administration • U.S. Department of Commerce Acknowledgments Thanks go to the NIST technical staff for providing the information outlined on this report. Each of the investigators is identified with their contribution. Contact information can be obtained by going to: http ://www. nist.gov Acknowledged as well, -
Meso/Micro/Nano Scale Technologies
Meso/Micro/Nano Scale Technologies Clayton Teague, Chief, APTD, MEL John Evans, Chief, ISD, MEL June 8, 1999 Contents of Presentation • What we (MEL) have done in meso-scale area • What is nanotechnology • Nanotechnology is important • Principal message • Why is it important to industry and NIST? – Examples of industry/NIST work at all scales • Challenges for NIST • Long term needs at the nano-scale • Short term needs at the meso/micro-scales • Priorities • Ideas • Discussion topics Background • During past 9 months, MEL has explored measurements and standards needs of meso and micro-scale manufacturing • Visited 20 companies • Conducted and participated in three workshops jointly sponsored with DARPA and NSF • Organized informal NIST-wide co-ordinating group for meso/micro/nano scale activities • All feedback from these efforts points toward an exploding growth of nanotechnology • We see a continuum of needs for NIST efforts from the macro-scale to the nano-scale What is Nanotechnology? • Technology on the scale of atoms -100 pm- up to biomolecular systems as large as cells - 10’s mm • “Top-down” - achieving increased miniaturization through extension of existing microfabrication schemes • “Bottom-up” - capability to construct functional components, devices, and systems from building blocks of atoms and molecules Nanotechnology Strategies Nanotechnology is important! • “We’ve got to learn how to build machines, materials, and devices with the ultimate finesse that life has always used: atom by atom, on the same nanometer scale as the machinery in living cells.” Richard Smalley, Nobel Laureate, 1995 • “I believe nanoscience and nanotechnology will be central to the next epoch of the information age …” John Armstrong, formerly Chief Scientist of IBM, 1991 • “If I were asked for an area of science and engineering that will most likely produce the breakthroughs of tomorrow, I would point to nanoscale science and engineering.” Neal Lane, Director OSTP, 1998 • “Nanotechnology has given us the tools to make contact with the world of the molecule and the atom. -
Nanosolar Is Leading the “Third Wave” of Solar Power Technology: the First
Nanosolar is leading the “Third Wave” of solar power technology: ▪ The First Wave started with the introduction of silicon-wafer based solar cells over three decades ago. While ground-breaking, it is visible until today that this technology came out of a market environment with little concern for cost, capital efficiency, and the product cost / performance ratio. Despite continued incremental improvements, silicon-wafer cells have a built-in disadvantage of fundamentally high materials cost and poor capital efficiency. Because silicon does not absorb light very strongly, silicon wafer cells have to be very thick. And because wafers are fragile, their intricate handling complicates processing all the way up to the panel product. ▪ The Second Wave came about a decade ago with the arrival of the first commercial "thin-film" solar cells. This established that new solar cells based on a stack of layers 100 times thinner than silicon wafers can make a solar cell that is just as good. However, the first thin-film approaches were handicapped by two issues: 1. The cell's semiconductor was deposited using slow and expensive high-vacuum based processes because it was not known how to employ much simpler and higher-yield printing processes (and how to develop the required semiconductor ink). 2. The thin films were deposited directly onto glass as a substrate, eliminating the opportunity of ▪ using a conductive substrate directly as electrode (and thus avoiding bottom-electrode deposition cost), ▪ achieving a low-cost top electrode of high performance, ▪ employing the yield and performance advantages of individual cell matching & sorting, ▪ employing high-yield continuous roll-to-roll processing, and ▪ developing high-power high-current panels with lower balance-of-system cost. -
Nanosensor Manufacturing Workshop Summary (2017)
Nanosensor Manufacturing Workshop: Finding Better Paths to Products June 13-14, 2017 About the National Nanotechnology Initiative The National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI) is a U.S. Government research and development (R&D) initiative involving 20 Federal departments, independent agencies, and independent commissions working together toward the shared and challenging vision of a future in which the ability to understand and control matter at the nanoscale leads to a revolution in technology and industry that benefits society. The combined, coordinated efforts of these agencies have accelerated discovery, development, and deployment of nanotechnology to benefit agency missions in service of the broader national interest. More information can be found at www.nano.gov. About the Nanotechnology Signature Initiatives The Federal agencies participating in the NNI have identified focused areas of national importance that may be more rapidly advanced through enhanced coordination and collaboration of agency research and development efforts. These Nanotechnology Signature Initiatives (NSIs) provide a spotlight on critical areas and define the shared vision of the participating agencies for accelerating the advancement of nanoscale science and technology to address needs and exploit opportunities from research through commercialization. They are intended to be dynamic, with topical areas rotating and evolving over time. More information about the NSIs can be found at www.nano.gov/signatureinitiatives. About this document This is the report of the NNI Nanosensor Manufacturing Workshop: Finding Better Paths to Products, held on June 13-14, 2017, in Arlington, VA, organized by the National Nanotechnology Coordination Office (NNCO) in support of the Nanotechnology for Sensors and Sensors for Nanotechnology Signature Initiative (Sensors NSI). -
China's Progress in Semiconductor Manufacturing Equipment
MARCH 2021 China’s Progress in Semiconductor Manufacturing Equipment Accelerants and Policy Implications CSET Policy Brief AUTHORS Will Hunt Saif M. Khan Dahlia Peterson Executive Summary China has a chip problem. It depends entirely on the United States and U.S. allies for access to advanced commercial semiconductors, which underpin all modern technologies, from smartphones to fighter jets to artificial intelligence. China’s current chip dependence allows the United States and its allies to control the export of advanced chips to Chinese state and private actors whose activities threaten human rights and international security. Chip dependence is also expensive: China currently depends on imports for most of the chips it consumes. China has therefore prioritized indigenizing advanced semiconductor manufacturing equipment (SME), which chip factories require to make leading-edge chips. But indigenizing advanced SME will be hard since Chinese firms have serious weaknesses in almost all SME sub-sectors, especially photolithography, metrology, and inspection. Meanwhile, the top global SME firms—based in the United States, Japan, and the Netherlands—enjoy wide moats of intellectual property and world- class teams of engineers, making it exceptionally difficult for newcomers to the SME industry to catch up to the leading edge. But for a country with China’s resources and political will, catching up in SME is not impossible. Whether China manages to close this gap will depend on its access to five technological accelerants: 1. Equipment components. Building advanced SME often requires access to a range of complex components, which SME firms often buy from third party suppliers and then assemble into finished SME. -
Nanomaterial Safety
Nanomaterial Safety What are Nanomaterials? Nanomaterials or nanoparticles are human engineered particles with at least one dimension in the range of one to one hundred nanometers. They can be composed of many different base materials (carbon, silicon, and various metals). Research involving nanomaterials ranges from nano-particle synthesis to antineoplastic drug implants to cell culture work. Material Scientists, Chemists, Biologists, Biochemists, Physicists, Microbiologists, Medical-related disciplines and many engineering disciplines (Mechanical, Chemical, Biological and Environmental, etc.) perform research using nanomaterials. Naturally created particles of this size range are normally called ultra-fine particles. Examples are welding fumes, volcanic ash, motor vehicle exhaust, and combustion products. Nanomaterials come in many different shapes and dimensions, such as: • 0-dimensional: quantum dots • 1-dimensional: nanowires, nanotubes, • 2-dimensional: nanoplates, nanoclays • 3-dimensional: Buckyballs, Fullerenes, nanoropes, crystalline structures Nanoparticles exhibit very different properties than their respective bulk materials, including greater strength, conductivity, fluorescence and surface reactivity. Health Effects Results from studies on rodents and in cell cultures exposed to ultrafine and nanoparticles have shown that these particles are more toxic than larger ones on a mass-for-mass basis. Animal studies indicate that nanoparticles cause more pulmonary inflammation, tissue damage, and lung tumors than larger particles Solubility, shape, surface area and surface chemistry are all determinants of nanoparticle toxicity There is uncertainty as to the levels above which these particles become toxic and whether the concentrations found in the workplace are hazardous Respiratory Hazards: • Nanoparticles are deposited in the lungs to a greater extent than larger particles • Based on animal studies, nanoparticles may enter the bloodstream from the lungs and translocate to other organs and they are able to cross the blood brain barrier. -
DNA Computers for Work and Play
INFORMATION SCIENCE COMPUTERS DNA FOR WORK AND PL AY TIC-TAC-TOE-PLAYING COMPUTER consisting of DNA strands in solution demonstrates the potential of molecular logic gates. © 2008 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. Logic gates made of DNA could one day operate in your bloodstream, collectively making medical decisions and taking action. For now, they play a mean game of in vitro tic-tac-toe By Joanne Macdonald, Darko Stefanovic and Milan N. Stojanovic rom a modern chemist’s perspective, the mentary school in Belgrade, Serbia, we hap- structure of DNA in our genes is rather pened to be having dinner, and, encouraged by Fmundane. The molecule has a well-known some wine, we considered several topics, includ- importance for life, but chemists often see only ing bioinformatics and various existing ways of a uniform double helix with almost no function- using DNA to perform computations. We decid- al behavior on its own. It may come as a surprise, ed to develop a new method to employ molecules then, to learn that this molecule is the basis of a to compute and make decisions on their own. truly rich and strange research area that bridges We planned to borrow an approach from synthetic chemistry, enzymology, structural electrical engineering and create a set of molec- nanotechnology and computer science. ular modules, or primitives, that would perform Using this new science, we have constructed elementary computing operations. In electrical molecular versions of logic gates that can oper- engineering the computing primitives are called ate in water solution. Our goal in building these logic gates, with intuitive names such as AND, DNA-based computing modules is to develop OR and NOT. -
Fundamentals of Nanoelectronics (Fone)
ESF EUROCORES Programme Fundamentals of NanoElectronics (FoNE) Highlights European Science Foundation (ESF) Physical and Engineering Sciences (PESC) The European Science Foundation (ESF) is an The Physical and Engineering Sciences are key drivers independent, non-governmental organisation, the for research and innovation, providing fundamental members of which are 78 national funding agencies, insights and creating new applications for mankind. research performing agencies, academies and learned The goal of the ESF Standing Committee for Physical societies from 30 countries. and Engineering Sciences (PESC) is to become the The strength of ESF lies in its influential membership pan-European platform for innovative research and and in its ability to bring together the different domains competitive new ideas while addressing societal of European science in order to meet the challenges of issues in a more effective and sustainable manner. the future. The Committee is a unique cross-disciplinary Since its establishment in 1974, ESF, which has its group, with networking activities comprising a good headquarters in Strasbourg with offices in Brussels mix of experimental and theoretical approaches. and Ostend, has assembled a host of organisations It distinguishes itself by focusing on fundamental that span all disciplines of science, to create a research and engineering. PESC covers the following common platform for cross-border cooperation in broad spectrum of fields: chemistry, mathematics, Europe. informatics and the computer sciences, physics, ESF is dedicated to promoting collaboration in fundamental engineering sciences and materials scientific research, funding of research and science sciences. policy across Europe. Through its activities and instruments ESF has made major contributions to science in a global context. -
The World's Largest Optical Networking and Communications Event
EXHIBITOR PROSPECTUS The world’s largest optical networking and communications event. of the OFC 2017 exhibit hall is SIGN UP NOW! EXHIBITION: 21-23 March 2017 LOS ANGELES CONVENTION CENTER CALIFORNIA, USA Sponsored by: OFCconference.org OFC 2017 EXHIBIT SPACE IS 96% JOIN 600+ EXHIBITORS AND SOLD OUT—SECURE YOURS TODAY. 13,000 BUYERS AT THE INDUSTRY’S LARGEST EXHIBITION. of exhibit attendees spent 99% of attendees visited the exhibits 32% 10+ hours on the show floor of all attendees have a role 72 countries represented in buying decisions. OFC attendees 13,000 are C-Level ATTENDEES of OFC 96% attendees come exhibitor satisfaction rate with from outside of 41.5 leads per exhibitor. the US OFC is the world’s largest from optical components and devices Exhibiting at OFC grows your A large and dynamic market. Capital and most prestigious to systems, test equipment, software business. expenditures among network event dedicated to and specialty fiber—OFC is where your operators will be nearly $180 billion optical networking and customers and prospects come to make With a solid and expanding base of in 2016, according to market research communications. their purchasing plans. 13,000 attendees from all sectors firm LightCounting. A strong growth of the market—from data center segment is in expansion of data Exhibit at OFC 2017 and be part OFC is Your BEST Opportunity to: end users and service providers and centers, with Google spending $10 of the ONE EVENT that defines carriers, to systems and component billion alone, and over $3 billion in • Connect with buyers the market and brings together vendors—OFC represents the transceiver sales for data centers • Meet decision makers the thought leaders and solution entire supply chain and provides across all customers, according to • Increase sales providers that drive the industry. -
Nanoscience and Nanotechnologies: Opportunities and Uncertainties
ISBN 0 85403 604 0 © The Royal Society 2004 Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act (1998), no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of the publisher, or, in the case of reprographic reproduction, in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency in the UK, or in accordance with the terms of licenses issued by the appropriate reproduction rights organization outside the UK. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the terms stated here should be sent to: Science Policy Section The Royal Society 6–9 Carlton House Terrace London SW1Y 5AG email [email protected] Typeset in Frutiger by the Royal Society Proof reading and production management by the Clyvedon Press, Cardiff, UK Printed by Latimer Trend Ltd, Plymouth, UK ii | July 2004 | Nanoscience and nanotechnologies The Royal Society & The Royal Academy of Engineering Nanoscience and nanotechnologies: opportunities and uncertainties Contents page Summary vii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Hopes and concerns about nanoscience and nanotechnologies 1 1.2 Terms of reference and conduct of the study 2 1.3 Report overview 2 1.4 Next steps 3 2 What are nanoscience and nanotechnologies? 5 3 Science and applications 7 3.1 Introduction 7 3.2 Nanomaterials 7 3.2.1 Introduction to nanomaterials 7 3.2.2 Nanoscience in this area 8 3.2.3 Applications 10 3.3 Nanometrology -
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
January 2018 CURRICULUM VITAE AGNES B. KANE PERSONAL DATA Business Address: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Box G-E534, Providence, Rhode Island 02912 Business Telephone Number: (401) 863-1110 Fax: (40l) 863-9008 EDUCATION B.A. Swarthmore College, Zoology 1968 M.D. Temple University School of Medicine 1974 Ph.D. Temple University School of Medicine, Experimental Pathology 1976 PROFESSIONAL APPOINTMENTS 1996-2017 Chair, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI 1995-present Professor, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI 1992-present Director, Training Program in Environmental Pathology, Brown University, Providence, RI 1987-95 Associate Professor, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI 1982-87 Assistant Professor, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI 1979-82 Staff Pathologist, Temple University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA 1977-82 Assistant Professor, Department of Pathology and Fels Research Institute, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 1977-78 Resident in Anatomic Pathology, Temple University Hospital 1976-77 Postdoctoral Fellowship, National Research Service Award under Dr. Nils R. Ringertz, Medical Cell Genetics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden 1975-76 Resident in Anatomic Pathology, Temple University Hospital SPECIALTY BOARD CERTIFICATION 1979 Anatomic Pathology PROFESSIONAL LICENSES Pennsylvania, Rhode Island