EVALUATION OF DANISH DEVELOPMENT SUPPORT TO AFGHANISTAN Evaluation 2012 Evaluation of Danish development support to Afghanistan Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark August 2012 © Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark August 2012 Production: Evaluation Department, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark Cover photo: Franz-Michael Mellbin Graphic Production: Ph7 kommunikation, Århus e-ISBN: 978-87-7087-667-4 This report can be obtained free of charge by ordering from www.evaluation.dk or from www.danida-publikationer.dk. This report can be downloaded through the homepage of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs www.um.dk or directly from the homepage of the Evaluation Department www.evaluation.dk. Contact: [email protected] The opinions expressed in this document represent the views of the authors, which are not necessarily shared by the Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs or other stakeholders. Contents Preface Evaluation of Danida Support to the Education Sector in Afghanistan Evaluation of the Danish Region of Origin Initiative in Afghanistan Evaluation Study: Danish support to statebuilding and improved livelihoods in Afghanistan 3 4 Preface Over the last decade, Denmark has provided substantial development support to the reconstruction of Afghanistan, with the main purposes of contributing to national, re- gional and global security as well as to poverty reduction. In Denmark, as well as in the donor community in general, there is a wish to learn from the experiences with different types of support to Afghanistan implemented through the last decade. Against this back- ground, the Evaluation Department in 2010 decided to initiate preparation of an inde- pendent evaluation of the Danish support to Afghanistan. Preparatory work for the evaluation established that the total disbursement of Danish development support to Afghanistan over the period 2001-2012 amounted to approxi- mately DKK 3.8 billion. Support during this period was mainly concentrated within four thematic areas: (1) State-building, (2) Livelihoods, (3) Education, and (4) Regions of Origin Initiative (ROI) support. The preparatory work also found that support to state-building and livelihoods had mainly been channeled through joint/pooled funding mechanisms covered by a consid- erable amount of existing reviews, studies and evaluations. EVAL therefore decided to cover these two thematic areas by means of an Evaluation Study comprising a desk based review of existing documentation. The review was conducted by Oxford Policy Manage- ment Institute (UK). The two other thematic areas – i.e. education and Regions of Origin (ROI) support in Afghanistan – had not to the same extent been covered by previous evaluation work. In these two areas of support, EVAL therefore decided to commission full evaluations, in- cluding both desk and field work. Field work for the two evaluations was conducted during the period from September 2011 to March 2012 by independent evaluation teams selected through international tendering processes. The evaluation of support to the education sector was conducted by a consortium comprising Particip (Germany) and Niras (Denmark), while the evaluation of the ROI support was conducted by a consortium comprising GHK (UK) and tana (Denmark). The two evaluations and the evaluation study were supplemented by two additional evaluation studies entitled Economic development and service delivery in fragile states (conducted by UN-Wider) and Effective statebuilding? A review of evaluations of inter- national statebuilding support in fragile contexts (conducted by German Development Institute). These evaluation studies were published in Spring 2012 and are available at www.evaluation.dk Evaluation Department Ministry of Foreign Affairs/Danida 5 6 Evaluation of Dani Evaluation 2 asiatisk plads DK-1448 copenhagen K Denmark D a Suppor tel +45 33 92 00 00 fax +45 32 54 05 33 th to t [email protected] www.um.dk E Evaluation of DaniDa Support E D uca to thE EDucation SEctor tion S in afghaniStan E cto r in a fgha Evaluation of DaniDa Support ni S to thE EDucation SEctor tan in afghaniStan Evaluation 2012.02 2012.02 iSBn: 978-87-7087-644-5 e-iSBn: 978-87-7087-645-2 C CH A m 64 u 66 68 70 72 Mur 74 H ° D ° ° ° a-ye ° gho ° ar y b INA ya UZBEKISTAN r INA a AFGHANISTAN D Qurghonteppa TAJIKISTAN Kerki (Kurgan-Tyube) Mary Kiroya iz M rm Dusti Khorugh u e BADAKHSHAN r T g a Keleft Rostaq FayzFayzabad Abad b ir Qala-I-Panjeh Andkhvoy Jeyretan am JAWZJAN P Mazar-e-Sharif KUNDUZ TaluqanTaloqan Jorm TURKMENISTAN Shiberghan Kunduz h Eshkashem s Dowlatabad BALKH Kholm Khanabad TAKHAR u T K e d Baghlan Farkhar 36 z ° h Shulgarah e u 36 n Sari Pul Aybak Dowshi ° d y Maymana g BAGHLABAGHLANN h SAMANGAN n Gilgit s u FARYAB Tokzar i G ISLAMIC Qeysar PANJSHER H AFGHANISTAN r Gushgy a SARI PUL Bazarak n u Jammu BADGHIS Mahmud-e- NURISTAN K Towraghondi Raqi ns Taybad oru KUNAR Mo Chaharikar N P and Qala-e-Naw rghab BAMYAN KAPISA A PARWAN M Asad Abad Mehtarlam Dowlat Bamyan H HiratHerat Chaghcharan Yar G Kashmir H Karokh A ar Owbeh Maydan Kabul ir L Jalalabad ud Shahr KABUL 34 WARDAK Mardan REPUBLIC REPUBLIC ° NANGARHAR 34 GHOR DAY LOGAR K ° HERATHIRAT h y Pul-e-Alam b Peshawar KUNDI Peywar Pass e Islamabad r d P an ass Nili lm Gardez He Ghazni Rawalpindi PAKTYA KHOST Shindand- GHAZNI Qarah Bagh Khost (Matun) Bannu Anar Darreh Khas Uruzgan Sharan PAKISTAN b a URUZGAN d n FARAH a ut gh ar Now Zad Ar H Farah Tirin Kot PAKTIKA OF OF h 32 ra ZABUL h a Kajaki ra ° F u 32 m k L Tank ° a Qalat a -e Delar rn d Ta w Ro h Lashkar Gah IRAN as National capital Kh Kandahar s Zhob u Provincial capital Kadesh d Zabol n I Town, village The boundaries and names shown and the designations HILMAND used on this map do not imply official endorsement or Zaranj Spin Buldak INDI INDIA ✈ Airports Chaman acceptance by the United Nations. NIMROZ Dotted line represents approximately the Line of Control International boundary KANDAHAR in Jammu and Kashmir agreed upon by India and Pakistan. The final status of Jammu and Kashmir has not yet been Provincial boundary A H Chehar ilmand Deh Shu agreed upon by the parties. 30 Main road ° Borjak Quetta 30 0 50 100 150 200 250 km Secondary road ° Zahedan Gowd-e Railroad Zereh 0 50 100 150 mi 62° 64° 66° 68° 70° 72° 74° Map No. 3958 Rev. 7 UNITED NATIONS Department of Field Support June 2011 Cartographic Section for administrative purposes the government has grouped afghanistan’s 34 provinces into three main zones (from: 2008-09 EMiS School Summary report). these are shown in the table below: Northern Mainland Afghanistan Central Mainland Afghanistan Southern Mainland Afghanistan 1.1 north Eastern afghanistan 2.1 Eastern afghanistan 3.1 South Eastern afghanistan 1.1.1 Badakhshan 2.1.1 Kunar 3.1.1 ghazni 1.1.2 Baghlan 2.1.2 laghman 3.1.2 Khost 1.1.3 Kunduz 2.1.3 nangarhar 3.1.3 paktia 1.1.4 takhar 2.1.4 nuristan 3.1.4 paktika 1.2 north Western afghanistan 2.2 central afghanistan 3.2 South Western afghanistan 1.2.1 Balkh 2.2.1 Kabul 3.2.1 Daykundi 1.2.2 faryab 2.2.2 Kabul city 3.2.2 helmand 1.2.3 Jowzjan 2.2.3 Kapisa 3.2.3 Kandahar 1.2.4 Samangan 2.2.4 logar 3.2.4 nimruz 1.2.5 Sare pol 2.2.5 panjshir 3.2.5 urozgan 2.2.6 parwan 3.2.6 Zabul 2.2.7 Wardak 2.3 Western afghanistan 2.3.1 Badghis 2.3.2 Bamyan 2.3.3 farah 2.3.4 ghor 2.3.5 herat Evaluation of Danida Support to the Education Sector in Afghanistan Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark June 2012 © Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark June 2012 Production: Evaluation Department, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark Cover photo: Franz-Michael Mellbin Graphic Production: Ph7 kommunikation, Århus Print: Rosendahls - Schultz Grafisk ISBN: 978-87-7087-644-5 e-ISBN: 978-87-7087-645-2 This report can be obtained free of charge by ordering from www.evaluation.dk or from www.danida-publikationer.dk. This report can be downloaded through the homepage of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs www.um.dk or directly from the homepage of the Evaluation Department www.evaluation.dk. Contact: [email protected] The opinions expressed in this document represent the views of the authors, which are not necessarily shared by the Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs or other stakeholders. Table of Contents Acknowledgements 5 Executive Summary 9 1 Introduction 24 1.1 Background to the evaluation 24 1.2 Structure of the report 24 1.3 Methodology 25 2 Education in Afghanistan 32 2.1 The cultural context 32 2.2 The development of education 32 2.3 The administration of education 33 2.4 Education and society 34 2.5 Education and conflict 36 2.6 The future 39 3 Danish support to the education sector in Afghanistan 2003-10 41 3.1 Danish aid to Afghanistan before the 2000s 41 3.2 Danish assistance to education from 2001 42 3.3 Implementation modalities 45 4 The activities and objectives of other development partners in the education sector in Afghanistan 48 4.1 Introduction 48 4.2 Principal donors in education 48 5 Findings on Danish support to the education sector in Afghanistan 2003-10 52 5.1 2001-03 The baseline situation 52 5.2 2003-06 Primary Education Programme Support (PEPS) 56 5.3 2007-08 Extension of PEPS 71 5.4 2008-10 Further extension of PEPS 78 5.5 Overall performance on extensions 2007-10 82 5.6 2010-13 Education Support Programme to Afghanistan 84 6 Overall assessment and conclusions 96 6.1 Evaluation Criterion 1: Relevance 96 6.2 Evaluation Criterion 2: Effectiveness 101 6.3 Evaluation Criterion 3: Efficiency 108 6.4 Evaluation Criteria 4/5: Sustainability and Impact 113 7 Recommendations and lessons learned 118 3 Table of Contents Annexes 121 Annex A Terms