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AVERTISSEMENT Ce document est le fruit d’un long travail approuvé par le jury de soutenance et mis à disposition de l’ensemble de la communauté universitaire élargie. Il est soumis à la propriété intellectuelle de l’auteur : ceci implique une obligation de citation et de référencement lors de l’utilisation de ce document. D’autre part, toute contrefaçon, plagiat, reproduction illicite de ce travail expose à des poursuites pénales. Contact : [email protected] LIENS Code la Propriété Intellectuelle – Articles L. 122-4 et L. 335-1 à L. 335-10 Loi n°92-597 du 1er juillet 1992, publiée au Journal Officiel du 2 juillet 1992 http://www.cfcopies.com/V2/leg/leg-droi.php http://www.culture.gouv.fr/culture/infos-pratiques/droits/protection.htm ����� ������������������������� ������������������������������������� ������������� Université Toulouse 1 Capitole (UT1 Capitole) ��������������������������� M. Haroon MANNANI le 11 juillet 2014 ������� � La reconstruction de l'État-Nation en Afghanistan �������������� et �discipline ou spécialité � � ED SJP : Sciences Politiques �������������������� Centre Toulousain d'Histoire du Droit et des Idées Politiques (CTHDIP) ���������������������������� Mme DANIELLE CABANIS, professeur des universités Université Toulouse 1 Jury: M. FARKHAD ALIMUKHAMEDOV, professeur Université d'Ankara - Rapporteur du jury M. FRANÇOIS-PAUL BLANC, professeur émérite Université de Perpignan - Rapporteur du jury Mme DANIELLE CABANIS, professeur des universités Université Toulouse 1 - Directeur de recherches M. JEAN-MARIE CROUZATIER, professeur des universités Université Toulouse 1 - Membre du jury Table des matières ACRONYMES.......................................................................................................................7 QUELQUES DATES CLÉS.................................................................................................10 INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................12 Les enjeux de notre sujet............................................................................................21 Etat de l’art..................................................................................................................22 Méthodologie.............................................................................................................23 PREMIÈRE PARTIE - LE PROCESSUS DE DEMOCRATISATION EN AFGHANISTAN(DEPUIS2001).......................................................................................24 CHAPITRE I - Le processus de Bonn (2001-2005)..................................................26 I - Les erreurs commises au début de la reconstruction de l'État-nation................30 II - Y a-t-il eu une demande locale de démocratisation en Afghanistan ?..............41 III-Lemodèleactuelditdémocratique,établiàl’issuduprocessusdeBonnen 2001, est-il perçu comme légitime par toute la population afghane ?....................46 CHAPITRE II - La Loya Jirga de 2004......................................................................62 I - La constitution adoptée en 2004, inspirée de celle de 1964, répond-elle aux besoins actuels de la population et des institutions démocratiques ?....................64 II - Les nouvelles institutions démocratiques en Afghanistan................................82 CHAPITRE III - La démocratie, l'islam et la société traditionnelle........................99 2 I - La démocratie et la société islamo-traditionnelle afghane................................101 II - Les Madrasas : un endroit de radicalisation et un obstacle pour la modernisation et démocratisation du pays......................................................................................123 DEUXIÈME PARTIE - LES ENJEUX ET LES TRANSITIONS DEMOCRATIQUESEN AFGHANISTAN................................................................................................................140 CHAPITRE IV - Le rôle et la place des seigneurs de guerredans le processus de la paix et de la démocratisation...................................................................................141 I - Le rôle et la place de la nouvelle élite et fonctionnaires afghans dans le processus de la démocratisation : le pouvoir et l'infuence considérable des seigneurs de guerre..................................................................................................142 II - Les anciens fonctionnaires et la question de la mise en place ainsi que la composition des forces armées afghanes................................................................157 III - La reconstruction de la nation afghane...........................................................165 CHAPITREV-Le rôleet la place desTalebansdansle processusde nation-building et «démocratisation »..............................................................................................179 I - Comment les Talebans ont pu regagner du terrain et quel rôle pourraient-ils jouer dans le renforcement de l'État-nation ?..................................................................183 II - La réconciliation des Talebans «fondamentalistes » avec les seigneurs de guerre corrompus: une conjoncture complexe vers la « démocratie »............191 III-Lerôle,l'intérêtetl'objectifduPakistandanslacréation,lasauvegardeetla résurgence des Talebans..........................................................................................198 Chapitre VI - Le rôle ambigüe et troublant du Pakistan en Afghanistan.............227 I - Les intérêts géopolitiques du Pakistan en Afghanistan....................................230 II - La stratégie d’infuence pakistanaise en Afghanistan......................................239 3 III - Le Pachtounistan et la ligne Durand, deux facteurs principaux de la problématique géostratégique afghano-pakistanaise............................................249 TROISIÈME PARTIE - LE RÔLE ET LA RESPONSABILITE DE LA COMMUNAUTE INTERNATIONALE DANS LA RECONSTRUCTION DE L'ÉTAT-NATION ET LA CONSOLIDATION DE LA DEMOCRATIE EN AFGHANISTAN................................270 Chapitre VII - Le rôle et la responsabilité de l'ONU en Afghanistan...................271 I. L’incompréhension oul’ignorance du contexte afghan par l’ONU ..................273 II - L'invasion de l'Irak en 2003 et l'abandon de la reconstruction de l'État-nation en Afghanistan...............................................................................................................293 Chapitre VIII - Le rôle des organisations internationales dans le processus de la stabilisation et de la démocratisation en Afghanistan...........................................305 I - Le rôle des organisations internationales dans le renforcement du processus de la reconstruction et de la réforme de l’État.................................................................307 II-La stratégie inadaptée et incohérente de l’OTANenAfghanistan..................318 III - Le rôle de l’UE dans la réforme de l’État.........................................................328 CHAPITRE IX - Le rôle et la place des principaux acteurs internationaux dans la reconstruction de l’État-nation, l’installation et le renforcement de la jeune démocratie afghane..................................................................................................338 I – La position, l’obligation et la place de la communauté internationale dans la reconstructionde l’État-nation................................................................................342 II – Le rôle et l’intérêt des pays régionaux dans la stabilisation et modernisation d’Afghanistan...........................................................................................................357 III. Les intérêts économiques incontournables dans la région : un obstacle de la reconstruction de l’Afghanistan et le facteur majeur d’instabilité dans ce pays..371 CHAPITRE X - La consolidation de la démocratie à long terme...........................384 4 I - La consolidation institutionnelle : étude comparative des centres de gouvernement français et afghan.............................................................................386 II – La consolidation des ressources institutionnelles internes pour renforcer la démocratie : le cas de SGG marocain......................................................................403 III - L’Afghanistan peut-il devenir un modèle démocratique réussit de l’Occident dans la région?........................................................................................................408 CONCLUSIONS GÉNERALES........................................................................................429 BIBLIOGRAPHIE.............................................................................................................435 Textes de référence...................................................................................................435 Rapports officiels......................................................................................................436 Ouvrages...................................................................................................................437 Articles......................................................................................................................446 Rapports....................................................................................................................447 Sites internet et ressources électroniques...............................................................447 ANNEXES.........................................................................................................................453
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