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Il Romanzo Di Nino Tra Due Culture: Analisi Del Testo, Ricostruzione Del Contesto, Definizione Del Genere

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Il Romanzo Di Nino Tra Due Culture: Analisi Del Testo, Ricostruzione Del Contesto, Definizione Del Genere Alma Mater Studiorum – Università di Bologna DOTTORATO DI RICERCA IN STUDI LETTERARI E CULTURALI Ciclo 30° Settore Concorsuale: 10/D2 Settore Scientifico Disciplinare: L-FIL-LET/02 TITOLO TESI IL ROMANZO DI NINO TRA DUE CULTURE: ANALISI DEL TESTO, RICOSTRUZIONE DEL CONTESTO, DEFINIZIONE DEL GENERE Presentata da: ELENA SUBRANI Coordinatore Dottorato Supervisore PROF.SSA SILVIA ALBERTAZZI PROF. LIVIO SBARDELLA Esame finale anno 2019 ABSTRACT Dalla lettura e analisi dei frammenti restanti del Romanzo di Nino si evince che le dinamiche dei personaggi, seppur a grandi linee afferenti alla struttura del romanzo greco d’età imperiale, non corrispondono ad una matrice di cultura greca, perciò l’origine del testo va ricercata altrove, più precisamente nell’ambiente che immediatamente emerge dai frammenti, cioè quello mesopotamico. Molteplici elementi della trama di questo ‘romanzo’, che contengono in loro germi e modi che saranno ripresi in epoca imperiale, risultano fortemente influenzati, infatti, da schemi e plot del Vicino oriente antico. Tutto ciò appare congruo ad una cultura sincretica come quella ellenistica, età in cui nacque l’opera. La ricerca si è svolta, dunque, in direzione di un’analisi di elementi, strutture e dettagli del mondo della narrativa mitologica vicino-orientale che potessero essere stati influenti per il plot del Romanzo di Nino. L’attenzione, in particolare, si è rivolta verso storie e miti della cultura sumera e assiro-babilonese e le possibilità di comparazione si sono rivelate notevoli. I miti in cui sono state ritrovate delle quasi precise corrispondenze sono quelli sumerici di Enlil e Ninlil ed Enlil e Sud, databili alla fine del III-inizio II millennio a.C.. La quantità e la qualità delle somiglianze tra questi miti e il nostro testo spinge sempre più a considerare l’opera, oggetto di ricerca, una rivisitazione erudita di antiche storie del Vicino Oriente Antico. Non perdendo mai di vista il contesto storico in cui probabilmente è nato il testo, cioè quello ellenistico, e i luoghi in cui ha avuto con ogni probabilità il suo sviluppo, si è iniziato a cercare connessioni tra l’ambiente creatosi intorno ai sovrani ellenistici della dinastia dei Seleucidi, i quali all’epoca erano i reggenti di quell’area geografica, e i miti antichi che costituivano il sostrato culturale locale. Anche qui le connessioni sono risultate stringenti. INDICE INTRODUZIONE 3 1. Presentazione dell’opera e storia degli studi 3 2. Linee di analisi e struttura del lavoro 8 3. Sintesi dei risultati raggiunti 13 I CAPITOLO: RICOSTRUZIONE DEL TESTO DEL ROMANZO DI NINO 18 1.1. Frammento A 18 1.2. Frammento B 49 1.3 Frammento C 80 1.4. Frammento D 92 II CAPITOLO: CONTESTO STORICO-CULTURALE 94 2.1. I Seleucidi e i culti a loro dedicati 94 2.2. I culti dei Seleucidi e il Cilindro di Borsippa 100 2.3. La storia d’amore tra Antioco I e Stratonice e quella tra Nino e Semiramide 112 2.4. I miti sumerici di Enlil e Ninlil ed Enlil e Sud e la trama del Romanzo di Nino 122 2.5. Analogie tra il Romanzo di Nino e i matrimoni dei testi di Ebla 134 2.6. Enlil, Nabû, Antioco I 135 2.6.1. Nino 137 2.7. L’Egitto tolemaico e la Siria dei Seleucidi: cenni storici di confronto 140 2.7.1 Il matrimonio degli dèi fratelli 145 2.8. Il Romanzo di Alessandro e Il Romanzo di Nino: genere e funzione 149 2.8.1. Il Romanzo di Sesonchosis: un terzo elemento di comparazione 160 2.9. I caratteri di cultura greca nel Romanzo di Nino 170 2.9.1. I caratteri romanzeschi del testo 170 2.9.2. Gli elementi storico – biografici 173 1 2.9.3. La caratterizzazione del personaggio di Semiramide in rapporto ad altri testi letterari greci 181 III CAPITOLO: IPOTESI SULL’ORDINE DEI FRAMMENTI DEL ROMANZO DI NINO 188 3.1. I frammenti A e B 188 3.2. I frammenti C e D 199 Appendice. Il Romanzo di Nino nelle testimonianze papiracee e nell’iconografia 210 BIBLIOGRAFIA 219 2 INTRODUZIONE 1. Presentazione dell’opera e storia degli studi Il Romanzo di Nino è un’opera frammentaria pervenutaci tramite testimoni papiracei. I papiri noti, che con ogni probabilità trasmettono parti del testo di questo cosiddetto ‘romanzo’, sono: un papiro delle collezioni berlinesi, P. BEROL. inv. 6926 (100/101 d. C.), un papiro della collezione dei Papiri della Società Italiana, conservato a Firenze, PSI XIII 1305 (I sec. d. C.), e un papiro di Ginevra, P. GEN. II 85 (100/101 d. C.). Generalmente questi frustoli vengono indicati con le lettere A-B per il testo berlinese; C per quello di Firenze e D per il papiro ginevrino. I frammenti A-B e D appartengono al medesimo rotolo di papiro, sul quale risulta ancora molto discussa la provenienza, ma che difficilmente potrebbe essere Ossirinco1; mentre il PSI XIII 1305 è proveniente proprio da Ossirinco. La lingua e lo stile usati nei testimoni hanno permesso di datare l’opera ad almeno un secolo prima rispetto alla datazione dei papiri, quindi al I secolo a. C. ed è proprio per questo che il Romanzo di Nino viene considerato il primo ‘romanzo’ greco. I primi frammenti rinvenuti furono pubblicati nel 1893 da Wilcken e sono i frammenti A e B appartenenti al P. Berolinensis 69262. Un terminus ante quem per datare il manoscritto è fornito dal documento stesso, poiché sul verso sono registrate le spese fatte nel terzo anno dell’impero di Traiano, quindi tra il 100 1 Tra le ipotesi sulla provenienza del P. Berol. inv. 6926 + P. Gen. II 85 c’è Soknopaiu Nesos, antico insediamento nel Fayum, nell’Egitto greco-romano, o Karanis, città agricola dell'Egitto greco-romano, situata all'angolo nord-orientale del Faiyum. Allo stato attuale degli studi è ignota la provenienza, come affermano Harrauer e Worp 1993, p. 38. 2 U. Wilcken fu il primo a dare notizia del papiro e a pubblicarlo nel 1893. 3 e 101 d. C.. I reperti sono di buona qualità per quanto concerne l'accurata lavorazione del papiro, la scrittura e la struttura del testo3. Il frammento C appartiene al papiro noto come PSI XIII 1305, rinvenuto nel 1932 durante alcuni lavori di scavo ad Ossirinco, diretti da Evaristo Breccia per conto dell’Istituto Papirologico di Firenze. Colpì, da subito, l’antichità del papiro: la scrittura di tipo rotondo ed eseguita, quasi certamente, da una mano professionale colloca il papiro al I secolo d. C.. La datazione è confermata dal confronto con i frammenti berlinesi. Nel testo ci sono molte correzioni e ciò, insieme alle buone condizioni del documento, dimostra che il papiro fosse un prodotto librario frutto delle cure di uno scriba professionista, il quale ha cercato di allestire un’edizione chiara per il lettore4. Le dieci scarne righe del frammento D sono contenute nel papiro ginevrino P. GEN. 85: con ogni probabilità il suo testo prosegue le vicende narrate nel frammento B con un episodio di carattere militare. Wilcken riteneva che il divario temporale tra la scrittura del recto e quella del verso del P. Berol. 6926 fosse di 50-70 anni e che l’anonimo testo dovesse essere stato composto tra la fine del I sec. a. C. e l’inizio del I sec. d. C.5. Anche questa ipotesi, insieme ad elementi interni al testo, ha contribuito all’affermarsi della communis opinio per cui il Nino sarebbe il testo più antico del genere romanzesco. Dai frammenti di testo trasmessi da questi tre testimoni papiracei è possibile, seppur con un ampio margine di congettura, cercare di ricostruire la 3 Per una descrizione dettagliata dei papiri che contengono le tracce del Nino vd. Stephens-Winkler 1995, pp. 31-71. 4 Per questi aspetti e per una descrizione accurata del testimone papiraceo vd. Del Corso 2010, pp. 247-254. 5 Wilcken 1893, pp. 164; 189-193. Per un excursus sulle varie ipotesi di datazione del Romanzo di Nino e di altri papiri letterari vd. Gargiulo 2013, pp. 99-115. 4 trama del ‘romanzo’. Nel frammento A Nino è un ragazzo di diciassette anni, innamorato della tredicenne cugina, mai definita per nome in nessuno dei reperti papiracei, ma facilmente identificabile con Semiramide. In un dialogo con la madre della ragazza, la zia, Nino cerca di ottenere l'autorizzazione per il matrimonio prematuro (una legge assira, della quale, tuttavia, non esistono attestazioni storiche, permetteva, infatti, alle ragazze di sposarsi solo a quindici anni), vantando le proprie imprese militari e il mantenimento della propria castità. Specularmente anche la madre di Nino parla con la fanciulla, sua nipote, la quale, tuttavia, non si esprime verbalmente, ma si limita a mostrare gli effetti esteriori della sua timidezza (pallore, lacrime, smarrimento). Alla fine del frammento A si può intuire che le madri dei ragazzi, che sono tra loro sorelle, si confrontano per parlare dell’unione matrimoniale tanto agognata dai due giovani, in particolare da Nino. Il frammento B presenta all’inizio, probabilmente, una scena di gelosia fra i due ragazzi, nelle righe successive i preparativi per una spedizione militare cui fanno seguito, per Nino, le avventure ‘romanzesche’. Il frammento C narra, infatti, di un naufragio in cui sarebbero stati coinvolti Nino e i suoi soldati; il frammento D, di difficilissima ricostruzione tematica a causa delle dieci scarne righe delle quali è composto, presenterebbe uno stralcio di un discorso dai toni parenetici che Nino avrebbe tenuto alle sue truppe. Le datazioni proposte da Wilcken per il Nino confutavano in un sol colpo i due capisaldi della teoria di Rohde: il genere romanzesco è apparso nel secolo della Seconda Sofistica, il II sec. d. C., e il romanzo a cornice storica era un ramo tardo della forma canonica del romanzo greco d’età imperiale.
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