DOCSLIB.ORG

Cleopatra I. the First Female Ptolemaic Regent: Her Predecessors

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

CLEOPATRA I. THE FIRST FEMALE PTOLEMAIC REGENT: HER PREDECESSORS. POLICIES. AND PRECEDENTS by JULIA K.W. WONG B.A. (HON.), University of Calgary, 1995 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES Department of Classics We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA August 1998 © Julia K.W. Wong, 1998 In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the head of my department or by his or her representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Department of The University of British Columbia Vancouver, Canada DE-6 (2/88) 11 ABSTRACT The concept of woman-power existing in the highest circles of society in the Mediterranean world is proven, through a detailed study of the career of Cleopatra I. Cleopatra I, daughter of the Seleucid king, Antiochus III, wife of the Ptolemaic king, Ptolemy V, and mother of the Ptolemaic king, Ptolemy VI, became the first female regent in the Hellenistic period. Her regency was a crucial precedent for her female descendants, who all became joint co-rulers with their husbands and enjoyed much greater powers than any other queens before them. The difficulty of this study was in the lack of sources. Virtually nothing is known about Cleopatra I's career and queenship, which, as a result, required a thorough discussion of not only her predecessors and their precedents, but also her own policies and precedents. The thesis is divided into five chapters and fifteen appendices, the last six appendices serving as a sourcebook. Chapter One describes in detail the immense influence of the Ptolemaic ministers and their oligarchic faction at the court, especially during the reigns of the weaker Ptolemaic kings before Cleopatra I's time, and. However, as influential as these powerful Ptolemaic ministers were, a strong monarch, such as Cleopatra I, was able to suppress their large influence on the monarchy. Having suppressed the influential ministers at the court, Cleopatra I utilised another group of courtiers. These courtiers, eunuchs, came from her own retinue and are the focus of Chapter Two. This chapter documents the introduction and institutionalisation of eunuchs into the Ptolemaic court by Cleopatra I. Much as Cleopatra I's descendants had to rely on her precedents to gain influence and power at the Ptolemaic court, Chapter Three looks at Cleopatra I's three most influential and important predecessors, Arsinoe II, Ill Arsinoe III, and Hatshepsut. These three queens were vital to Cleopatra Fs future success, since each contributed greatly to Cleopatra Fs acceptance and appointment as the first female Ptolemaic regent. The last two chapters of the thesis focus on Cleopatra I. Chapter Four discusses extensively the greater rights and privileges Cleopatra I enjoyed when viewed as the Pharaoh's Wife. However, even with these increased rights, Cleopatra I failed to be recognised and acknowledged any differently than her predecessors had. It is in the last chapter, Chapter Five, that Cleopatra Fs power and influence at the court become manifest. This chapter discusses in what areas of the queenship Cleopatra I, during her regency, established new precedents and how her precedents and policies affected royal women not only in her own Ptolemaic kingdom, but also all over the Mediterranean. TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract 11 Abbreviations vi List of Tables xi List of Maps and Illustrations xii List of Appendices xiii Introduction 1 Chapter One. Ptolemaic Aristocratic Families 11 1.1 Family Connections 12 1.1.1 Sosibius 14 1.1.2 Agathocles 20 1.2 Other Prominent Families 24 1.2.1 Tlepolemus 26 1.2.2 Aristomenes 27 1.2.3 Poly crates 29 1.2.4 Philammon 33 1.3 Cleopatra Fs Relationship with These Significant Families 34 1.4 Summary 35 Chapter Two. Ptolemaic Eunuchs 37 2.1 Aristonicus 39 2.2 Eulaeus 44 2.3 Archias 49 2.4 The Regency of Eulaeus and Lenaeus 52 2.5 Summary 54 Chapter Three. Past Queens 55 3.1 Arsinoe II 57 3.2 Arsinoe III 63 3.3 Hatshepsut 66 3.4 Summary 70 Chapter Four. Cleopatra I, Wife of Ptolemy V Epiphanes 72 4.1 Titulary Evidence 73 4.2 Literary Evidence 78 4.3 Cleopatra I as the Pharaoh's Wife 80 4.4 Cleopatra Fs Position at the Court 84 4.5 Summary and Cleopatra Fs Influences 87 V Chapter Five. Cleopatra I, Mother of Ptolemy VI Philometor 89 5.1 Titulary Evidence 90 5.2 Cleopatra I and Her Portraiture 96 5.3 Cleopatra I's Political Position 100 5.4 Cleopatra I's Policies 101 5.5 Summary 104 Conclusion 106 Bibliography 109 Appendices 119 vi ABBREVIATIONS ANCIENT WRITERS Amm. Marc. Rolfe, John C. Ammianus Marcellinus. Vol.1. (1956) Loeb Classics. Appian, Syrian Wars Broderson, Kai. Appians Antiochike (1991) Munchen: Editio Maris. Athenaeus Gulick, Charles Burton. Athenaeus. Vols. I-VII. (1927) Loeb Classics. Diodorus Siculus Walton, Francis R. Diodorus of Sicily. Vol. XI. (1946) Loeb Classics. Herodotus Hude, Carolus. Herodotus. Vols. I-II. (1991) Great Britain: Oxford University Press. Josephus, AJ. Marcus, Ralph. Josephus. Jewish Antiquities. Books XII-XIV. (1961) Loeb Classics. Justin Seel, Otto. M. Juniani Justini: Epitoma Historiarum Philippicarum Pompei Trogi. (1972) Stuttgart. Lactantius Creed, J. L. Lactantius: De mortibuspersecutorum. (1984) Loeb Classics. Livy Moore, Frank G. Livy. Vol. VI (1966); VII (1950); VIII. (1955) Loeb Classics. Sage, Evan T. Livy. Vol. IX (1953); X (1949); XI. (1949) Loeb Classics. Sage, Evan T. and Schlesinger, A. C. Livy. Vol. XII. (1948) Loeb Classics. Schlesinger, A. C. Livy. Vol. XIII (1961); XIV. (1948) Loeb Classics. Pliny, HN Rackham,H. Pliny. Natural History. Vol. IX. (1938) Loeb Classics. Plutarch, Moralia Babbitt, Frank. Plutarch. Moralia. Vol.1. (1960) Loeb Classics. Plutarch Perrin, Bcrnadotte. Plutarch's Lives. Vol.X. (1959) Loeb Classics. Polybius Paton, W.R. Polybius: The Histories. Vols. III-V1. (1922) Loeb Classics. Seneca, Ep. Gummcrc, Richard M. Seneca: Epistulae morales adLucilium. Vol.111. (1917) Loeb Classics. Strabo, Geog. Jones, Horace L. The Geography of Strabo. Vols. I-VIII. (1959) Loeb Classics. VI1 SECONDARY SOURCES Alberro Alberro, Charles A. The Alexandrian Jews During the Ptolemaic Period. Ph.D. Dissertation. (1976) Michigan State University. Bagnall Bagnall, Roger S. "The Adniinistration of the Ptolemaic Possessions Outside Egypt." Columbia Studies in the Classical Tradition, Vol. IV. (1976). Bevan, Egypt Bevan, Edwyn. A History of Egypt Under the Ptolemaic Dynasty. (1968) Chicago: Ares Publishers, Inc. Sevan, Seleucus Bevan, Edwyn Robert. The House of Seleucus Vols. I-II. (1902) London: Edward Arnold. B.G.U. Aegyptische Urkunden aus den Koniglichen (Staatlichen Museen) zu Berlin. Vol. I-XIV. Eds. W. Schubart et al. (1895-) Berlin. Bouche-Leclercq, Lagides Bouche-Leclercq, A. Histoire des Lagides. Tomes 1-1V. (1903-1907) Paris. Bouche-Leclercq, Seleucides Bouche-Leclercq, A. Histoire des Seleucides. Tomes I-II. (1903- 1907) Paris. Burstein Burstein, Stanley M. ed. The Hellenistic Age from the Battle oflpsos to the Death of Kleopatra VII. (1985) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. CAH Rostovtzeff, M. "Syria and the East." Cambridge Ancient History Vol. K//(1928), 155-196. Carney Carney, Elizabeth D. "The Reappearance of Royal Sibling Marriage in Ptolemaic Egypt." Parola del Passato 237 (1987), 420-439. Cary Cary, M. A History of the Greek World From 323 to 146 B.C. (1959) London: Methuen & Co. Ltd. Clarysse, W. & Van Der Veken G. Clarysse, W. and Van Der Veken, G. "The Eponymous Priests of Ptolemaic Egypt." Papyrologica Lugduno-Batava 24 (1983). Davis & Kraay Davis, Norman and Kraay, P. Frank. The Hellenistic Kingdoms: Portrait Coins and History. (1980) London: Thames and Hudson. Fraser Fraser, P.M. Ptolemaic Alexandria Vols.I-III. (1972) Oxford: Clarendon Press. Grant Grant, Michael. Cleopatra. (1972) Great Britain: Richard Clay. Green Green, Peter. Alexander toActium: The Historical Evolution of the Hellenistic Age. (1990) Berkeley: University of California Press. Gruen, HW Grucn, Erich S. The Hellenistic World and the Coming of Rome Vols.I-II. (1984) Berkeley: University of California Press. Vlll Guyot Guyot, Peter. Eunuchen als Sklaven und Freigelassene in der griechisch-rdmischen Antike. (1980) Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta. Hitti Hitti, Philip K. History of Syria. (1957) London: Macmillan and Co. Ltd. Holbl Holbl, Gunter. Geschichte des Ptolemderreiches. (1994) Germany: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt. Hollcaux Hollcaux, Maurice. Etudes D Epigraphie et d 'histoire grecques. TomesI-VI. (1968) Paris: Editions E. De Boccard. Ijsewijn Ijsewijn, J. De sacerdotibus sacerdotiisque Alexandri magni et Lagidarum eponymis. (1961) Brussels. Koenen Koenen, Ludwig. "The Ptolemaic King as a Religious Figure." in Images and Ideologies: Self-definition in the Hellenistic World. (1992) Berkeley, 25-115. Liddell and Scott Liddell, H. G. and Scott, J. An Intermediate Greek-English Lexicon. Seventh Edition. (1992) Oxford: Clarendon Press. Macurdy Macurdy, Grace Harriet. Hellenistic Queens: A Study of Woman- Power in Macedonia, Seleucid Syria, and Ptolemaic Egypt. (1932) Baltimore: The John Hopkins Press. Mahaffy Mahaffy, J. P. History of Egypt: Ptolemaic Dynasty. Vol.IV. (1898) London: Methuen & Co. Mflrkholm, Coinage Mflrkholm, Otto. Early Hellenistic Coinage: From the Accession of Alexander to the Peace ofApamea (336-188 B.C.). (1991) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Mflrkholm, Eulaios andLenaios Mflrkholm, Otto. "Eulaios and Lenaios." Classica et Mediaevalia 22 (1961), 32-43. Mflrkholm, Antiochus Mflrkholm, Otto. "Antiochus IV of Syria." Classica et Mediaevalia Dissertationes 8 (1966) Copenhagen. Mooren, Titulature Mooren, Leon. TheAulic Titulature in Ptolemaic Egypt Introduction and Prosopography. (1975) Brussels: Paleis der Academien.
Recommended publications
  • VU Research Portal

    VU Research Portal

    VU Research Portal The impact of empire on market prices in Babylon Pirngruber, R. 2012 document version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link to publication in VU Research Portal citation for published version (APA) Pirngruber, R. (2012). The impact of empire on market prices in Babylon: in the Late Achaemenid and Seleucid periods, ca. 400 - 140 B.C. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal ? Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. E-mail address: [email protected] Download date: 25. Sep. 2021 THE IMPACT OF EMPIRE ON MARKET PRICES IN BABYLON in the Late Achaemenid and Seleucid periods, ca. 400 – 140 B.C. R. Pirngruber VRIJE UNIVERSITEIT THE IMPACT OF EMPIRE ON MARKET PRICES IN BABYLON in the Late Achaemenid and Seleucid periods, ca. 400 – 140 B.C. ACADEMISCH PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad Doctor aan de Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, op gezag van de rector magnificus prof.dr.
  • Engineering an Empire: Carthage

    Engineering an Empire: Carthage

    Hi. I’m Peter Weller for the Name: _____________________ History Channel. Join me while we explore Engineering An Empire: Carthage. Carthage *Carthage is in modern day Tunisia near the capital city of Tunis in North Africa. *Carthage dominated the Mediterranean world for over 600 years. *Roots in Phoenicians…4th century BC Empire dominating the Mediterranean. *By 650 BC nobody messes with Carthage who were wealthy. (Population 300,000) *For two centuries Carthage dominated the Mediterranean. But a rival across the sea to the north was developing into a military power…Rome. Start @ 15:30 into film. 1. Why are Rome and Carthage in conflict over Sicily? *Rome saw Carthage as a spear pointed right at the heart of Rome that had to be taken out. *Punic Wars named after the Latin word Punici = Rome’s word for the Phoenicians. 2. How do the Romans acquire Sicily? 3. Who was Hamilcar Barca? 4. How was a Quinquereme different from a Trireme? 5. How did the Romans improve their navy? 6. In the battle over the Aegates, why were the outnumbered Romans able to defeat the Carthaginians? 7. How did this effect Hamilcar’s forces in Sicily? 8. What did Rome gain in the victory? *Rome required Carthage pay a huge tribute in attempt to cripple it. 9. Carthage turned to _______________ to amass wealth. 10. What happened to Hamilcar in the battle for Rome? 11. Who was Hannibal Barca? 12. Describe the force that Hannibal marched to Rome with in 218 BC: 13. How did the Gauls respond to Hannibal’s army after they crossed the Rhone? 14.

  • Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-10444-0 — Rome and the Third Macedonian War Paul J

    Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-10444-0 — Rome and the Third Macedonian War Paul J. Burton Index More Information Index Abdera, Greek city on the h racian coast, 15n. second year 41 , 60 , 174 political disruption sparked by Roman h ird Macedonian War embassy, 143 second year troubles with Sparta, 13 , 82n. 23 brutalized by Hortensius, 140 Acilius Glabrio, M’. (cos. 191), 44 , 59n. 12 embassy to Rome, 140 Aetolian War s.c. de Abderitis issued, 140 , see also second year Appendix C passim given (unsolicited) strategic advice by Abrupolis, king of the h racian Sapaei, 15n. 41 Flamininus, 42 attacks Macedonia (179), 58 , 81 Syrian and Aetolian Wars Acarnania, Acarnanians, 14 second year deprived of the city of Leucas (167), 177 Battle of h ermopylae, 36 – 37 First Macedonian War recovers some cities in h essaly, 36 Roman operations in (211), 25 Aelius Ligus, P. (cos. 172), 112 politicians exiled to Italy (167), 177 Aemilius Lepidus, M. (ambassador) h ird Macedonian War embassy to Philip V at Abydus (200), 28 , second year 28n. 53 political disruption sparked by Roman Aenus and Maronea, Greek cities on the embassy, 143 h racian coast, 40 , 60 , 140 , 174 two executed by the Athenians (201), 28n. 53 declared free by the senate, 46 – 47 Achaean League, Achaeans, 12 – 13 dispute between Philip V and Rome over, Achaean War (146), 194 44 – 45 , 55 , 86 , 92 , 180 Archon- Callicrates debate (175), 61 , 61n. 29 , embassy to Rome from Maronean exiles (186/ 62n. 30 , 94 – 96 5), 45 congratulated by Rome for resisting Perseus Maronean exiles address senatorial (173), 66 , 117 commission (185), 46 conquest of the Peloponnese, 13 , 82n.
  • Antiochus I Soter

    Antiochus I Soter

    Antiochus I Soter home : ancient Persia : ancient Greece : Seleucids : index : article by Jona Lendering Antiochus I Soter Antiochus I Soter ('the savior'): name of a Seleucid king, ruled from 281 to 261. Successor of: Seleucus I Nicator Relatives: Father: Seleucus I Nicator Coin of Antiochus I Soter Mother: Apame I, daughter of Spitamenes (Museum of Anatolian Wife: Stratonice I (his stepmother), daughter of Demetrius Civilizations, Ankara) Poliorcetes Children: Seleucus Laodice Apame II (married to Magas of Cyrene) Stratonice II (married to Demetrius II of Macedonia) Antiochus II Theos Main deeds: 301: Present during the Battle of Ipsus 294/293: marriage with his father's wife Stratonice I 292: made co-regent and satrap of Bactria (perhaps Seleucus was thinking of the ancient Achaemenid office of mathišta) Stay in Babylon (on several occasions?), where he showed an interest in the cults of Sin and Marduk, and in the rebuilding of the Esagila and Etemenanki September 281: death of Seleucus (more...); accession of Antiochus; Philetaerus of Pergamon buys back Seleucus' corpse 280-279: Brief war against Ptolemy II Philadelphus (First Syrian War, first part); Cappadocia becomes independent when its leader Ariarathes II and his ally Orontes III of Armenia defeat the Seleucid general Amyntas 279: Intervention in Greece: soldiers sent to Thermopylae to fight against the Galatians; they are defeated 275 Successful "Elephant Battle" against the Galatians; they enter his army as mercenaries; Antiochus is called Soter, 'victor' 274-271: Unsuccessful war against Ptolemy (First Syrian War, second part) 268: Stay in Babylonia; rebuilding of the Ezida in Borsippa 266: Execution of his son Seleucus 263: Eumenes I of Pergamon, successor of Philetaerus, declares himself independent 262: Antiochus defeated by Eumenes Page 1 Antiochus I Soter 262: Antiochus defeated by Eumenes Dies 2 June 261 Succeeded by: Antiochus II Theos Sources: During Antiochus' years as crown prince, he played a large role in Babylonian policy.
  • Aramaic Chapter 22 Chapter 7 Chapter 8

    Aramaic Chapter 22 Chapter 7 Chapter 8

    Overview of Daniel Chapters 1 – 6 Historical Chapters 7 – 12 Prophetic 1. Babylonian Captivity 7. Vision of 4 Beasts 2. Nebuchadnezzar’s Dream 8. Vision of Ram & Goat 3. Nebuchadnezzar’s Image 9. The Seventy weeks 4. Nebuchadnezzar’s Pride 10. Glimpse of the Dark side 5. Babylon Falls 11. “Silent Years” foretold 6. The Lions Den 12. Sealed up until End Time Aramaic Chapter 22 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Babylon Medo- Persia Greece Rome Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Persians Medes Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 8 Greek Empire Alexander The Great Lysimachus Cassander Ptolemy Seleucus Greek Empire Chapter 8 Alexander The Great King of the South King of the North 1. Ptolemy I Soter 1. Seleucus I Nicator 2. Antiochus I Soter 2. Ptolemy II Philadelphus 3. Antiochus II Theos 3. Ptolemy III Euergetes 4. Seleucus II Callinicus 5. Seleucus III Ceraunus 4. Ptolemy IV Philopator 6. Antiochus III Great 5. Ptolemy V Epiphanes 7. Seleucus IV Philopator 6. Ptolemy VI Philometor 8. Antiochus IV Epiphanes The account in 1 Maccabees continues: “Mothers who had allowed their babies to be circumcised were put to death in accordance with the king’s decree. Their babies were hung around their necks, and their families and those who had circumcised them were put to death” (1:60, TEV). ROME 10 11 8 D.T. BEAST 10 HORNS LITTLE HORN ANTI-CHRIST 3 FELL EYES & MOUTH LARGER THAN ASSOCIATES How Long? 2300 evenings & mornings = 167 BC 164 BC Antiochus Antiochus dies sacrificed a pig on the altar Start of Temple Maccabean Rededicated / Revolt cleansed He who has an ear, let him hear what the Spirit says to the churches.‘ Rev 2:7 Rev 2:11 Rev 2:17 Rev 2:29 Rev 3:6 Rev 3:13 Rev 3:22 To Gorsley in 2011 The Lord is sharpening the focus of the church and wants you to respond: with prayer and fasting and repentance and have ears to hear what the Spirit is saying and hearts and wills to respond to His leading and directing.

  • A Literary Sources

    Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-82860-4 — The Hellenistic World from Alexander to the Roman Conquest 2nd Edition Index More Information Index A Literary sources Livy XXVI.24.7–15: 77 (a); XXIX.12.11–16: 80; XXXI.44.2–9: 11 Aeschines III.132–4: 82; XXXIII.38: 195; XXXVII.40–1: Appian, Syrian Wars 52–5, 57–8, 62–3: 203; XXXVIII.34: 87; 57 XXXIX.24.1–4: 89; XLI.20: 209 (b); ‘Aristeas to Philocrates’ I.9–11 and XLII.29–30.7: 92; XLII.51: 94; 261 V.35–40: XLV.29.3–30 and 32.1–7: 96 15 [Aristotle] Oeconomica II.2.33: I Maccabees 1.1–9: 24; 1.10–25 and 5 7 Arrian, Alexander I.17: ; II.14: ; 41–56: 217; 15.1–9: 221 8 9 III.1.5–2.2: (a); III.3–4: ; II Maccabees 3.1–3: 216 12 13 IV.10.5–12.5: ; V.28–29.1: ; Memnon, FGrH 434 F 11 §§5.7–11: 159 14 20 V1.27.3–5: ; VII.1.1–4: ; Menander, The Sicyonian lines 3–15: 104 17 18 VII.4.4–5: ; VII.8–9 and 11: Menecles of Barca FGrHist 270F9:322 26 Arrian, FGrH 156 F 1, §§1–8: (a); F 9, Pausanias I.7: 254; I.9.4: 254; I.9.5–10: 30 §§34–8: 56; I.25.3–6: 28; VII.16.7–17.1: Athenaeus, Deipnosophistae V.201b–f, 100 258 43 202f–203e: ; VI.253b–f: Plutarch, Agis 5–6.1 and 7.5–8: 69 23 Augustine, City of God 4.4: Alexander 10.6–11: 3 (a); 15: 4 (a); Demetrius of Phalerum, FGrH 228 F 39: 26.3–10: 8 (b); 68.3: cf.
  • Antiochus IV Rome

    Antiochus IV Rome

    Chapter 22 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 11 & 12 Babylon Medo- 445BC 4 Persian Kings Persia Alex the Great Greece N&S Kings Antiochus IV Rome Gap of Time Time of the Gentiles 1wk 3 ½ years Opposing king. Greek Empire Chapter 8 Alexander The Great King of the South King of the North 1. Ptolemy I Soter 1. Seleucus I Nicator 2. Antiochus I Soter 2. Ptolemy II Philadelphus 3. Antiochus II Theos 3. Ptolemy III Euergetes 4. Seleucus II Callinicus 5. Seleucus III Ceraunus 4. Ptolemy IV Philopator 6. Antiochus III Great 5. Ptolemy V Epiphanes 7. Seleucus IV Philopator 6. Ptolemy VI Philometor 8. Antiochus IV Epiphanes Daniel 9:27 The 70th Week 1 Week = 7 years 3 ½ years 3 ½ years Apostasy Make a covenant Stop to Temple sacrifice with the many Stop to grain offering Abomination of Desolation Crush the elect (Jews) Jacob’s Distress Jacob’s Trouble Tribulation Daniel 11:35 Some of those who have insight will fall, in order to refine, purge and make them pure until the end time; because it is still to come at the appointed time 1 John 3:2-3 2 Beloved, now we are children of God, and it has not appeared as yet what we will be. We know that when He appears, we will be like Him, because we will see Him just as He is. 3 And everyone who has his hope fixed on Him purifies himself, just as He is pure. Zechariah 13:7-9 8 “It will come about in all the land,” Declares the LORD, “That two parts in it will be cut off and perish; But the third will be left in it.
  • Politics and Policy: Rome and Liguria, 200-172 B.C

    Politics and Policy: Rome and Liguria, 200-172 B.C

    Politics and policy: Rome and Liguria, 200-172 B.C. Eric Brousseau, Department of History McGill University, Montreal June, 2010 A thesis submitted to McGill University in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Master of Arts. ©Eric Brousseau 2010 i Abstract Stephen Dyson’s The Creation of the Roman Frontier employs various anthropological models to explain the development of Rome’s republican frontiers. His treatment of the Ligurian frontier in the second century BC posits a Ligurian ‘policy’ crafted largely by the Senate and Roman ‘frontier tacticians’ (i.e. consuls). Dyson consciously avoids incorporating the pressures of domestic politics and the dynamics of aristocratic competition. But his insistence that these factors obscure policy continuities is incorrect. Politics determined policy. This thesis deals with the Ligurian frontier from 200 to 172 BC, years in which Roman involvement in the region was most intense. It shows that individual magistrates controlled policy to a much greater extent than Dyson and other scholars have allowed. The interplay between the competing forces of aristocratic competition and Senatorial consensus best explains the continuities and shifts in regional policy. Abstrait The Creation of the Roman Frontier, l’œuvre de Stephen Dyson, utilise plusieurs modèles anthropologiques pour illuminer le développement de la frontière républicaine. Son traitement de la frontière Ligurienne durant la deuxième siècle avant J.-C. postule une ‘politique’ envers les Liguriennes déterminer par le Sénat et les ‘tacticiens de la frontière romain’ (les consuls). Dyson fais exprès de ne pas tenir compte des forces de la politique domestique et la compétition aristocratique. Mais son insistance que ces forces cachent les continuités de la politique Ligurienne est incorrecte.
  • The Impact of the Roman Army (200 BC – AD 476)

    The Impact of the Roman Army (200 BC – AD 476)

    Impact of Empire 6 IMEM-6-deBlois_CS2.indd i 5-4-2007 8:35:52 Impact of Empire Editorial Board of the series Impact of Empire (= Management Team of the Network Impact of Empire) Lukas de Blois, Angelos Chaniotis Ségolène Demougin, Olivier Hekster, Gerda de Kleijn Luuk de Ligt, Elio Lo Cascio, Michael Peachin John Rich, and Christian Witschel Executive Secretariat of the Series and the Network Lukas de Blois, Olivier Hekster Gerda de Kleijn and John Rich Radboud University of Nijmegen, Erasmusplein 1, P.O. Box 9103, 6500 HD Nijmegen, The Netherlands E-mail addresses: [email protected] and [email protected] Academic Board of the International Network Impact of Empire geza alföldy – stéphane benoist – anthony birley christer bruun – john drinkwater – werner eck – peter funke andrea giardina – johannes hahn – fik meijer – onno van nijf marie-thérèse raepsaet-charlier – john richardson bert van der spek – richard talbert – willem zwalve VOLUME 6 IMEM-6-deBlois_CS2.indd ii 5-4-2007 8:35:52 The Impact of the Roman Army (200 BC – AD 476) Economic, Social, Political, Religious and Cultural Aspects Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop of the International Network Impact of Empire (Roman Empire, 200 B.C. – A.D. 476) Capri, March 29 – April 2, 2005 Edited by Lukas de Blois & Elio Lo Cascio With the Aid of Olivier Hekster & Gerda de Kleijn LEIDEN • BOSTON 2007 This is an open access title distributed under the terms of the CC-BY-NC 4.0 License, which permits any non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited.
  • CALENDARS by David Le Conte

    CALENDARS by David Le Conte

    CALENDARS by David Le Conte This article was published in two parts, in Sagittarius (the newsletter of La Société Guernesiaise Astronomy Section), in July/August and September/October 1997. It was based on a talk given by the author to the Astronomy Section on 20 May 1997. It has been slightly updated to the date of this transcript, December 2007. Part 1 What date is it? That depends on the calendar used:- Gregorian calendar: 1997 May 20 Julian calendar: 1997 May 7 Jewish calendar: 5757 Iyyar 13 Islamic Calendar: 1418 Muharaim 13 Persian Calendar: 1376 Ordibehesht 30 Chinese Calendar: Shengxiao (Ox) Xin-You 14 French Rev Calendar: 205, Décade I Mayan Calendar: Long count 12.19.4.3.4 tzolkin = 2 Kan; haab = 2 Zip Ethiopic Calendar: 1990 Genbot 13 Coptic Calendar: 1713 Bashans 12 Julian Day: 2450589 Modified Julian Date: 50589 Day number: 140 Julian Day at 8.00 pm BST: 2450589.292 First, let us note the difference between calendars and time-keeping. The calendar deals with intervals of at least one day, while time-keeping deals with intervals less than a day. Calendars are based on astronomical movements, but they are primarily for social rather than scientific purposes. They are intended to satisfy the needs of society, for example in matters such as: agriculture, hunting. migration, religious and civil events. However, it has also been said that they do provide a link between man and the cosmos. There are about 40 calendars now in use. and there are many historical ones. In this article we will consider six principal calendars still in use, relating them to their historical background and astronomical foundation.
  • Title Page Echoes of the Salpinx: the Trumpet in Ancient Greek Culture

    Title Page Echoes of the Salpinx: the Trumpet in Ancient Greek Culture

    Title Page Echoes of the salpinx: the trumpet in ancient Greek culture. Carolyn Susan Bowyer. Royal Holloway, University of London. MPhil. 1 Declaration of Authorship I Carolyn Susan Bowyer hereby declare that this thesis and the work presented in it is entirely my own. Where I have consulted the work of others, this is always clearly stated. Signed: ______________________ Date: ________________________ 2 Echoes of the salpinx : the trumpet in ancient Greek culture. Abstract The trumpet from the 5th century BC in ancient Greece, the salpinx, has been largely ignored in modern scholarship. My thesis begins with the origins and physical characteristics of the Greek trumpet, comparing trumpets from other ancient cultures. I then analyse the sounds made by the trumpet, and the emotions caused by these sounds, noting the growing sophistication of the language used by Greek authors. In particular, I highlight its distinctively Greek association with the human voice. I discuss the range of signals and instructions given by the trumpet on the battlefield, demonstrating a developing technical vocabulary in Greek historiography. In my final chapter, I examine the role of the trumpet in peacetime, playing its part in athletic competitions, sacrifice, ceremonies, entertainment and ritual. The thesis re-assesses and illustrates the significant and varied roles played by the trumpet in Greek culture. 3 Echoes of the salpinx : the trumpet in ancient Greek culture Title page page 1 Declaration of Authorship page 2 Abstract page 3 Table of Contents pages
  • Calendar of Roman Events

    Calendar of Roman Events

    Introduction Steve Worboys and I began this calendar in 1980 or 1981 when we discovered that the exact dates of many events survive from Roman antiquity, the most famous being the ides of March murder of Caesar. Flipping through a few books on Roman history revealed a handful of dates, and we believed that to fill every day of the year would certainly be impossible. From 1981 until 1989 I kept the calendar, adding dates as I ran across them. In 1989 I typed the list into the computer and we began again to plunder books and journals for dates, this time recording sources. Since then I have worked and reworked the Calendar, revising old entries and adding many, many more. The Roman Calendar The calendar was reformed twice, once by Caesar in 46 BC and later by Augustus in 8 BC. Each of these reforms is described in A. K. Michels’ book The Calendar of the Roman Republic. In an ordinary pre-Julian year, the number of days in each month was as follows: 29 January 31 May 29 September 28 February 29 June 31 October 31 March 31 Quintilis (July) 29 November 29 April 29 Sextilis (August) 29 December. The Romans did not number the days of the months consecutively. They reckoned backwards from three fixed points: The kalends, the nones, and the ides. The kalends is the first day of the month. For months with 31 days the nones fall on the 7th and the ides the 15th. For other months the nones fall on the 5th and the ides on the 13th.