THE BIRTH-DATE of ARSINOE II PHILADELPHUS* Ever Since

THE BIRTH-DATE OF ARSINOE II PHILADELPHUS*

Abstract: This article examines the modern assumption that Arsinoe II was born ca. 316 — and argues that her birth cannot be dated more precisely than between 320/19 and 312/1. More importantly, I intend to reveal the dubious rationale underlying scholarly assumptions about (royal) marriageable age and marital relations. Historians appear reluctant to accept, on the one hand, that Arsinoe may have been as young as twelve when she married Lysimachus, and, on the other hand, that Ptolemy I may well have married Berenice I around the same time as Eurydice. I will further explore the implications of post- or ante-dating Arsinoe’s birth in relation to her position at the courts of Lysimachus and Ptolemy II. This note may thus serve as a general warning about the intricacies of the marital behavior of the (early-) Hellenistic dynasties. Ever since Droysen, historians accept practically as a matter of fact that Arsinoe II, daughter of Ptolemy Soter and Berenice, was born ca. 316 BCE. Some authors in fact state without any qualifications that she was born in 316.1 This article intends not so much to prove that, as an approximation, this conventional birth-date is incorrect, but rather that it simplifies the issue and is thus misleading. This date namely hides a fairly wide margin of deviation on either side, as we will see that Arsinoe’s birth may have occurred four or five years before or after 316/5 BCE. Though it is impos- sible to determine the exact date of Arsinoe’s birth, my object is instead to grasp the implications of post- or antedating her birth-date, while unearth- ing the underlying assumptions in modern scholarship. As such, the present note is part of a revision of the paradigm of Arsinoe II — that is to say, a rethinking of the scholarly interpretation of this early-Hellenistic queen. The earliest date of Arsinoe’s life that is known with reasonable cer- tainty is that of her marriage to Lysimachus (361/51-281 BCE).2 Plutarch

* For comments, suggestions and corrections, I am very grateful to Chris Bennett (Vis- iting Scholar, UCSD), Elizabeth Carney (Clemson University), Sarah B. Pomeroy (Dis- tinguished Professor of Classics and History, Emerita, Hunter College and the Graduate School, CUNY), and Dorothy Thompson (Girton College, University of Cambridge). In the following, references to Bennett’s online articles on http://www.tyndalehouse.com/ Egypt/ptolemies/ptolemies.htm will be cited s.v. the individual entries. Thanks are also due to this journal’s anonymous reviewers. 1 Burstein (1982) 198, (2004) 74 (stating inadvertently that she was born in Cos); Hölbl (2001) 24. 2 Memn. FGrHist 434 F4.9-10; Paus. 1.10.3-4; Just. 15.4.24; RE s.v. ‘Arsinoë’ no. 26, II.1 1282; Rohde (1876) 75 n. 1; Droysen (1878) II.2 236; Mahaffy (1899) 76; Bouché-Leclercq (1903-07) I 85; Beloch (1912-27) IV.2 180; Bevan (1927) 36; Longega (1968) 16, 18; Seibert (1967) 74, 95; Lund (1992) 88; Ogden (1999) 59; Huß (2001) 200; Dmitriev (2007); also see: Bennett s.v. ‘Arsinoe II,’ n. 3.

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(Demetr. 31) relates that some time after the Battle of Ipsus (301 BCE), Seleucus wished to form an alliance with Demetrius, because Lysimachus had already married Arsinoe and his son Agathocles was married to Lysandra, Ptolemy’s daughter with Eurydice. Lysandra, however, could only have married Agathocles after the death of her first husband, Alexander (in 294 BCE), son of Cassander. Moreover, Pausanias (1.9.6) asserts that Agathocles’ marriage took place after Lysimachus’ campaign against the Thracian Getae, which is usually dated to ca. 293/2 BCE.3 To Plutarch’s rather imprecise reference we can add, though, that Arsinoe gave birth to three sons of Lysimachus, the oldest of whom, also called Ptolemy, was born no later than 298 BCE.4 It may thus be inferred that she was married to Lysimachus some time before 298 BCE. Historians generally assume that Arsinoe must have been at least fifteen years old when she married Lysimachus.5 That, at least, seems to be the underlying rationale of Droysen’s statement that she must have been born no later than 316.6 However, Seibert has shown that Hellenistic princesses were married off as early as twelve years of age.7 Assuming that she married Lysimachus ca. 300/299 BCE, Arsinoe’s birth could be as late as ca. 312/11 BCE — i.e., some four or five years later than the date normally given by modern historians. Scholars are perhaps reluctant to accept that Arsinoe gave birth to Lysimachus’ child at such an early age,

3 Dmitriev (2007). 4 Just. 24.3.5 records the age of Arsinoe’s younger sons as 16 and 13 at the time of their death (ca. 281/0 BCE); if the eldest was at least 18 at the time, he must have been born no later than (18 + 280 =) 298 BCE; thus her children with Lysimachus were all born two or three years apart: Ptolemy (299/8-post 239), Lysimachus (297/6-281/0), Philip (294/3- 281/0); Rohde (1876) 75 n. 1; Heinen (1972) 9-10; Lund (1992) 197-198; Ogden (1999) 59. 5 Droysen, infra; RE s.v ‘Arsinoe’ no. 26, II.1 1282; Strack (1987) 193 n. 10 (“Arsinoe II ist geboren um 316, da sie um 300 mit Lysimachus verheiratet wird”); Mahaffy (1899) 76 (Arsinoe “must have been born not later than 316 B.C., for she became the wife of Lysimachus in 301-300”); Niese (1893-1903) II 100 n. 1 (“Ihre Ehe mit Lysimachos wurde etwa 300… geschlossen; sie muss also mannbar gewesen sein”); Bouché-Leclercq (1903-07) I 85 (“alors âgée de seize ans tout au plus”); Bevan (1927) 52 (“born at the latest in 315, since she was married to Lysimachus about 300”); Mar- curdy (1932) 112 (“Arsinoe was married when only fifteen or sixteen to the king of Thrace, Lysimachus”); Longega (1968) 15 n. 4, 16, 18; Bengtson (1975) 113; Pomeroy (1984) 14 (Arsinoe “was wed at about the age of sixteen”). 6 Droysen (1877) III.2 236, “[Arsinoë] ist spätestens, wie diese Heirat lehrt, 316 geboren.” 7 Seibert (1967) 123; cf. Greenwalt (1988) (suggesting from the available evidence that Argead women were generally married in their late teens to early twenties); Bagnall and Frier (1994) 111-116 (concluding that in Roman Egypt most women married during their late teens); Scheidel (2007) (showing that elite women in Imperial Rome were usually married in their early teens).

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especially since he was about sixty years old at the time of their wedding. Personal reluctance aside, we have to realize that in the ancient world a girl’s marriageable age was usually related to her ability to bear children. Girls generally married much younger in the ancient Greek world than in modern times, and often bore several children while still teenagers.8 The average age of menarche (first menstrual period) after which a girl normally reaches fertility tends to be influenced by social, environmental, psychological and nutritional factors that are not exactly understood.9 Ancient medical works indicate, however, that girls were expected to have reached this age by thirteen or fourteen, recognizing individual excep- tions.10 Assuming that Arsinoe’s first child was born no later than 298 BCE, her birth could then be dated ca. 312 BCE. In short, the only secure date ante quem for the birth of Arsinoe is somewhere around 312 BCE.11 Some historians furthermore believe that Arsinoe could not have been born much before 317 BCE.12 This argument is based on the assumptions that Ptolemy I could not have married Arsinoe’s mother Berenice much earlier, and that Lysimachus would not have wed an illegitimate daughter of Ptolemy.13 Berenice arrived at Ptolemy’s court with Eurydice, her first cousin once removed.14 As Ptolemy was offered Eurydice in marriage by her father Antipater (around 321/0 BCE), it might be surmised that it would have insulted Antipater if Ptolemy maintained a liaison besides Eurydice.15 Not only was Ptolemy married before, to Thais and Artacama (without any evidence that he repudiated them), but when

8 Lacey (1968) 106-107, 110-112; Pomeroy (1975) 62-65, (1984) 83-123; Just (1989) 40-75; Patterson (1991) 48-61; Greenwalt (1988) 95 n. 16 (with ref.); Bagnall & Frier (1994) 111-159; Blundell (1995) 66-71, 119-124, 198-200. 9 Wood (1994) 401-439, esp. fig. 9.5 (I owe this reference to Walter Scheidel); Thomas et al. (2001) 271-290. 10 Arist., Hist. Anim. 7.1, 581A; Amundsen & Diers (1969) 125-132 (with ref.). 11 General demographic statistics cannot tells us, though, as Dorothy Thompson points out (personal correspondence), whether Arsinoe would have been physically capable of successfully giving birth to her first son at the age of thirteen; cf. Bagnall & Frier (1994) 112 (discussing an exceptional case of a woman giving birth at thirteen). 12 RE s.v. ‘Berenike’ no. 9, III.1 282; ibid. s.v. ‘Ptolemaios’ no. 18, XXIII.1 1611; Strack (1897) 181, 190; Beloch (1912-27) IV.2 180-181; Bevan (1927) 52; Macurdy (1932) 105-107; Bengtson (1975) 24, 32-33; Will (1979-82) I 88, 102; Ellis (1994) 42-43; Whitehorne (1994) 68, 114; also see: Bennett s.v. ‘Berenice I,’ n. 11. 13 RE s.v. ‘Berenike’ no. 9, III.1 282; Strack (1897) 190; Seibert (1967) 72, 74; cf. van Oppen (2011). For the view that Berenice was still Ptolemy’s mistress when giving birth to Arsinoe, e.g., see: Beloch (1912-27) IV.2 180-181; Will (1979-82) I 88, 102; Burstein 1982, 198; Ogden (1999) 70, (2008) 356; Kosmetatou (2004) 18. 14 S Theoc. 17.34, 61; Plut., Pyrrh. 4; Paus. 1.6.1, 8, 1.7.1, 1.11.5; Seibert (1967) 16-17. 15 Bouché-Leclercq (1903-07) I 41.

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Demetrius sent Pyrrhus to Egypt as warranty for the treaty with Ptolemy (ca. 298 BCE), Berenice was considered the most pre-eminent among the king’s wives (gunaik¬n) according to Plutarch.16 Many Macedonian kings and noblemen were polygamous, and it could hardly have offended Antipater if Ptolemy married Berenice in addition to his other wives, as she was the maternal granddaughter of Antipater’s own brother Cassander. Additionally, Eurydice gave birth to as many as six of Ptolemy’s children. So, unless Arsinoe was born after 315 BCE and Eurydice bore her children in rapid succession, Ptolemy had children concurrently with Eurydice and Berenice. There seems to be no reason to imagine that the king could not have fathered a child with Berenice shortly after she arrived at his court — i.e., some four or five years earlier than normally assumed.17 Therefore, the only certain date post quem for the birth of Arsinoe is ca. 320/19 BCE. The date of Arsinoe’s birth can then be placed no more precisely than between 320/19 and 312/1 BCE. To be true, this averages out as ca. 316/5 BCE, but it hides the wide margin of uncertainty, some four or five years on either side. In Arsinoe’s life there are two junctures at which her age has come into play in scholarly hypotheses: (a) her position at Lysima- chus’ court and her involvement in the death of Agathocles, and (b) her marriage to her brother Ptolemy II. It has often been maintained that Arsinoe was the dominant woman at the court of Lysimachus (360-281 BCE) and that the old king was in her thrall.18 Even Burstein’s revisionist skepticism cannot refrain him from admitting that “in the 280’s, however, her prominence at court is clear.”19 The question that concerns us here is whether Arsinoe could conceivably hold that much sway upon her arrival in Thrace when she would have been between the age of twelve and twenty-one, and Lysimachus would have been over fifty or sixty.20

16 Plut., Pyrrh. 4.4: t®n dè Bereníkjn ör¬n mégiston dunaménjn kaì prwteúou- san âret±Ç kaì fronßsei t¬n Ptolemaíou gunaik¬n (“seeing that Berenice had the greatest influence and was foremost in virtue and insight among the wives of Ptolemy”); cf. S Theoc. 17.34: aÀtj ên ta⁄v sÉfrosi gunaizìn eΔdjlov ¥n (“she was manifest among the modest [scil., chaste] wives”). As discussed elsewhere, van Oppen (2011) n. 5 (with lit.) guna⁄kev is here understood to mean “wives” rather than “(royal) women.” 17 Bennett s.v. ‘Berenice I,’ n. 11 (suggesting Berenice may have been Ptolemy’s wife from the beginning). 18 RE s.v. ‘Arsinoe’ no. 26, II.1 1282; ibid. s.v. ‘Lysimachos’ no. 1, XIV.1 28-29; Rohde (1876) 64-65; Bouché-Leclercq (1903-07) I 145: “Arsinoé avait tout pouvoir sur le vieux roi”; Longega (1968) 26-42, 54-55; Heinen (1972) 6-7; Pomeroy (1984) 14; Carney (1994); cf. Lund (1992) 193-196; Hazzard (2000) 81-85; Dmitriev (2007) 144-145. 19 Burstein (1982) 199. 20 Seibert (1967) 123 (voicing skepticism generally about the influence of young wives over elder kings); Lund (1992) 193-195 (arguing against the literary presentation of Lysi- machus as a romantic and/or senile fool ensnared by a young and attractive Arsinoe).

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Ancient authors, furthermore, implicate Arsinoe in the death of Lysi- machus’ heir Agathocles (ca. 320-283/2).21 Pausanias offers two motives, that Agathocles rejected her amorous advances and that she feared for her children if Agathocles should succeed Lysimachus.22 Macurdy allowed that Arsinoe did fall in love with Agathocles, who was much closer in age than her husband Lysimachus. Moreover, she imagines an ingenious scheme, similar to that of Stratonice (in which Seleucus married his first wife to his son Antiochus) through which Arsinoe suppos- edly hoped to protect her children.23 While acknowledging her “daring spirit,” Bevan erroneously described Arsinoe as “a young woman of twenty-one” at the time of Agathocles’ death (283/2 BCE), when she would have been anywhere between 28 and 37, and later (281/0 BCE) calls her “little more than a girl… with not a little of a tigress.”24 Like most historians after him, Droysen dismissed Pausanias’ claim (1.7.1) that Ptolemy II (309/8-246 BCE) married his sister out of love, because (in his calculation) Arsinoe would have been nearly forty at the time and much older than her brother.25 The point is not whether Ptolemy fell in love with a woman of that age, however unlikely that may seem to some.26 Few

21 Memn. FGrHist 434 F5.6; Strabo 13.4.1-2; Trog., Prol. 17; Just. 17.1.1-9; RE s.v. ‘Agathokles’ no. 18, I.1 757. For the scholarly discussion about these events, see: Longega (1968) 44-54; Heinen (1972) 6-17; Bengtson (1975) 113-114; Lund (1992) 187-189, 195-198; Carney (1994); Ogden (1999) 59-62; Hazzard (2000) 82-84; Huß (2001) 256; Dmitriev (2007). 22 Paus. 1.10.3-4. 23 Macurdy (1932) 113; Ogden (1999) 61 (accepting Macurdy’s suggestion as a pos- sibility). 24 Bevan (1927) 54 (“one of those Macedonian princesses of masterful and daring spirit, shrinking from no violent deed which might further their purposes… caused Agathocles to be put to death on a false charge, soon after Ptolemy Keraunos arrived in Macedonia”), 57. 25 Droysen (III 267): “[Arsinoë] war bedeutend älter als [Philadelphos], nahe an vierzig Jahre, da sie nach Ägypten zurückkam.” Nonetheless, Mahaffy (1895: 141) allowed for “personal attraction” as “a more obvious and better reason” for the sibling wedding. Ancient sources insist the king married his sister out of love: P. Haun. I 6 F3.2-3; S Theoc. 17.128; Plut., Lib. educ. 14 (= Mor. 11A); id., Quaest. conviv. 3.9.2 (= Mor. 763E-F); Paus. 9.3.1; Athen. 14.621A; Herod. 1.3.3. Also, see: RE s.v. ‘Arsinoe’ no. 26, II.1 1283 (“eine glückliche Ehe konnte aus diesem unnatürlichen Bunde nicht hervorgehen”); Strack (1897) 86-87 (“Arsinoe kam mit ungefähr 44 [sic] Jahren nach Aegypten zuruck”); Niese (1893- 1903) II 100; Breccia (1903) 15; Bouché-Leclercq (1903-07) I 160-161 n. 4; Kornemann (1923) 20; Bevan (1927) 60-61; Macurdy (1932) 106, 117, 131; Seibert (1967) 82-83; Longega (1968) 73; Bengtson (1975) 117 (“schon der ungewöhnliche Altersunterscheid zeigt jedermann, daß von einer Neigunsehe nicht die Rede sein kann”); Hopkins (1980) 311-312; Carney (1987) 424 (with n. 11); Hazzard (2000) 85 (“By 279, Arsinoe was thirty- six years old while Ptolemy II was twenty-eight”); Huß (2001) 265, 305-312 (with n. 29). 26 Cf. Carney (1987) 425 (suggesting that, if Ptolemy was such a womanizer and sensualist as is often assumed, he may “have been titillated” marrying his sister).

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kings ever married solely for love’s sake, but rather for the sake of politi- cal and diplomatic advantages.27 While he assumed Arsinoe overpowered old Lysimachus with her youth, Bouché-Leclercq implies that she was now able to subject her brother to her whims, because she was “eight years older than him.”28 Pomeroy has advanced this argument with greater psychological depth, reasoning that “as adults, older siblings often main- tain their authority over younger ones.” 29 There is little point in refuting each of these claims. They stand or fall on the basis of the conjecture that Arsinoe was born ca. 316 BCE — and they would be strengthened or weakened significantly if she was born several years earlier or later. There are, however, a few more considerations to take into account about Arsinoe’s date of birth. The earlier she was born, the more likely it would be that she was born in Memphis, rather than Alexandria.30 The later we place her birth, the more regular would be the intervals between the children that Berenice bore Ptolemy I — say, Arsinoe in 313/2, Philotera in 311/0, and Ptolemy II in 309/8 BCE. Conversely, the farther apart she was born from her brother Ptolemy II, the more likely it would be that they were not raised together. If so, the so-called Westermarck effect (in which sexual attraction is desensitized between adults who were reared together as infants) can be discounted.31 Finally, Arsinoe would have been anywhere between and 41 and 52 years of age at the time of her death (in 270 or 268 BCE).32 This note has aimed to show that assumptions of earlier historians have a tendency to be repeated as facts by later generations. There seems to be no reason not to believe Berenice was married to Ptolemy by the time Arsinoe was born. As for Arsinoe, scholars need to remain cautious when dating her birth and subsequently drawing conclusions from their assumptions. This warning, actually, applies to Ptolemaic chronology in

27 Ager (2005) 15: “royal marriage is not — and never has been — primarily sexual,” but rather driven by pragmatic motives; so, too: Carney (1987) 426. 28 Bouché-Leclercq (1903-07) I 160-162; cf. Huß (2001) 307 (similarly hinting at the age difference between Arsinoe II, Ptolemy II and Arsinoe I). 29 Pomeroy (1984) 17-18; cf. Carney (1987) 425 n. 13. 30 Gambetti (2009) 26 proposes on the basis of the internal chronology of the Satrap stele that the transfer of the Egyptian capital from Memphis to Alexandria took place around 314 BCE. (I am grateful to Gambetti for sharing her thoughts on the issue.) 31 Westermarck (1922) 293; Ager (2005) 20-22; Scheidel (2005) 93-108; also, see: Wolf (1968), (1995). 32 For which, now see: van Oppen 2010.

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general, an area in which much remains uncertain — and much work needs to be done.

NL–2587 HH ’s-Gravenhage Branko VAN OPPEN DE RUITER Bosschestraat 144 [email protected]

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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