Index

abbeys, 11–13, 16, 20, 31, 109 Arason, Jón, 154, 156 abbots, 31, 35, 91, 105, 107, 109 Arnold of Brescia, 35–6 absenteeism, clerical, 34, 121, Articulants, 170–1 178, 180 askesis/asceticism, 11, 13–15, 20, Agricola, Michael, 159 23, 34–5, 37, 39, 41, 47, Albigensians, see Cathars 55–6, 60 Albrecht of Brandenburg, Augsburg Confession, 140–2, 146, Archbishop of Mainz, 45–6, 147n, 150n, 160 49, 58, 110, 138, 140 Augsburg Interim, 145–6 Alexander VI, pope, 54 Augsburg Recess, 141–2 Alsace, 87, 101, 105–6, 110, 124 Augustine of Hippo, 18–20, 62, Althing (Icelandic parliament), 71–3, 78, 180 155 Augustinian Hermits, 43, 60–2, Ameaux, Pierre, 171 78, 82–3, 90 Anabaptists, 33, 87, 99, 118–32, authority of 135, 137, 140, 147, 161, Bible, 50, 59, 62, 74–5, 94, 143, 166–7, 170, 173, 188, 190 179 laws against, 120, 122, 126, 137 bishops, 9–10, 20–1, 44, 95–6, Andreae, Laurentius, 158, 160 137, 152, 160, 178, 180 Anonymous of York, see Norman church, 37, 53, 63–4, 77 Anonymous church councils, 40, 50–1, 65, anti-clericalism, 12, 56–7, 59, 83, 75, 145 88, 114,COPYRIGHTED 117, 119, 166, 169 clergy, MATERIAL6, 19, 43–4, 77, 171 anti-fraternalism, 38–9, 78, 84, congregations/laypeople, 86, 93, 173–4 51, 115–16, 121 Antoine of Lorraine, 110 God, 51, 62

The Reformation: A Brief History, First Edition. Kenneth G. Appold. © 2011 Kenneth G. Appold. Published 2011 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

AAppold_bindex.inddppold_bindex.indd 119393 22/1/2011/1/2011 55:36:50:36:50 PMPM authority of (cont’d ) bishops, 5, 8–13, 15–21, 24, 26, Gospel, 95–6 29–30, 32–3, 35, 44–5, kings/princes, 17–19, 30–1, 63–4, 49–50, 53, 56, 77–8, 82, 77, 85, 117, 148–9, 189 88, 90, 96–7, 99, 101–2, patriarchs, 16 114, 137, 140, 143–4, popes, 17, 19, 21–31, 37, 40, 149–60, 164, 167, 171, 49–51, 54, 57, 63, 65–7, 179, 180, 187 77–8, 81, 147, 189 Blaurock, Jörg, 121–2 temporal rulers/magistrates, 4, Bohemia, 53, 75, 106, 129, 181 8, 17, 51, 63, 67, 77, 95–6, Boniface, St., 12 99, 122, 136 Boniface VIII, pope, 29–30 tradition, 179 Bora (Luther), Katharina von, Avignon papacy, 28–9, 31, 38 191 bourgeoisie, 32, 60, 93, 117, 138 Bach, Johann Sebastian, 188 Brethren and Sisters of the Baden Disputation (1526), 100 Common Life, 54–5, 175 ban (see also excommunication), Brötli, Johannes, 121–2 123, 125 Bruno of Eguisheim, see Leo IX baptism, 7, 37, 77, 87, 118, 126, Bucer, Martin, 101, 139–40, 145, 128–9, 184 167 believers’, 118, 120–2, 124–5, 127 Bugenhagen, Johannes, 101, 151 infant, 87, 120, 122–3 Bullinger, Heinrich, 55, 127, 163 spirit, 37 Bundschuh, 106 Bascio, Matteo da, 174 Buren, Idelette van, 167 Basel (see also Council of Basel), burghers, see bourgeoisie 87, 91, 99, 100, 102, 113, 162, 165 Cajetan (Gaetano) di Thiene, 175 Bellarmine, Robert, 177 Cajetan, Tommaso de Vio, papal Benedictines, 20, 23, 90–2, 105, legate, 63–4 107, 125, 176 Calvin, John, 147n, 162–72 benefices, 33, 34, 77, 165, 178 Articles concerning the Bern, 100, 102, 126–7, 162–4, 170–1 Organization of the Church … Bernard of Clairvaux, 35 in Geneva, 166 Bernardino da Siena, 56 Ecclesiastical Ordinances, 167–8 Berthelier, Philippe, 172 Institutes of the Christian Religion, Bible 165, 172 study of, 54, 59, 61–2, 69–70, canon law, 16, 26–7, 45, 53, 58, 74–5, 91–2, 100, 107, 111, 66, 94 119–20, 143, 168–9 Canossa, 26 translation, 60, 69, 100, 152, Capistrano, Giovanni da, 56 156, 159 capitalism, 44, 126, 132

194 Index

AAppold_bindex.inddppold_bindex.indd 119494 22/1/2011/1/2011 5:36:505:36:50 PMPM Capuchins, 174, 189 clerical marriage, 70, 78, 93, 95–7, Carafa, Giovanni Pietro (see also: 140, 157, 188 Paul IV, pope), 176, 178, 181 clerks regular, 176 cardinals, 21–2, 178–9 Clovis, 9, 17 college of, 22, 28 Cluny/Cluniac reforms, 20–1, 23 Carmelites, 149, 175 Columba, 11 Cathars (Albigensians), 37–8 Columbanus, 11–13 Catherine of Genoa, 55 commerce, see profit, trade Catherine of Siena, 175 commercial culture/values, 32, celibacy (see also chastity), 23, 52, 36, 47–8, 56, 78, 115, 126, 78, 177 130, 132, 174, 182 Celtic Christians, 11–16, 34, 43, common chest, 84, 189 48, 56, 66, 118 “common man”, see peasants charity (love), 48, 54–5, 74, communal living/religious 131–2, 168, 175–6 community, 4, 8, 36–7, Charlemagne, 18, 105 44–5, 54–5, 57, 76, 101, Charles V, emperor, 64, 67–8, 120–1, 124, 126–7, 129, 135–8, 140–2, 144–6, 148, 131–2, 176 160, 163, 179 communion, holy, see eucharist Charles VII of France, 51 communism/communistic, 35–6, chastity (see also celibacy), 13, 115, 117, 125–6, 129–31 23, 93 community of goods, 35–6, 117, Christian II of Denmark, 148–9, 125–7, 131 151, 153, 157 Compagnie des Pasteurs, 167–8, 172 Christian III of Denmark, 151–5 conciliarism, 41, 50–2, 54, 66 Christianization, 3–16, 34, 38, Concordat of Bologna (1516), 40–1, 66, 72, 154, 186 52, 81 defined, 7 concubinage/concubines, 23–4, church ordinances, 84, 101, 125, 41, 93 151–6, 160, 163, 167 Confessio Augustana, see Augsburg Cisneros, Francisco Ximenes de, Confession 52, 54, 174 Confessio Hafniensis, see Cistercians, 36, 112 Copenhagen Confession cities, 1, 3, 5, 9, 32, 36, 39, 53, 55, Confessio Helvetica Prior, 163 87–8, 90, 93, 99–103, 112, Confessio Helvetica Posterior, 163 115, 117, 128, 136, 143, Confessio Tetrapolitana, 142 145, 150, 157, 162 confession (see also: penance), free imperial, 53, 81, 87–8, 112, 13–16, 27, 41, 43–4, 48, 127, 136–7, 142, 145, 189 72, 83, 131 Clement VI, pope, 45 confraternities (brotherhoods), Clement VII, pope, 136, 140–1 55–6, 175

Index 195

AAppold_bindex.inddppold_bindex.indd 119595 22/1/2011/1/2011 5:36:505:36:50 PMPM consistories, 137, 144, 152 Augsburg (1547–1548), 145 Consistory, Geneva, 168–9 Augsburg (1555), 146 Constantine the Great, 9, 17 Speyer I (1526), 135–7, 142, Constantinople, 16–17, 29 146 Contarini, Gasparo, 178 Speyer II (1529), 137–8 contrition, 44, 48, 72, 93 Worms (1521), 67–8, 81, 87, Cop, Nicolas, 165 128, 135 Copenhagen Confession, 150–1 discipline, congregational/church, Council 27, 34, 101, 123, 125, 129, Basel (1431–1449), 51 166–7, 170–1 Chalcedon (451), 17 divine right (and peasants’ Constance (1414–1418), 29, 51, grievances), 107–8, 114, 53, 65, 68, 75 116 Lateran II (1139), 23 Dominic de Guzman, 38, 78 Lateran IV (1215), 27, 41, 43, Dominicans, 37–8, 41, 46, 49, 63, 76, 190 90, 97, 159, 182 Lateran V (1512–1517), 51–2, Dutch Revolt, 181 178 Orléans (511), 17 Eck, John, 64–6, 100, 123, 140 Pisa (1409), 29 Edict of Worms, 68–9, 100, 136–7, Pisa (1511), 51 141 Siena (1423–1424), 51 education (see also schools, Trent (1545–1563), 145–7, 175, universities), 41, 60, 70–1, 179–81 75, 99–100, 143, 149, councils (church) 17, 21, 24, 152–3, 175, 177, 187–9 27–8, 40, 50–2, 65, 68, 77, Einarsson, Gissur, 155–6 137, 140–3, 146, 178–9 election of clergy, 108, 112, craftsmen, 32, 70, 89, 102, 157 115–16, 119, 125, 144, crusades, 34, 37, 44, 161 159, 191 cuius regio, eius religio, 146, 181 Engelbrektssøn, Olav, 153 Engels, Friedrich, 111 Danzig, 87, 102 Erasmus of Rotterdam, 55, 92, Decet Romanum Pontificem, 66 181 Denck, Hans, 131 Erfurt, university, 60–1, 71 Denmark, 148–157 Erik XIV of Sweden, 160 Dentière, Marie, 191 Eriksøn, Jørgen, 153–4 Dictatus Papae, 24–5, 27, 30–1, 50, Estonia, 160 147 eucharist, 5–6, 14, 27–8, 33, 41, diet, imperial 70, 75–6, 82–4, 86, 98, Augsburg (1518), 63 101, 103, 125, 138–40, Augsburg (1530), 140–2 147n, 166–8, 179

196 Index

AAppold_bindex.inddppold_bindex.indd 119696 22/1/2011/1/2011 5:36:505:36:50 PMPM Eugene IV, pope, 51 Fribourg, 164 excommunication (see also ban), Froschauer, Christoph, 94 26, 28–30, 38, 64, 66, 78, Fuggers, 46, 63, 78 96, 100, 105, 155, 166–8, Fünf Orte (Swiss Catholic 172 territories), 162–3 Exsurge Domine, 66 Gallicanism, 51–2, 181 Fabri, Johannes, 96, 140 Gelasius I, pope, 19–20 faith (in God/Christ), 61–2, 73–4, Gelassenheit (yieldedness), 86, 76–7, 94, 102, 116, 121, 129–31 125, 128 Geneva, 163–72, 191 Farel, Guillaume, 164–7, 170 City Council, 164, 166–72 fasting, 14, 94, 103, 162 George of Saxony, 64, 113, 144 Ferdinand of Austria, 137, 142, German Peasants’ War (1525), 146 107–14, 118, 124–5, 189 feudal system, 1–2, 10, 16, 22, Germany, see individual names 25, 28–34, 91, 101, 103–4, and places 111, 115–17, 129–30, 132, girls, see women 182 Gospel, 74, 77, 95–6, 108, 114, Finland, 148, 157, 159 116, 141, 162 Flugschriften, see pamphlets Gottskálksson, Oddur, 155 fornication, 14, 168–9 grace, 64, 72–4, 76, 177, 180 France, 11–13, 20–1, 27–8, 30–1, Gratian, 27 36–7, 51–2, 79, 81, 91–2, Grebel, Konrad, 99, 119–21, 123 136, 145, 163–5, 175, 178, greed (avarice), 35, 132, 169, 182 181, 189 Gregorian reforms, 23, 26–7, Francis I of France, 52, 165 34–5, 38, 127 Franciscans, 37–9, 41, 52, 56, 66, Gregory I, the Great, pope, 11, 23, 90, 117, 130, 149, 161, 55 173–4, 182 Gregory VII, pope, 22–6, 29, 31, Francis of Assisi, 37–8, 78, 173–4 34–5, 66 Franck, Sebastian, 128 Gregory of Tours, 13 Frankenhausen, battle of, 111, Grevens Fejde (Danish Count’s 113, 127 Feud), 151, 153 Franks, 9–10, 12–13, 15, 17–18 Groote, Gerhard, 54–5 Fraumünster, Zurich, 89–90 Grossmünster, Zurich, 90–1, 93–5, Frederick I of Denmark, 149–51 100, 119 Frederick II, emperor, 30 Grumbach, Argula von, 191 Frederick III (the Wise) of Saxony, guilds, 89–90 46, 63–5, 67–9, 82–5, 136 Guillermins, 170–1 Freiburg, siege of, 109 Gustav I Vasa, 157–60

Index 197

AAppold_bindex.inddppold_bindex.indd 119797 22/1/2011/1/2011 5:36:505:36:50 PMPM Habsburgs, 89, 109, 124–5, indulgences, 43–50, 57, 64, 76, 129–30, 135, 145, 161, 181 88, 121 Haderslev, 151, 153 Innocent III, pope, 26–9, 36–8 Hadrian IV, pope, 30 inquisition, 37, 49, 52, 175–6, Haetzer, Ludwig, 123 181, 190 Heidelberg Catechism, 163 interdict, 28 Heilbronn, 110, 137 investiture, 10, 22–3, 25–6, 29, 33 Helfenstein, Count Ludwig of, 110 Italy, 7, 12, 17, 24, 26, 35–6, 71, Henry III of Germany, 21–2 91, 161, 175–6 Henry IV of Germany, 25–6, 31 Herredag (Danish Assembly), 151 Jesuits, 160, 174, 176–8, 182, Hildebrand of Sovana, see 187, 189 Gregory VII Jews, 3, 52, 88, 190 Hoffman, Melchior, 128 Johan III of Sweden, 160 Hoffmann, Konrad, 95, 98–9, 103 John Frederick of Saxony, 112, Hólar, 154 144–5 holiness, 8, 13, 37, 41, 55, 102, 166 John of Saxony, 112, 136–7 Hubmaier, Balthasar, 107, 113, John of the Cross, 175 123–5, 129 John XXII, pope, 38–9 Hugo von Hohenlandenberg, Jud, Leo, 98, 100 bishop, 90, 93–7, 99 Julius II, pope, 51 Huguenots, 181 jurisdiction, 13, 19, 24, 26, 53, humanism, 53, 55, 69, 71, 86, 88, 63–4, 66, 82, 89, 95–7, 91–2, 139, 148–50, 152, 101, 106, 127, 136, 147, 161, 165, 181 150, 182, 189 Humiliati, 33, 36–7 justice, divine, 61, 108, 113, 119 Hungarian Peasants’ War (1514), justification, 70–5, 86, 96, 116, 56, 106, 161 179–80 Hungary, 106, 136, 160–1, 173 Hus, Jan, 53, 65, 68, 75 Kalmar Union, 148, 157 Hussites, 100, 106, 129 Kappel Wars, 163 Hut, Hans, 127–8 Karlstadt, Andreas Bodenstein Hutter, Jakob, 129 von, 64, 82–7, 123–4, Hutterian Chronicle, 120–1 139, 149 Hutterites, 129–31 Kempis, Thomas à, 55 Kempten, 105–7 Iceland, 7, 148, 154–7 Kempten, abbey, 105, 109 iconoclasm, see images Kempten, city, 105, 137 Ignatius of Loyola, 176–7, 181 Kempten, prince-abbot, images, removal of, 84, 86, 105, 109 98–101, 119, 164 Klemme, Pankratius, 102

198 Index

AAppold_bindex.inddppold_bindex.indd 119898 22/1/2011/1/2011 5:36:505:36:50 PMPM Las Casas, Bartolomeo de, 182 Luther’s theology, 65, 71–9 laypeople/laity, 6, 14, 22, 25, 32, “Ninety-Five Theses”, 43, 34, 36, 40, 54–6, 58–9, 75, 46–50, 57, 59, 62, 158, 186 77, 84, 86, 101, 112, 115, On the Freedom of a Christian, 73 157, 175, 177, 179, 189 Small Catechism, 143 League of Torgau, 138, 141 To the Christian Nobility of the Lefèvre d’Étaples, Jacques, 165 German Nation, 77–9, 81 Leipzig Disputation (1519), 64–5, 100 Magdeburg, 60, 138, 145 Leipzig Interim, 145 magistrates (see also: individual Leo I, pope, 17 city councils), 53, 67, 81, Leo III, pope, 18 85, 88, 90, 95, 97–100, Leo IX, pope, 21–3, 29, 31, 66 102, 122, 124, 135, 143, Leo X, pope, 46, 49, 174 156, 161–2, 169, 189–90 Libertines, 171 Mantz, Felix, 119–23 literacy, 1, 41, 59, 69–70, 143, Marburg Colloquy (1529), 139–41 156, 187 Marburg, university, 143 Lotzer, Sebastian, 108 Marpeck, Pilgram, 128 Louis XII of France, 51–2 marriage, 2, 7, 14, 23, 70, 78, 83, love, see charity 93, 95–7, 100–1, 103–4, Lucius III, pope, 36 140, 157, 188 Lunge, Vincens, 153 Marsilius of Padua, 51 Luther, Martin, 11, 43, 45–50, Martin V, pope, 105 54–5, 57–79, 81–7, 91–2, martyrdom, 12–13, 53, 122–3, 128 96, 98, 100–1, 103, 108, Martyrs’ Synod, 127 111–12, 114–19, 123, 126, Maximilian I, emperor, 64, 89 128, 135–6, 138–41, 143–4, Melanchthon, Philipp, 71, 75, 158, 178–9, 186–7, 189–90 82–4, 86n, 108, 114, 137, Admonition to Peace, 115–18 139–41, 143, 145, 147n Babylonian Captivity of the as praeceptor Germaniae, 71 Church, 75–6 at Augsburg, 140–1 death of, 144 Examen ordinandorum, 143 early life, 60–2 Loci communes, 71 excommunication of, 64, 66 Memmingen, 108, 114, 137, 142 “Invocavit Sermons”, 84–5 mendicant ethos, 38–9, 41, 55–6, Luther and 78, 93, 118, 174, 182 Jews, 190 mendicants (see also: individual Karlstadt, 84, 86–7 orders), 38–9, 41, 43, 47, Müntzer, 111–12 55, 60, 78, 84, 90, 93, 95, peasants, 108, 114–19, 126 118, 175–6 Zwingli on eucharist, 138–40 Mennonites, 118n, 129

Index 199

AAppold_bindex.inddppold_bindex.indd 119999 22/1/2011/1/2011 5:36:505:36:50 PMPM mercenaries, 30, 37, 89, 91–2, oaths, 25, 28, 33, 36–7, 78, 88, 107 125, 127, 129–30 merchants, 32, 36, 157 Oecolampadius, Johannes, 100, Merici, Angela, 174 113, 139 Mervitz, Claus van, 154 Oratory of Divine Love, 55, 175 Minden, Didrik van, 154–6 ordination exams, 75, 143 mission/missionaries, 6, 10–15, Ottomans, see Turks 38, 40, 43, 56, 59, 66, 72, 102, 118, 128, 130, 174, Palladius, Peder, 151–2 177, 182, 189 Pálsson, Ögmundur, 154–6 Modern Devotion, 54 pamphlets (Flugschriften) 57–9, 65, Moeller, Bernd, 87 70, 145 Mohács, Battle of, 136 papacy (see also: individual monasticism/monastic ethos, 8, popes), 5, 11, 16–22, 10–16, 20, 22–3, 29, 34, 24–32, 35–8, 40–1, 45, 41, 47–8, 55–6, 82, 132, 47–54, 57–9, 62–8, 74–5, 173, 176–7 77–9, 81–2, 85, 89, 91–2, Moravia, 124, 129–31 96, 105, 136, 140–1, Moritz of Saxony, 144–5 145–7, 149–50, 158–62, Mühlhausen, 111–13 172–6, 178–82, 187, 189 Müller, Hans, of Bulgenbach, papal election reform, 21–2, 26 107, 109 papalism, 5, 16, 19, 24–5, 27, Münster, Anabaptist Kingdom of, 30–1, 40–1, 49–52, 57, 170 65–6, 77–8, 147, 180 Müntzer, Thomas, 111–13, 123–4, Papal States, 18, 24, 26 127 Paris, university, 53–4, 63, 164–5, Muslims (see also: Turks), 32, 52, 176 135, 161, 190 Paul III, pope, 156, 176, 178–9 mysticism, 55, 73, 86, 111, 130, Paul IV, pope (see also: Carafa, 175 Giovanni Pietro), 176, 181, 190 nationalism/national churches Peace of Augsburg (1555), 146–7, (see also: Gallicanism), 81, 181, 187 149–50, 154–5, 158–9, 181 Peace of Basel (1499), 89 Netherlands, 12, 54–5, 129, 135, Peace of Passau (1552), 145 139, 154, 181 peasant parliament, 108, 110 Nicholas II, pope, 22 peasants (and serfs, farmers, Norman Anonymous (or Anonymous “common man”), 2–6, 10, of York), 19–20 25, 31–3, 41, 56, 59–60, Norway, 148, 152–5 70, 78, 86, 91, 101, Nürnberger Anstand, 142 103–18, 122, 124–6, 130,

200 Index

AAppold_bindex.inddppold_bindex.indd 220000 22/1/2011/1/2011 5:36:505:36:50 PMPM 135, 148–9, 152, 154–8, profit (see also: capitalism, trade), 160–1, 163, 173–4, 189, 31–2, 47, 56, 58, 91, 118 191–2 property (and possessions), 3, peasant uprisings (see also: 9–11, 16, 29, 31–9, 41, 93, German Peasants’ War, 98, 104, 116–18, 125–7, Hungarian Peasants’ War), 129–30, 155, 166, 170, 174 106, 157 property and natural law, 35 Pelagius/Pelagianism, 71–2 protestatio, 137–8 penance (see also: confession), purgatory, 44, 46–7 13–15, 43–4, 48, 55, 72, 121, 131–2, 176 Reinhart, Anna, 93, 97 Penitential of Columban, 14 relics, 6, 33 Pepin the Younger, 17–18 repentance, 48, 56, 121, 125 Pepin’s Donation, 18 Reublin, Wilhelm, 119–21, 123n, peregrinatio, 11 124 Petri, Laurentius, 159 righteousness, 61, 71–3, 177, 180 Petri, Olaus, 158–60 Riksdag (Swedish diet), 158, 160 Pfeiffer, Heinrich, 112–13 Riksrådet (Norwegian council), Philipp of Hesse, 113, 136–40, 153 144–5 royalism, 8–10, 17–20, 25, 40, Phillip the Fair of France, 30 42, 147 Pietism, 87, 186, 190 Rufinus the Canonist, 35 pilgrimages, 6, 61, 78, 92, 123 Rule of Augustine, 35, 38 plague, 55, 88, 123, 190 Rule of Benedict, 12, 20 Poland, 102, 181 Rule of Columbanus, 12–13 possessions, see property poverty (and the poor), 7, 10, 48, Sachs, Hans, 57–8, 70 55, 84, 98, 112, 116, 154, sacraments (see also: baptism, 157, 168, 174–5 eucharist), 15, 25, 28, 48, poverty, religious, 13, 34, 37–8, 75–7, 101, 139, 143, 179 52, 56, 93, 173–4, 177 saints, 6, 9, 44, 78, 169 Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges satisfaction, 14, 43–5, 47–8 (1438), 51–2 Sattler, Michael, 125 preaching, 36, 38, 41, 47–8, 52, Saverne, massacre, 110 56, 62, 74, 86, 91–3, 95, Schappeler, Christoph, 108 98, 101, 111–12, 149, 155, Schism, Great Western (see also: 162, 164, 176 Avignon papacy), 29, 40, Prierias, Sylvester, 49–50 50–1 printing press, 58–9, 69, 88, 145, Schleitheim Articles, 124–5, 127 158, 187 Schmalkaldic League, 141–2, private masses, 76, 78, 82 144–5, 160, 179

Index 201

AAppold_bindex.inddppold_bindex.indd 220101 22/1/2011/1/2011 5:36:505:36:50 PMPM Schmalkaldic War, 144, 179 Tagsatzung (Swiss diet), 100 schools (see also: education), 55, Tausen, Hans, 150 70, 100, 136–7, 143, 159, taxes (tithes), 5–6, 10, 26, 30, 34, 163, 168, 175, 187, 189, 53, 77, 79, 82, 93, 97, 191 104–5, 107–8, 115–16, Schütz-Zell, Katharina, 191 118–19, 125, 158 Schwenckfeld, Caspar, 128 Teresa of Ávila, 175 secularization of church Tetzel, John, 46–7, 49, 73 properties, 97, 136, 155, Theatines, 176 158 Thomas Aquinas, 35, 41, 175 separatism, 124, 129, 131 Torda, diets of, 162 serfs, see peasants Þorláksson, Guðbrandur, 156–7 Servetus, Michael, 170 trade, 2, 32, 34, 53, 87–8, 112, sex (see also: askesis/asceticism, 130, 150, 163–4, 182 celibacy, chastity, transubstantiation, 76, 138, 179 fornication), 14, 23, 169 Transylvania, 161–2 sharing of possessions, see Treaty of Kalmar (1397), 148 community of goods, Trolle, Gustav, 148, 157 communism Turks (Ottomans), 135, 142, 161 Siebenbürgen Saxons, 162 Turku, 159 Simons, Menno, 129 Twelve Articles, 108–9, 114–19, simony, 23–4, 41, 57 126 Skálholt, 154–6 Skara, 149 Unam sanctam, 30–1, 50, 147 Skytte, Martin, 159 Unitarians, 162 Slovenia, 106, 181 universities (see also education, Spain, 17, 52, 79, 161, 175–6, 182 schools), 53, 67, 70–1, 78, St. Gall, 126–7, 137 91, 143, 150, 161, 177, Staupitz, Johannes von, 61–2 188–9 Stephen II, pope, 18 Uppsala, 148, 159–60 Stockholm Bloodbath, 149, urban culture, see cities 157–8 Ursulines, 175, 187 Strängnäs, 149, 158 usury, 126 Strasbourg, 101–2, 128, 137, 139, Utraquists, 75 142, 145, 164, 167, 191 Stühlingen, peasants of, 107 Västerås, 158–9 suspension (of clergy), 28, 51 Viðey Monastery, 154–5 Swabian League, 89, 105, 108–9 villages, life in, 1–3, 5–7, 24, 70, Sweden, 148–9, 157–60 97, 105–6, 115, 119, 132, sword, power/use of, 112, 125, 143 127, 135 visitation, 136, 143, 152–3

202 Index

AAppold_bindex.inddppold_bindex.indd 220202 22/1/2011/1/2011 5:36:505:36:50 PMPM Waldburg, Truchsess Jörg von, 109 yieldedness, see Gelassenheit Waldensians, 36–7, 66 Waldes of Lyons, 36–7 Zurich, 88–91, 93–102, 107, 112, Waldshut, 107, 113, 123–4 118–24, 126–7, 162–3, 166 Walpot, Peter, 131 City Council, 89–90, 93–9, Wartburg, 69, 81, 85 119–22 wealth, 9–11, 16, 32, 34, 36–8, Zurich Disputation 41, 45, 53, 78, 87, 98, 100, First (1523), 95–8, 140 112, 115–17, 119, 158, Second (1523), 98–9, 119, 123 170, 173 Zwickau Prophets, 83 Weingarten, Treaty of (1525), 109 Zwilling, Gabriel, 82–4 Weinsberg, 110 Zwingli, Huldrych, 76, 91–102, wergeld (blood money), 15, 44 108, 114, 118–20, 122–3, William of Ockham, 38 126–7, 138–40, 142, 163, Wittenberg, 46, 66–8, 70, 75, 82–7, 166 93, 111, 139, 144, 149, 191 conflict with Anabaptists, 99, Castle Church (All Saints), 49, 118–20, 122–3, 126–7 82–3, 144 death of, 163 City Church, 62, 101 Divine and Human Righteousness, City Council, 83–5 119 Ordinance, 84 early life, 91–3 university, 43, 54, 61–3, 71, 82, on fasting, 94 86, 150–1, 158–9, 161 “Sixty-Seven Articles”, 95–7 Wittenberg Concord, 140 Von Erkiesen und Freiheit der women (and girls), 14, 23, 36, 55, Speisen, 94 70, 93, 128, 143, 174–5, 191 (see also: Luther and Zwingli on Wyclif, John, 65 eucharist)

Index 203

AAppold_bindex.inddppold_bindex.indd 220303 22/1/2011/1/2011 5:36:505:36:50 PMPM AAppold_bindex.inddppold_bindex.indd 220404 22/1/2011/1/2011 5:36:505:36:50 PMPM