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Home , Acerba animi, Ad Caeli Reginam, Ad diem illum, Anni sacri, Arcanum (encyclical), Arnold of Brescia

Papal 1 (: Litterae Encyclicae)—According to its etymology, an encyclical (from the Greek enkuklios, kuklos meaning a circle) is nothing more than a circular letter. A “circular letter” is a letter sent to a closed group of people with the intention being widely circulated to inform about important matters

Initially Presented August 18, 2018 2 Encyclical Overview Overview Selection To Our Venerable Brethren the To Brethren, To the , , Religious, , Primates, , Patriarchs, Primates, Archbishops, Bishops, and other Ordinaries having Bishops and other Local Ordinaries the Faithful, and to all men of Grace and Communion with the enjoying Peace and Communion good will with the Apostolic See Leo XIII 1891 Pope Pius XI 1930 Pope Paul VI 1967 Octobri Mense Popularum Progressio On the On Christian Marriage On the Development of Peoples

To the Bishops, Priests and , Consecrated Persons, and the Lay Faithful Encyclical 3 2013 Lumen Fidei On the Light of Faith Salutations

To the Bishops of the To the Bishops, Priests and Deacons, Men and Women religious, lay Faithful, and all People of Good Will Pope John Paul II 1998 Pope John Paul II 1995 On Faith and Of Human Life 4 Encyclicals issued 1740 to 2018 Number of Encyclicals Issued by Pope 90 81 80 70 60 50 41 40 38 30 30

16 20 14 13 12 9 8 10 6 7 4 3 3 2 1 1 2 0

1740 1758 1769 1775 1800 1823 1829 1831 1846 1878 1903 1914 1922 1939 1958 1963 1978 2005 2013 ─1758 ─1769 ─1774 ─1799 ─1823 ─1829 ─1830 ─1846 ─1878 ─1903 ─1914 ─1922 ─1939 ─1958 ─1963 ─1978 ─2005 ─2013 ─____ • Rites Range of General & • Nations, other specific 5 Churches • Practices (celibacy, , training, etc.) topics • Relationships

Tone Exhort • Marian Doctrine & Rosary, May/October Faith & • , , Faith/Hope/Charity Commemorate Virtues • Marriage, Family, Human Life Condemn • , errors, heresies, reason Guide • Evils of the day, Praise • , , Social • Democracy, , Materialism Order Proclaim • Labor, Slavery, Rights, Justice • Education, Modernism, Request

Style • , Great • Warnings & Inspiration Instruct & Apply Condemnations • Holy Years, • Previous Church Practices •Before Leo XIII (1875) •Leo XIII to Francis 6 How are we to receive an encyclical?

 “In modern times, the encyclical letter has been the instrument for to express their most important teaching….This teaching has lasting importance and value for the Church, and often for the whole .”1  “Mindful of Christ's words to his apostles: "He who hears you, hears me",49 the faithful receive with docility the teachings and directives that their pastors give them in different forms.”2  Credo: I believe in One, Holy, Catholic, and Apostolic Church:  The Church is apostolic. She is built on a lasting foundation: "the twelve apostles of the Lamb" (Rev 21:14). She is indestructible (cf. Mt 16:18). She is upheld infallibly in the : Christ governs her through Peter and the other apostles, who are present in their successors, the Pope and the . 3  “The task of interpreting the Word of authentically has been entrusted solely to the Magisterium of the Church, that is, to the Pope and to the bishops in communion with him.”4 Magisterium—the living teaching

7 office of the Church Overview Magisterium Selection 8 God comes to meet man: transmission of Divine

Magisterium  God reveals Himself speaking to , , , , , , , and the prophets.  Sacred Scripture records those words— images of God’s voice to man—his word, Divine fulfilled in the Word— Christ, the Revelation perfect image of the Father.5  “Christ the Lord…command[s] the Sacred apostles to preach the …the Tradition Scripture Revelation of the most high God… fulfilled in his own person and promulgated with his own lips.”6 9 Divine Revelation continued in Tradition, in the Holy Spirit

 The apostles handed on what they received—first from the lips and example of Christ and later from the promptings of the Holy Spirit  They preached, set examples, wrote, established institutions  They left bishops as their successors  This living transmission, accomplished in the Holy Spirit, is Tradition.7

An artist’s impression of St Paul commissioning Timothy 10 Magisterium: Interpreting the Word of God

 Interpreting the Word of God, whether in written form or in the form of Tradition, is entrusted to the Magisterium, the Pope and the bishops in communion with him.8  No new revelation: The Magisterium is a servant of the Word of God, teaching only what has been handed on  Church councils and documents  Father’s of the Church  Papal communications In a 19th-century illustration, Pope Pius IX  / Regina Coeli / Apostolic Constitutions / convenes the on Dec. 8, Apostolic Exhortations / Apostolic Letters 1869, in St. Peter's Basilica. (Credit: RNS.)  Audiences / Books / Encyclicals / Homilies / Jubilee / / Prayers / Speeches  All encyclicals cite Church council documents, Church Fathers, papal communications— including encyclicals—forming one continuous line of teaching 11 Selection of an Encyclical to Study 18th/19th/20th/21st Centuries 12 Relevant Encyclicals: 21st&20th Centuries

 Lumen Fidei (Light of Faith) ❖ Pope Francis, June 29, 2013  (God is Love) ❖ Pope Benedict XVI, December 25, 2005  Redemptoris Missio (On Evangelization) ❖ Pope John Paul II, December 7, 1990  (On the Regulation of Human Births) ❖ Pope Paul VI, July 25, 1968  (Peace on Earth) ❖ Pope John XXIII, April 11, 1963 13 Relevant Encyclicals: 20th Century

(On the possibility of defining the Assumption as a of the Church) ❖ Pope Pius XII, May 1, 1956  (Mystical ) ❖ Pope Pius XII, June 29, 1943  Casti Connubii (On Christian Marriage) ❖ Pope Pius XI, December 31, 1930  In Praeclara Summorum (On Dante) ❖ Pope Benedict XV, April 30, 1921 14 Relevant Encyclicals: Turn of

(On Modernist Doctrine) ❖ , September 8, 1907  Laetissimum (On the ) ❖ Pope Pius X, February 2, 1904  (On Capital and Labor) ❖ Pope Leo XIII, , 1891  Diuturnum (On the Origin of Civil Power) ❖ Pope Leo XIII, June 29, 1881 15 Relevant Encyclicals: 18th Century

 Ubi Primum (On the Immaculate Conception) ❖ Pope Pius IX, February 2, 1849  Cum Summi (Draw on Scripture and Tradition) ❖ Pope Clement XIV, December 12, 1769  Ubi Primum (Duties of Bishops) ❖ Pope Benedict XIV, December 3, 1740 16 Appendices Encyclical Listing, Line of Popes, Church Council Listing, Line of Church Fathers 17 Listing: 291 Encyclicals 1740 to 2015 AD 18 Encyclicals: 1740 to 1832 AD Encyclical Encyclical No. Pope Encyclical (Latin) (English) Year No. Pope Encyclical (Latin) (English) Year 1 Benedict XIV Ubi Primum Duties of Bishops 1740 Christianae On...Anti-Christian 2 Benedict XIV Traffic in Alms 1741 18 Clement XIII Reipublicae, Writings 1766 Validity of On the Church in 3 Benedict XIV Nimiam Licentiam Marriages 1743 19 Clement XIII Summa quae, 1768 4 Benedict XIV On Usury 1745 Decet quam On Abuses in Taxes On Marriage 20 Clement XIV maxime & Benefices 1769 5 Benedict XIV Magnae Nobis Impediments 1748 Proclaiming a 6 Benedict XIV Peregrinantes 1750: Holy Year 1749 21 Clement XIV Cum Summi Universal Jubilee 1769 Apostolica Preparation for Inscrutabili Divinae Proclaiming a 7 Benedict XIV Constitutio Holy Year 1749 22 Clement XIV Sapientiae Universal Jubilee 1769 8 Benedict XIV A Quo Primum and Christians 1751 Proclaiming a 9 Benedict XIV Cum Religiosi On Catechesis 1754 23 Clement XIV Salutis nostrae Universal Jubilee 1774 Mohammedan On the Problems of 10 Benedict XIV Quod Provinciale Names 1754 24 Pius VI Inscrutabile the Pontificate 1775 Observance of On the Civil Oath in 11 Benedict XIV Allatae Sunt Oriental Rites 1755 25 Pius VI Charitas 1791 12 Benedict XIV Ex Quo On the Euchologion 1756 On a Return to On the Ap.Const. 26 Pius VII Diu satis. Gospel Principles 1800 13 Benedict XIV Ex Omnibus Unigenitus 1756 Proclaiming a On Unity among 27 Leo XII Quod hoc ineunte Universal Jubilee 1824 14 Clement XIII A quo die, Christians 1758 On His Assuming On Observing 28 Leo XII Ubi primum the Pontificate 1824 15 Clement XIII Cum primum, Canonical Sanctions 1759 Extending Jubilee to On the Spiritual 29 Leo XII Charitate Christi Entire Church 1825 Advantages of On His Program for 16 Clement XIII Appetente Sacro, 1759 30 Pius VIII . the Pontificate 1829 On Instruction in Summo iugiter On Mixed 17 Clement XIII In Dominico agro, the Faith 1761 31 Gregory XVI studio Marriages 1832 32 Gregory XVI Cum primum On Civil Obedience 1832 19 Encyclicals: 1832 to 1863 AD Encyclical Encyclical No. Pope Encyclical (Latin) (English) Year No. Pope Encyclical (Latin) (English) Year On & On the 33 Gregory XVI Mirari vos 1832 48 Pius IX Neminem vestrum. of the Armenians 1854 On the 'Pragmatic On the Cath. 34 Gregory XVI Quo graviora Constitution' 1833 University of On the Errors of 49 Pius IX Optime noscitis. Ireland 1854 35 Gregory XVI Singulari nos Lammenais 1834 Apostolicae nostrae Urging Prayers for Commissum On Church and 50 Pius IX caritatis. Peace 1854 36 Gregory XVI divinitus State 1835 On Episcopal On the Propogation 51 Pius IX Optime noscitis. Meetings 1855 37 Gregory XVI Probe nostis of the Faith 1840 On the Church in On Mixed 52 Pius IX Singulari quidem. 1856 38 Gregory XVI Quas vestro Marriages 1841 53 Pius IX Cum nuper. On Care for Clerics 1858 39 Gregory XVI Inter praecipuas On Biblical Societies 1844 Amantissimi On Priests and the On Faith and 54 Pius IX Redemptoris. Care of 1858 40 Pius IX Qui pluribus 1846 On Communism Praedecessores Ad Apostolorum and the Church in 41 Pius IX nostros On Aid for Ireland 1847 55 Pius IX Principis 1858 On Discipline for Cum Sancta Mater Pleading for Public 42 Pius IX Ubi primum Religious 1847 56 Pius IX Ecclesia. Prayer 1859 On the Immaculate 57 Pius IX Qui nuper. On Pontifical States 1859 43 Pius IX Ubi primum Conception 1849 On the Need for On the Church in 58 Pius IX Nullis certe verbis. Civil 1860 44 Pius IX Nostis et nobiscum the Pontifical States 1849 On the Care of the Exultavit cor On the Effects of 59 Pius IX Amantissimus. Churches 1862 45 Pius IX nostrum the Jubilee 1851 Quanto conficiamur On Promotion of Probe noscitis On the Discipline 60 Pius IX moerore. False Doctrines 1863 46 Pius IX venerabiles for Clergy 1852 On Persecution in Pleading for Unity 61 Pius IX Incredibili. New Granada 1863 47 Pius IX Inter multiplices of Spirit 1853 20 Encyclicals: 1864 to 1884 AD Encyclical Encyclical No. Pope Encyclical (Latin) (English) Year No. Pope Encyclical (Latin) (English) Year On the Church in On the Church in 62 Pius IX Maximae quidem. 1864 76 Pius IX Quod nunquam. 1875 Condemning Graves ac On the Church in 63 Pius IX Quanta Cura Current Errors 1864 77 Pius IX diuturnae. Switzerland 1875 Meridionali for Native Inscrutabili Dei On the Evils of 64 Pius IX Americae. Clergy 1865 78 Leo XIII Consilio Society 1878 On the Afflictions of Quod Apostolici On the Evils of 65 Pius IX Levate. the Church 1867 79 Leo XIII Muneris Socialism 1878 Taking of the On Restoring 66 Pius IX Respicientes. Pontifical States 1870 Christian On the Pontifical 80 Leo XIII 1879 67 Pius IX Ubi Nos. States 1871 On Sts. Cyril and 25th Ann. of 81 Leo XIII Grande Munus Methodius 1880 68 Pius IX Beneficia Dei. Pontificate 1871 On Mission Saepe venerabiles Thanksgiving for 25 82 Leo XIII Sancta Dei Civitas Societies 1880 69 Pius IX fratres. Years 1871 On the Origin of Quae in On the Church in 83 Leo XIII Diuturnum Civil Power 1881 70 Pius IX patriarchatu. Chaldea 1872 On Catholics in On the Church in 84 Leo XIII Licet Multa 1881 71 Pius IX Quartus supra. Armenia 1873 On Conditions in Church in , 85 Leo XIII Etsi Nos Italy 1882 , Auspicato On St. Francis of 72 Pius IX Etsi multa. Switzerland 1873 86 Leo XIII Concessum 1882 On the Church in On Conditions in 73 Pius IX Vix dum a nobis. Austria 1874 87 Leo XIII Cum Multa 1882 Omnem On the Greek- Supremi On Devotion of the 74 Pius IX sollicitudinem. Ruthenian Rite 1874 88 Leo XIII Apostolatus Officio Rosary 1883 Proclaiming a Nobilissima On the Religious 75 Pius IX Gravibus Ecclesiae. Jubilee for 1875 1874 89 Leo XIII Gallorum Gens Question in France 1884 21 Encyclicals: 1884 to 1891 AD Encyclical Encyclical No. Pope Encyclical (Latin) (English) Year No. Pope Encyclical (Latin) (English) Year 90 Leo XIII Humanum Genus On 1884 On Boycotting in On the Recitation of 103 Leo XIII Saepe Nos Ireland 1888 91 Leo XIII the Rosary On the Rosary (4) 1884 On Italian On the Christian 104 Leo XIII Quam Aerumnosa Immigrants 1888 Constitution of On the Church in 92 Leo XIII Immortale Dei States 1885 105 Leo XIII Etsi Cunctas Ireland 1888 On Christian On the Right 93 Leo XIII Spectata Fides Education 1885 Ordering of Encyclical 106 Leo XIII Exeunte Iam Anno Christian Life 1888 Proclaiming an On the Catholic Extraordinary University of 94 Leo XIII Quod Auctoritate Jubilee 1885 107 Leo XIII Magni Nobis America 1889 On Catholicism in On Devotion to St. 95 Leo XIII Iampridem Germany 1886 108 Leo XIII 1889 On the Liberty of On Christians as 96 Leo XIII Quod Multum the Church 1886 109 Leo XIII Sapientiae Christian Citizens 1890 On the Church in On Freemasonry in 97 Leo XIII Pergrata 1886 110 Leo XIII Dall Italy 1890 On the Rosary and On Slavery in the 98 Leo XIII Vi E Ben Noto Public Life 1887 111 Leo XIII Catholicae Ecclesiae Missions 1890 On the Church in On Episcopal 99 Leo XIII Officio Sanctissimo Bavaria 1887 112 Leo XIII In Ipso Reunions in Austria 1891 On the Occasion of On Capital and the Sacerdotal 113 Leo XIII Rerum Novarum Labor 1891 100 Leo XIII Quod Anniversarius Jubilee of Leo 1888 114 Leo XIII Pastoralis On Religious Union 1891 On the Abolition of On the of 101 Leo XIII In Plurimism Slavery 1888 115 Leo XIII Pastoralis Officii Dueling 1891 On the Nature of 116 Leo XIII Octobri Mense On the Rosary (1) 1891 102 Leo XIII Libertas Human Liberty 1888 22 Encyclicals: 1892 to 1899 AD Encyclical Encyclical No. Pope Encyclical (Latin) (English) Year No. Pope Encyclical (Latin) (English) Year Au Milieu Des On the Church and On the Hungarian 117 Leo XIII Sollicitudes State in France 1892 132 Leo XIII Insignes Millennium 1896 Quarto Abeunte On the Columbus On the Unity of the 118 Leo XIII Saeculo Quadricentennial 1892 133 Leo XIII Satis Cognitum Church 1896 119 Leo XIII Magnae Dei Matris On the Rosary (2) 1892 Fidentem Piumque Custodi Di Quella 134 Leo XIII Animum On the Rosary 1896 120 Leo XIII Fede On Freemasonry 1892 Divinum Illud 121 Leo XIII Inimica Vis On Freemasonry 1892 135 Leo XIII Munus On the Holy Spirit 1897 On Christian On St. Peter 122 Leo XIII Marriage 1893 136 Leo XIII Militantis Ecclesiae Canisius 1897 On for On the 123 Leo XIII Ad Extremas Native Clergy 1893 Augustissimae of the Constanti On the Church in 137 Leo XIII Virginis Mariae Holy Rosary 1897 124 Leo XIII Hungarorum 1893 On the Manitoba 125 Leo XIII Laetitiae Sanctae On the Rosary (3) 1893 138 Leo XIII Affari Vos School Question 1897 Providentissimus On the Study of On the Church In 126 Leo XIII Deus Holy Scripture 1893 139 Leo XIII Caritatis Studium Scotland 1898 On the Clergy in On Civil Marriage 127 Leo XIII Litteras A Vobis 1894 140 Leo XIII Quam Religiosa Law 1898 Iucunda Semper On the Suppression 128 Leo XIII Expectatione On the Rosary (5) 1894 of Catholic On Propagation of 141 Leo XIII Spesse volte Institutions 1898 the Faith & Eastern 142 Leo XIII Diuturni Temporis On the Rosary 1898 129 Leo XIII Christi Nomen Churches 1894 On the Latin On Social American Bishops' Conditions In 143 Leo XIII Quum Diuturnum Plenary Council 1898 130 Leo XIII Permoti Nos Belgium 1895 On to 131 Leo XIII Adiutricem On the Rosary 1895 144 Leo XIII the 1899

23 Encyclicals: 1899 to 1907 AD Encyclical Encyclical No. Pope Encyclical (Latin) (English) Year No. Pope Encyclical (Latin) (English) Year On the Education of On the Education of 145 Leo XIII Paternae Clergy 1899 157 Leo XIII Fin Dal Principio the Clergy 1902 On the Education of On Marriage 146 Leo XIII Depuis Le Jour the Clergy 1899 158 Leo XIII Dum Multa Legislation 1902 On Unity Among Restoration of all Omnibus the Greek 159 Pius X E Supremi things in Christ 1903 147 Leo XIII Compertum Melchites 1900 Ad Diem Illum On the Immaculate Tametsi Futura On Jesus Christ the 160 Pius X Laetissimum Conception 1904 148 Leo XIII Prospicientibus 1900 On Pope Gregory Graves De On Christian 161 Pius X Lucunda Sane the Great 1904 149 Leo XIII Communi Re Democracy 1901 On teaching On Religious Orders 162 Pius X Acerbo Nimis Christian Doctrine 1905 150 Leo XIII Gravissimas in Portugal 1901 On On the Language 163 Pius X Il Fermo Proposito in Italy 1905 Question in On the French Law 151 Leo XIII Reputantiubus Bohemia 1901 164 Pius X of Separation 1906 On the Foundation On the Mariavites of a Seminary in or Mystic Priests of 152 Leo XIII Urbanitatis Veteris Athens 1901 165 Pius X Poland 1906 On the Church in On the Clergy in 153 Leo XIII In Amplissimo the 1902 166 Pius X Pieni L Italy 1906 On the Proposed On French 154 Leo XIII Quod Votis Catholic University 1902 Gravissimo Officii Associations of On the Holy 167 Pius X Munere Worship 1906 155 Leo XIII Eucharist 1902 On the Separation On the Church in 168 Pius X Une Fois Encore of Church and State 1907 Bohemia and Pascendi Dominici On the Doctrine of 156 Leo XIII Quae Ad Nos Moravia 1902 169 Pius X Gregis the Modernists 1907

24 Encyclicals: 1909 to 1928 AD Encyclical Encyclical No. Pope Encyclical (Latin) (English) Year No. Pope Encyclical (Latin) (English) Year Communium On St. Anselm of On the 170 Pius X Rerum Aosta 1909 184 Benedict XV Sacra propedim of St. Francis 1921 On St. Charles In praeclara 171 Pius X Editae Saepe Borromeo 1910 185 Benedict XV summorum On Dante 1921 On the Law of Fausto appetente Separation in 186 Benedict XV die On St. Dominic 1921 172 Pius X Lamdudum Portugal 1911 On the Peace of On the Indians of Ubi Arcano Dei Christ in His 173 Pius X Lacrimabili Statu South America 1912 187 Pius XI Consilio Kingdom 1922 On Labor Rerum Omnium 174 Pius X Singulari Quadam Organizations 1912 188 Pius XI Perturbationem St. 1923 Ad beatissimi Appealing For On St. Thomas 175 Benedict XV apostolorum Peace 1914 189 Pius XI Studiorum Ducem Aquinas 1923 On Preaching the 190 Pius XI Ecclesiam Dei On St. Josaphat 1923 176 Benedict XV Word of God 1917 Maximam On French Diocesan On the Future 191 Pius XI Gravissimamque Associations 1924 177 Benedict XV Quod iam diu Peace Conference 1918 On the Feast of 178 Benedict XV In hac tanta On St. Boniface 1919 192 Pius XI Quas Primas 1925 On the Children of On Catholic 179 Benedict XV Paterno iam diu Central 1919 193 Pius XI Rerum Ecclesiae Missions 1926 On Peace and On St. Francis of Pacem, Dei munus Christian 194 Pius XI Rite Expiatis Assisi 1926 180 Benedict XV pulcherrimum Reconciliation 1920 On the Persecution 181 Benedict XV Spiritus Paraclitus On St. 1920 of the Church in Principi On St. Ephrem the 195 Pius XI 1926 182 Benedict XV apostolorum Petro Syrian 1920 196 Pius XI Mortalium Animos On Religious Unity 1928 On Children of Miserentissimus On Reparation to 183 Benedict XV Annus iam pelnus Central Europe 1920 197 Pius XI Redemptor the Sacred Heart 1928

25 Encyclicals: 1928 to 1945 AD Encyclical Encyclical No. Pope Encyclical (Latin) (English) Year No. Pope Encyclical (Latin) (English) Year On the Promotion 212 Pius XI Vigilanti Cura On Motion Pictures 1936 198 Pius XI Rerum Orientalium of Oriental Studies 1928 Mit Brennender On the Church and The Promotion of 213 Pius XI Sorge the German Reich 1937 the Spiritual On Atheistic 199 Pius XI Mens Nostra Exercises 1929 214 Pius XI Communism 1937 Quinquagesimo On His Sacerdotal Nos es muy On the Religious 200 Pius XI Ante Jubilee 1929 215 Pius XI conocida Situation in Mexico 1937 On Christian Ingravescentibus 201 Pius XI Divini Illius Magistri Education 1929 216 Pius XI Malis On the Rosary 1937 202 Pius XI Ad Salutem On St. Augustine 1930 On the Unity of On Christian 217 Pius XII Human Society 1939 203 Pius XI Casti Connubii Marriage 1930 On the Start of the Quadragesimo On Reconstruction Church in the 204 Pius XI Anno of the Social Order 1931 218 Pius XII United States 1939 Non Abbiamo On Catholic Action On the 205 Pius XI Bisogno in Italy 1931 Independence of On the Economic 219 Pius XII Octavo Portugal 1940 206 Pius XI Nova Impendet Crisis 1931 Mystici Corporis On the Mystical On the Council of 220 Pius XII Christi Body of Christ 1943 207 Pius XI Lux Veritatis Ephesus 1931 Divino Afflante On Promoting Caritate Christi On the Sacred 221 Pius XII Spiritu 1943 208 Pius XI Compulsi Heart 1932 On St. Cyril, On Persecution of of the Church in 222 Pius XII Alexandria 1944 209 Pius XI Mexico 1932 Communium On Oppression of Interpretes An Appeal for 210 Pius XI the Church of Spain 1933 223 Pius XII Dolorarum. Prayers for Peace 1945 Ad Catholici On the Catholic 211 Pius XI Sacerdotii Priesthood 1935 26 Encyclicals: 1945 to 1956 AD Encyclical Encyclical No. Pope Encyclical (Latin) (English) Year No. Pope Encyclical (Latin) (English) Year On the Reunion of On the Crusade of Orientales Omnes the Ruthenian 236 Pius XII Prayer for Peace 1950 224 Pius XII Ecclesias Church with 1945 On Promotion of A Plea for the Care 237 Pius XII 1951 of the World's On the Council of 225 Pius XII Destitute Children 1946 238 Pius XII Christus Chalcedon 1951 On the Possibility of Ingruentium On Reciting the Defining the 239 Pius XII Malorum Rosary 1951 Assumption as a On Discipline for Deiparae Virginis Dogma of the 240 Pius XII Nemo certe ignorat Clergy 1952 226 Pius XII Mariae Church 1946 On the Persecuted 227 Pius XII Fulgens Radiatur On St. Benedict 1947 241 Pius XII Eastern Church 1952 On the Sacred On St. Bernard of 228 Pius XII Liturgy 1947 Clairvaux, the Last On Public Prayers 242 Pius XII of the Fathers 1953 229 Pius XII for Peace 1947 Proclaiming a On Public Prayers 243 Pius XII 1953 230 Pius XII for Peace (2) 1948 On Consecrated In Multiplicibus On Prayers for 244 Pius XII Sacra Virginitas Virginity 1954 231 Pius XII Curis Peace in Palestine 1948 245 Pius XII Ecclesiae Fastos On St. Boniface 1954 Redemptoris Nostri On the Holy Places On the Supra- 232 Pius XII Cruciatus in Palestine 1949 Ad Sinarum nationality of the On Combating 246 Pius XII Gentem Church 1954 Atheistic Proclaiming the 233 Pius XII Propaganda 1950 247 Pius XII Queenship of Mary 1954 On Public Prayers 248 Pius XII Musicae Sacrae On Sacred Music 1955 234 Pius XII Summi Maeroris for Peace(3) 1950 On Devotion to the 235 Pius XII Humani Generis On Evolution 1950 249 Pius XII Sacred Heart 1956

27 Encyclicals: 1956 to 1987 AD Encyclical Encyclical No. Pope Encyclical (Latin) (English) Year No. Pope Encyclical (Latin) (English) Year Luctuosissimi On Prayers for the Aeterna Dei On St. Leo the 250 Pius XII Eventus People of Hungary 1956 263 John XXIII Sapientia Great 1961 On Prayers for On the Need for Peace for Poland, 264 John XXIII Paenitentiam Agere Penance 1962 Laetamur Hungary and the 265 John XXIII Pacem In Terris Peace on Earth 1963 251 Pius XII Admodum 1956 266 Paul VI . On the Church 1964 Condemning the On Praying to Mary Ruthless Use of 267 Paul VI Mense Maio During May 1965 252 Pius XII Force in Hungary 1956 268 Paul VI Mysterium Fidei Mysterium Fidei 1965 On the Condition of On Prayers to Mary the Catholic 269 Paul VI for Peace 1966 253 Pius XII Fidei Donum Missions 1957 On the On St. Andrew Populorum Development of 254 Pius XII Invicti Athletae Bobola 1957 270 Paul VI Progressio Peoples 1967 Le Pelerinage De Warning Against Sacerdotalis On the Celibacy of 255 Pius XII Materialism 1957 271 Paul VI Caelibatus the 1967 On the 272 Paul VI Humanae Vitae On Human Life 1968 Communications 273 John Paul II Redemptor Hominis Redeemer of Man 1979 256 Pius XII Miranda Prorsus Field 1957 Dives In On the Mercy of On Prayers for the 274 John Paul II Misericordia God 1980 257 Pius XII Persecuted Church 1958 275 John Paul II On Human Work 1981 On Truth, Unity and Apostles to the 258 John XXIII Ad Petri Cathedram Peace 1959 276 John Paul II Slavorum Apostoli Slavs 1985 Sacerdotii Nostri Dominum Et 259 John XXIII Primordia On St. 1959 277 John Paul II Vivificantem On the Holy Spirit 1986 260 John XXIII Grata Recordatio On the Rosary 1959 Mother of the 261 John XXIII Princeps Pastorum On the Missions 1959 278 John Paul II Redeemer 1987 and 262 John XXIII Social Progress 1961 28 Encyclicals: 1740 to 1832 AD Encyclical No. Pope Encyclical (Latin) (English) Year On the Social Sollicitudo Rei Teaching of the 279 John Paul II Socialis Church 1987 280 John Paul II Redemptoris Missio On Evangelization 1990 281 John Paul II On Rerum Novarum 1991 Splendor of the 282 John Paul II Truth 1993 283 John Paul II Evangelium Vitae On Human Life 1995 That They May Be 284 John Paul II Ut Unum Sint One 1995 285 John Paul II Fides et ratio Faith and Reason 1998 On the Eucharits and in its Ecclesia de Relationship to the 286 John Paul II Eucharistia Church 2003 287 Benedict XVI Deus Caritas Est God is Love 2005 Spe Salvi: In Hope 288 Benedict XVI Spe Salvi We Are Saved 2007 289 Benedict XVI Caritas in Veritate 2009 290 Francis Lumen Fidei Light of Faith 2013 On Care for Our 291 Francis Laudato Si Common Home 2015

Listing: 266 Popes,

29 Lineage of St. Peter 32 to 2018 AD 30 Popes: 32 to 561AD

No. Pope Years No. Pope Years No. Pope Years 1. St. Peter 32─67 21. St. Cornelius 251─253 41. St. Zosimus 417─418 2. St. Linus 67─76 22. St. Lucius I 253─254 42. St. Boniface I 418─422 3. St. Anacletus 76─88 23. St. Stephen I 254─257 43. St. Celestine I 422─432 4. St. Clement I 88─97 24. St. Sixtus II 257─258 44. St. Sixtus III 432─440 5. St. Evaristus 97─105 25. St. Dionysius 260─268 45. St. Leo I (the Great) 440─461 6. St. Alexander I 105─115 26. St. Felix I 269─274 46. St. Hilarius 461─468 7. St. Sixtus I 115─125 27. St. Eutychian 275─283 47. St. Simplicius 468─483 8. St. Telesphorus 125─136 28. St. 283─296 48. St. Felix III 483─492 9. St. Hyginus 136─140 29. St. Marcellinus 296─304 49. St. Gelasius I 492─496 10. St. Pius I 140─155 30. St. Marcellus I 308─309 50. Anastasius II 496─498 11. St. Anicetus 155─166 31. St. 309─310 51. St. Symmachus 498─514 12. St. Soter 166─175 32. St. Miltiades 311─314 52. St. Hormisdas 514─523 13. St. Eleutherius 175─189 33. St. Sylvester I 314─335 53. St. John I 523─526 14. St. Victor I 189─199 34. St. Marcus 336─336 54. St. Felix IV 526─530 15. St. Zephyrinus 199─217 35. St. Julius I 337─352 55. Boniface II 530─532 16. St. Callistus I 217─222 36. Liberius 352─366 56. John II 533─535 17. St. Urban I 222─230 37. St. Damasus I 366─383 57. St. Agapetus I 535─536 (St. Agapitus I) 18. St. Pontain 230─235 38. St. Siricius 384─399 58. St. Silverius 536─537 19. St. Anterus 235─236 39. St. Anastasius 399─401 59. Vigilius 537─555 20. St. Fabian 236─250 40. St. Innocent I 401─417 60. Pelagius I 556─561

31 Popes: 561 to 913 AD

No. Pope Years No. Pope Years No. Pope Years 61. John III 561─574 81. St. Benedict II 684─685 101. Gregory IV 827─844 62. Benedict I 575─579 82. John V 685─686 102. Sergius II 844─847 63. Pelagius II 579─590 83. Conon 686─687 103. St. Leo IV 847─855 64. St. Gregory I the 590─604 84. St. Sergius I 687─701 104. Benedict III 855─858 Great 85. John VI 701─705 105. St. Nicholas I the 858─867 65. Sabinian 604─606 Great 66. Boniface III 607─607 86. John VII 705─707 106. Adrian II 867─872 67. St. Boniface IV 608─615 87. Sisinnius 708─708 107. John VIII 872─882

68. St. Deusdedit (Adeodatus I) 615─618 88. Constantine 708─715 108. Marinus I 882─884 69. Boniface V 619─625 89. St. Gregory II 715─731 109. St. Adrian III 884─885 70. Honorius I 625─638 90. St. Gregory III 731─741 110. Stephen V 885─891 71. Severinus 640─640 91. St. Zachary 741─752 111. Formosus 891─896 72. John IV 640─642 92. Stephen II 752─757 112. Boniface VI 896─896 73. Theodore I 642─649 93. St. Paul I 757─767 113. Stephen VI 896─897 74. St. Martin I 649─655 94. Stephen III 768─772 114. Romanus 897─897 75. St. Eugene I 655─657 95. Adrian I 772─795 115. Theodore II 897─897 76. St. Vitalian 657─672 96. St. Leo III 795─816 116. John IX 898─900 77. Adeodatus (II) 672─676 97. Stephen IV 816─817 117. Benedict IV 900─903 78. Donus 676─678 98. St. Paschal I 817─824 118. Leo V 903─903 79. St. Agatho 678─681 99. Eugene II 824─827 119. Sergius III 904─911 80. St. Leo II 682─683 100. Valentine 827─827 120. Anastasius III 911─913 32 Popes: 913 to 1254 AD

No. Pope Years No. Pope Years No. Pope Years 121. Lando 913─914 141. John XVIII 1003─1009 161. Gelasius II 1118─1119 122. John X 914─928 142. Sergius IV 1009─1012 162. Callistus II 1119─1124 123. Leo VI 928─928 143. Benedict VIII 1012─1024 163. Honorius II 1124─1130 124. Stephen VII 929─931 144. John XIX 1024─1032 164. Innocent II 1130─1143 125. John XI 931─935 145. Benedict IX 1032─1045 165. Celestine II 1143─1144 126. Leo VII 936─939 146. Sylvester III (1045) 1045─1045 166. Lucius II 1144─1145 127. Stephen VIII 939─942 147. Benedict IX 1045─1045 167. Blessed Eugene III 1145─1153 128. Marinus II 942─946 148. Gregory VI 1045─1046 168. Anastasius IV 1153─1154 129. Agapetus II 946─955 149. Clement II 1046─1047 169. Adrian IV 1154─1159 130. John XII 955─963 150. Benedict IX 1047─1048 170. Alexander III 1159─1181 131. Leo VIII 963─964 151. Damasus II 1048─1048 171. Lucius III 1181─1185 132. Benedict V 964─964 152. St. Leo IX 1049─1054 172. Urban III 1185─1187 133. John XIII 965─972 153. Victor II 1055─1057 173. Gregory VIII 1187─1187 134. Benedict VI 973─974 154. Stephen IX 1057─1058 174. Clement III 1187─1191 135. Benedict VII 974─983 155. Nicholas II 1058─1061 175. Celestine III 1191─1198 136. John XIV 983─984 156. Alexander II 1061─1073 176. Innocent III 1198─1216 137. John XV 985─996 157. St. Gregory VII 1073─1085 177. Honorius III 1216─1227 138. Gregory V 996─999 158. Blessed Victor III 1086─1087 178. Gregory IX 1227─1241 139. Sylvester II 999─1003 159. Blessed Urban II 1088─1099 179. Celestine IV 1241─1241 140. John XVII 1003─1003 160. Paschal II 1099─1118 180. Innocent IV 1243─1254

33 Popes: 1254 to 1689 AD

No. Pope Years No. Pope Years No. Pope Years 181. Alexander IV 1254─1261 201. Gregory XI 1370─1378 221. Julius III 1550─1555 182. Urban IV 1261─1264 202. Urban VI 1378─1389 222. Marcellus II 1555─1555 183. Clement IV 1265─1268 203. Boniface IX 1389─1404 223. Paul IV 1555─1559 184. Blessed Gregory X 1271─1276 204. Innocent VII 1404─1406 224. Pius IV 1559─1565 185. Blessed Innocent V 1276─1276 205. Gregory XII 1406─1415 225. St. Pius V 1566─1572 186. Adrian V 1276─1276 206. Martin V 1417─1431 226. Gregory XIII 1572─1585 187. John XXI 1276─1277 207. Eugene IV 1431─1447 227. Sixtus V 1585─1590 188. Nicholas III 1277─1280 208. Nicholas V 1447─1455 228. Urban VII 1590─1590 189. Martin IV 1281─1285 209. Callistus III 1455─1458 229. Gregory XIV 1590─1591 190. Honorius IV 1285─1287 210. Pius II 1458─1464 230. Innocent IX 1591─1591 191. Nicholas IV 1288─1292 211. Paul II 1464─1471 231. Clement VIII 1592─1605 192. St. Celestine V 1294─1294 212. Sixtus IV 1471─1484 232. Leo XI 1605─1605 193. Boniface VIII 1294─1303 213. Innocent VIII 1484─1492 233. Paul V 1605─1621 194. Blessed Benedict 1303─1304 234. Gregory XV 1621─1623 214. Alexander VI 1492─1503 XI 195. Clement V 1305─1314 215. Pius III 1503─1503 235. Urban VIII 1623─1644 196. John XXII 1316─1334 216. Julius II 1503─1513 236. Innocent X 1644─1655 197. Benedict XII 1334─1342 217. Leo X 1513─1521 237. Alexander VII 1655─1667 198. Clement VI 1342─1352 218. Adrian VI 1522─1523 238. Clement IX 1667─1669 199. Innocent VI 1352─1362 219. Clement VII 1523─1534 239. Clement X 1670─1676 200. Blessed Urban V 1362─1370 220. Paul III 1534─1549 240. Blessed Innocent 1676─1689

XI 34 Popes: 1689 to 2018+ AD

No. Pope Years No. Pope Years 241. Alexander VIII 1689─1691 261. St. John XXIII 1958─1963 242. Innocent XII 1691─1700 262. St. Paul VI 1963─1978 243. Clement XI 1700─1721 263. John Paul I 1978─1978 244. Innocent XIII 1721─1724 264. St. John Paul II 1978─2005 245. Benedict XIII 1724─1730 265. Benedict XVI 2005─2013 246. Clement XII 1730─1740 266. Francis 2013─20XX 247. Benedict XIV 1740─1758 248. Clement XIII 1758─1769 249. Clement XIV 1769─1774 250. Pius VI 1775─1799 251. Pius VII 1800─1823 252. Leo XII 1823─1829 266 Popes 253. Pius VIII 1829─1830 186 Not declared saints 254. Gregory XVI 1831─1846 80 Declared saints 255. Blessed Pius IX 1846─1878 256. Leo XIII 1878─1903 257. St. Pius X 1903─1914 258. Benedict XV 1914─1922 259. Pius XI 1922─1939 260. 1939─1958

Pius XII Listing: 21 Ecumenical Church

35 Councils 325 to 1965 AD 36 Church Councils: 325 to 787 AD

Under No. of No. Counsel Topic Emperor Year(s) Pope Bishops / Divinity of the Son of God (vs. Arian I. Sylvester Constantine 318 325 heresy) / Fixing the date for keeping Nicene Creed: added Holy Ghost and all after / Divinity of II. FIRST COUNCIL OF CONSTANTINOPLE Damasus Theodosius I 150 381 the Holy Ghost (vs Macedonius) True personal unity of Christ / Mary the Mother of III. Celestine I 200 431 God () (vs ) / Re-condemned Pelagius

Two (2) natures (Divine and human) in Christ (vs. IV. Leo the Great Marcian 150 451 Eutyches) Confirmed the first four general councils / Condemned V. SECOND COUNCIL OF CONSTANTINOPLE Vigilius Justinian I 165 553 errors: , Theodoret, Ibas Two (2) wills in Christ, the Divine and the human, as Constantine VI. THIRD COUNCIL OF CONSTANTINOPLE two distinct principles of operation (end )/ Agatho 174 680-681 Pogonatus Anathematized Sergius, Pyrrhus, Paul, Macarius

Veneration of holy images / Emporer's mother Irene Constantine VII. Adrian I 300-367 787 attended VI 37 Church Councils: 869 to 1245 AD

Under No. of No. Counsel Topic Emperor Year(s) Pope Bishops Condemned Photius (false council) / The Photian VIII. FOURTH COUNCIL OF CONSTANTINOPLE triumphed in the Greek Church, and no other general Adrian II Basil 102 869 council took place in the East First in Rome / Abolished investiture to ecclesiastical IX. FIRST LATERAN COUNCIL benefices / Church discipline / Recovery of the Callistus II 900 1123 from the infidels X. SECOND LATERAN COUNCIL End errors of Arnold of Innocent II Conrad 1,000 1139 Condemned the Albigenses and Waldenses / Numerous XI. THIRD LATERAN COUNCIL Alexander III Frederick I 302 1179 decrees for the of morals St. Dominic and of the Maronites attended / Issued an enlarged creed (vs Albigenses) / Condemned the Trinitarian errors (vs ) / 70 reformatory XII. FOURTH LATERAN COUNCIL Innocent III 483 1215 decrees / Most important council of the Middle Ages / Marks the culminating point of ecclesiastical life and papal power

Baldwin II, Emperor of the East, and St. Louis, King of France attended / Excommunicated and deposed Emperor Baldwin II / XIII. FIRST COUNCIL OF LYONS Innocent IV 140 1245 Frederick II / Directed a new crusade, under the command St. Louis of St. Louis (vs Saracens and Mongols) 38 Church Councils: 1274 to 1439 AD

Under No. of No. Counsel Topic Emperor Year(s) Pope Bishops

Effected a temporary reunion of the Greek Church with Rome / Word was added to the symbol of XIV. SECOND COUNCIL OF LYONS Gregory X 515 1274 Constantinople / Sought recovering Palestine from the Turks / Laid down the rules for papal elections

Clement V, the first of the popes / Philip IV of France, Edward II of , and James II of Aragon / 1311- XV. Errors to Knights Templars, , Beghards, Beguines Clement V 3 Kings 300 1313 / Projects of a new crusade / Reformation of the clergy / Teaching of Oriental languages in the universities

Held during the great Schism of the West, with the object of ending the divisions in the Church / End to the schism Gregory XII / 1414- XVI. COUNCIL OF CONSTANCE by the election of / Confirmed the former Martin V 1418 decrees of the synod against Wyclif and Hus

Religious pacification of Bohemia / Council transferred fm Basle to Ferrara (1438), to Florence (1439) / Short-lived 1431- XVII. COUNCIL OF BASLE/FERRARA/FLORENCE union with the Greek Church / Extirpation of heresy / Eugene IV Sigismund 1439 Peace of Christendom / Reform of the Church / Rights of the 39 Church Councils: 325 to 1965 AD

Under No. of No. Counsel Topic Emperor Year(s) Pope Bishops Disciplinary / A new crusade against the Turks planned, Popes Julius II 1512- XVIII. FIFTH LATERAN COUNCIL but came to naught, owing to the religious upheaval in Maximilian I 95 / Leo X 1517 Germany caused by Luther Examine and condemn errors (Luther and other Paul III, Julius Reformers) / Reform the discipline of the Church / III, Marcellus Charles V / 1545- XIX. 271 Longest, Largest number of dogmatic and reformatory II, Paul IV and Ferdinand 1563 decrees, and produced the most beneficial results Pius IV Still (1908) unfinished / Canons relating to the Faith and the constitution of the Church / Decreed the of 1869- XX. FIRST VATICAN COUNCIL the pope when speaking ex , i.e. when as Pius IX 803 1870 shepherd and teacher of all Christians / Defines a doctrine concerning faith or morals to be held by the whole Church

John XXIII / 1962- XXI. 16 Documents issued / often referred to in Enclyclicals Paul VI 1965 40 Listing: Church Fathers 32 to 2018 AD 41 Church Fathers: Alexander to

No. The Fathers of the Church No. The Fathers of the Church 1 Alexander of Alexandria [] 20 Cyril of [SAINT] [DOCTOR] 2 Alexander of Lycopolis 21 Dionysius of Rome [SAINT] 3 (340-397) [SAINT] [DOCTOR] 22 Dionysius the Great 4 Aphrahat/Aphraates (c. 280-367) 23 Ephraim the Syrian (306-373) [SAINT] [DOCTOR] 6 Archelaus 24 Eusebius of Caesarea (c. 265-c. 340) 7 Aristides the Philosopher 25 Gennadius of Marseilles 8 Arnobius 26 Gregory Nazianzen [SAINT] [DOCTOR] 9 Athanasius [SAINT] [DOCTOR] 27 [SAINT] 10 Athenagoras 28 Gregory Thaumaturgus [SAINT] Gregory the Great, Pope (c. 540- 11 [SAINT] [DOCTOR] 29 604) [SAINT] [DOCTOR] 12 Bardesanes (154-222) 30 Hermas 13 [SAINT] 31 [SAINT] [DOCTOR] 14 Basil the Great [SAINT] [DOCTOR] 32 Hippolytus [SAINT] 15 Caius 33 [SAINT] 16 [SAINT] 34 of Lyons [SAINT] 17 Clement of Rome [SAINT] 35 Jerome [SAINT] [DOCTOR] 18 Commodianus 36 (c. 360-c. 435) 19 of [SAINT] 37 John Chrysostom [SAINT] [DOCTOR] 42 Church Fathers: to Vincent of Lerins No. The Fathers of the Church No. The Fathers of the Church 38 John of Damascus [SAINT] [DOCTOR] 53 Papias [SAINT] 39 Julius Africanus 54 Peter of Alexandria [SAINT] 40 Justin [SAINT] 55 [SAINT] 41 Lactantius 56 Rufinus Leo the Great, Pope (c. 395- 42 57 Socrates Scholasticus (c. 379-c. 450) 461) [SAINT] [DOCTOR] 58 Sozomen (c. 375-c. 447) 43 Malchion 59 Sulpitius Severus (c. 363-c. 420) 44 Mar Jacob (452-521) 60 Tatian 45 Mathetes 61 46 Methodius 62 Theodoret 47 Minucius Felix 63 Theodotus 48 Miscellaneous 64 Theophilus 49 Moses of Chorene (c. 400-c. 490) 65 Venantius 50 66 Victorinus [SAINT] 51 Origen 67 Vincent of Lérins (d. c. 450) [SAINT] 52 Pamphilus [SAINT]