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Saliha Gulnur Uzuner.Pdf T.C. ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ FELSEFE VE DİN BİLİMLERİ ANABİLİM DALI KATOLİK MEZHEBİNE GÖRE İSA’NIN ANNESİ MERYEM Yüksek Lisans Tezi Saliha Gülnur UZUNER 10912661 ANKARA 2015 T.C. ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ FELSEFE VE DİN BİLİMLERİ ANABİLİM DALI KATOLİK MEZHEBİNE GÖRE İSA’NIN ANNESİ MERYEM Yüksek Lisans Tezi Saliha Gülnur UZUNER 10912661 Tez Danışmanı Prof. Dr. Ali İsra GÜNGÖR ANKARA 2015 T.C. ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ FELSEFE VE DİN BİLİMLERİ ANABİLİM DALI KATOLİK MEZHEBİNE GÖRE İSA’NIN ANNESİ MERYEM Yüksek Lisans Tezi Tez Danışmanı: Prof Dr. Ali İsra GÜNGÖR Tez Jürisi Üyeleri Adı ve Soyadı İmzası 1. Prof. Dr. Ali İsra GÜNGÖR 2. Prof. Dr. Durmuş Arık 3. Doç. Dr. Ali Osman KURT Tez Sınavı Tarihi: TÜRKİYE CUMHURİYETİ ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ MÜDÜRLÜĞÜNE Bu belge ile, bu tezdeki bütün bilgilerin akademik kurallara ve etik davranış ilkelerine uygun olarak toplanıp sunulduğunu beyan ederim. Bu kural ve ilkelerin gereği olarak, çalışmada bana ait olmayan tüm veri, düşünce ve sonuçları andığımı ve kaynağını gösterdiğimi ayrıca beyan ederim. (30/09/2015) Saliha Gülnur UZUNER İÇİNDEKİLER İÇİNDEKİLER .......................................................................................................5 ÖNSÖZ ....................................................................................................................9 GİRİŞ .................................................................................................................... 12 A.KONUNUN ÖNEMİ, AMACI, METODU, KAYNAKLARI VE SINIRLILIKLARI ............................................................................................14 1. Konunun Önemi ve Amacı ..........................................................................14 2. Metot ve Kaynaklar .....................................................................................16 3. Konunun Sınırlılıkları……………………………………………………….17 B. MERYEM’İN HAYATI VE ONUNLA İLGİLİ İNANIŞLARA GENEL BİR BAKIŞ ........................................................................................................18 1. Meryem İsminin Kökeni ..............................................................................18 2. Ailesi ve Şeceresi ........................................................................................19 3. Hayatı .........................................................................................................20 4. Vefatı ve Kabri ............................................................................................24 5. Meryem’in Doğumu Öncesi Dönemde Dini Durum ....................................27 C. YAHUDİLİK’TE VE İSLAM’DA MERYEM ............................................29 1. Yahudilik’te Meryem .................................................................................29 2. İslam’da Meryem .......................................................................................33 BİRİNCİ BÖLÜM HIRİSTİYAN KAYNAKLARINA GÖRE MERYEM A. YENİ AHİT’E GÖRE MERYEM ...............................................................40 1. Dört İncil .....................................................................................................41 2. Pavlus’un Mektupları ..................................................................................46 3. Diğer Mektuplar (Evrensel Mektuplar) ........................................................49 4. Resullerin İşleri ...........................................................................................49 5. Vahiy (Apokaliptik Yazılar) ........................................................................50 B. APOKRİF METİNLERE GÖRE MERYEM.……………………….........51 C. KİLİSE BABALARININ MEKTUPLARI VE GENEL KONSİL KARARLARINA GÖRE MERYEM ...............................................................58 1. Kilise Babalarının Mektupları ..................................................................58 a. Meryem'in Ebedi Bekareti Konusuna Kilise Babalarının Yaklaşımı……..60 b. Meryem'in Günahsız Oluşu ve Kilise Babalarının Yaklaşımı……………63 c. Meryem'in "Tanrı Annesi" Olarak Nitelendirilmesine Kilise Babalarının Yaklaşımı…………………………………………………………………..…64 2. Genel Konsillerin Kararları ......................................................................66 6 İKİNCİ BÖLÜM KATOLİK KAYNAKLARDA VE KATOLİK GELENEKTE MERYEM A. KATOLİK KİLİSESİNİN DOKÜMANLARINDA MERYEM .................79 1. Papalık Genelgelerine Göre Meryem ……………………………….82 a. Tarifsiz Tanrı (Ineffabilis Deus)…………………………….........83 b. Meryem'in İştirakçiliği (Bis Saeculari Dıe)……………………....84 c. En Cömert Tanrı (Munificentissimus Deus)……………………...84 d. Bugüne Kadar (Ad Diem Illum)…………………...................…...85 e. Bakire Meryem Ana (Deiparae Virginis Mariae)…………............85 f. Mücadele (Ingruentium Malorum)…………...…………...……...86 g. Işıltılı Taç (Fulgens Corona)……………………………………...86 h. Cennetin Kraliçesi(Ad Caeli Reginam)…………………………..87 ı. Kurtarıcının Annesi (Redemptoris Mater)…………………..…….87 j. Tanrının Büyük Annesi (Magnae Dei Matris)………...…………..88 k. Fani Zihinleri (Mortalium Animos )………….…………………..89 l. Kilisenin Yönetimi (Rerum Ecclesia)……………………….…….90 2. Apostolik (Havarisel) Mektuplara Göre Meryem…………………….90 . a. Şanlı Hanımefendi (Glorisae Dominae)……………………….….90 b. Meryem Kültü (Marialis Cultus)……………………………… 91 c. Meryem Anayı Tespih (Rosarium Virginis Mariae)……………...92 3. Katolik İlmihaline Göre Meryem…………………………………………92 7 4. Meryem Dindarlığının Tarihi Boyutu…………………………………….94 B. KATOLİK KİLİSESİNİN MERYEM’E İLGİSİNİN SEBEPLERİ VE SONUÇLARI…………………………………………………………………..100 1. Mitoloji Tanrıları ve Meryem Benzerliği………………………………....100 2. Ana Tanrıça Kültü ve Bakire Meryem…………………………………....102 3. Meryem’e Tanrısallık Atfedilmesi ve Efes Konsili……………………….104 4. Dua ve İbadetlerde Meryem’in Yeri……………………………………....106 5. Kutsal Ziyaret Yerleri ve Meryem………………………………………...110 6. İkonlar ve Meryem………………………………………………………...113 7. Vizyonlar ve Meryem………………………………………………….….116 8. Ayazmalar ve Meryem…………………………………………………….117 9. Liturjik Takvimde Meryem İle İlgili Önemli Gün ve Kutlamalar…………118 C. KATOLİKLİK’TE MERYEMLE İLGİLİ TARTIŞMA KONULARI 1. Kutsal Bakire Olarak Meryem…………………………………………….121 2. Meryem’in İsa’ya Hamile Kalışı…………………………………………..129 3. Meryem’in Günahsızlığı…………………………………………………...132 4. Meryem’in Bedenen Göğe Alınışı…………………………………………136 5. Meryem’in Aracılığı .................................................................................. 142 6. Meryem’in Yüceltilmesi ............................................................................ 146 ÖZET…………………………………………………………………………...…155 ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………….....156 SONUÇ ................................................................................................................ 155 BİBLİYOGRAFYA ............................................................................................ 162 8 ÖNSÖZ Meryem sadece Hıristiyanlık için değil, Yahudilik, İslam ve diğer bazı kültürler açısından da büyük öneme sahip bir figürdür. Bunda, onun dünyada en çok mensubu bulunan dinlerden biri olan Hıristiyanlıkta inancın merkezinde yer alan İsa Mesih’in annesi olması önemli bir etkendir. Bu yüzden çalışmamızda Katolik Hıristiyanlık açısından Meryem ele alınırken İslam ve diğer kültürlerin Meryem konusundaki yaklaşımlarına da kısaca temas edilecektir. Bu çalışmanın temelini, Meryem ile ilgili tartışmalı konulara Katolik mezhebinin yaklaşımı, doktrinel ve teolojik ihtilaflar ile bunların diğer kültürlere yansımaları oluşturmaktadır. Bu bağlamda tezde Meryem’in dünyaya gelmesi, yetişkinlik çağına ermesi, İsa’ya hamile kalması ve doğumu, İsa’nın büyümesi, ilahi mesajı insanlara iletme görevinde ona destek olması, İsa’nın çarmıha gerilmesi, göğe alınması ve tüm bu süreçlerde Meryem’in yeri incelenecektir. Meryem'in Yahudi toplumunda kendisini dine adayan ilk kadın olması çok önemlidir. Çünkü Yahudi toplumu erkek egemen bir yapıya sahiptir ve din adamları da erkektir. Buna rağmen Meryem'in annesi, doğacak çocuğunu Allah'a adamış ve din adamı olmasını istemiştir. Meryem’le ilgili konularda İslam ve Hıristiyanlık arasında nitelendirmeler ve verilen değerin boyutu ile ilgili önemli farklar bulunmaktadır. Nitekim Kur'an, Meryem'in ve oğlu İsa Mesih'in Hıristiyanlıkta inanıldığı gibi ete kemiğe bürünmüş bir tanrı-tanrıça ya da melek değil, yiyip içen birer insan olduklarını vurgulamaktadır. 9 Hıristiyan kutsal metinlerine göre Meryem, melek tarafından müjdelenen ve İsa Mesih'i dünyaya getiren bakire anadır ve bundan dolayı hürmete layıktır. Katolik inanç esasları arasında onunla ilgili şu üç nokta yer alır: O, Tanrı'yı doğuran bakire bir anadır. İsa'nın annesi olması hasebiyle Tanrı'nın özel lütfu sayesinde asli günahtan azade kılınmıştır. Meryem, oğlu İsa gibi ölümünden sonra, hem bedenen hem de ruhen Tanrı katına yükselmiş bir kimsedir. Ayrıca ona “ortak şefaatçi" denmesi ve bunun Katolik inanç esaslarına eklenmesi yönünde tartışmalar sürmektedir. Meryem'in, oğlu İsa'nın çarmıhtaki ölümünden sonra nerede ve nasıl yaşadığı da bilhassa Katolikler arasında önemli bir tartışma konusudur. Giriş ve iki bölüm olarak ele alınacak “Katolik Mezhebine Göre İsa’nın Annesi Meryem” konulu tezin giriş kısmında Meryem’in hayatı, şeceresi ve ailesi, doğumu öncesi toplumun dini durumuna temas edilecek, devamında ise Yahudilik ve İslam’da Meryem’in yeri ve önemine dair bilgilerle giriş bölümü sonlandırılacaktır. Birinci bölümde “Hıristiyan Kaynaklarına Göre Meryem” başlığı altında Meryem, Yeni Ahit, Kilise Babalarının Mektupları ve Genel Konsil Kararları açısından
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