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History of the Christian Church, Volume V: the Middle Ages. A.D. 1049-1294

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History of the Christian Church, Volume V: the Middle Ages. A.D. 1049-1294 History of the Christian Church, Volume V: The Middle Ages. A.D. 1049-1294 Author(s): Schaff, Philip (1819-1893) Publisher: Grand Rapids, MI: Christian Classics Ethereal Library Description: Philip Schaff©s History of the Christian Church excels at providing an impressive and instructive historical treatment of the Christian church. This eight volume work begins with the early Church and ends at 1605 with the Swiss Reforma- tion. Schaff©s treatment is comprehensive and in depth, dis- cussing all the major (and minor!) figures, time periods, and movements of the Church. He includes many footnotes, maps, and charts; he even provides copies of original texts in his treatment. One feature of the History of the Christian Church that readers immediately notice is just how beautifully written it is--especially in comparison to other texts of a sim- ilar nature. Simply put, Schaff©s prose is lively and engaging. As one reader puts it, these volumes are "history written with heart and soul." Although at points the scholarship is slightly outdated, overall History of the Christian Church is great for historical referencing. Countless people have found History of the Christian Church useful. Whether for serious scholar- ship, sermon preparation, daily devotions, or simply edifying reading, History of the Christian Church comes highly recom- mended. Tim Perrine CCEL Staff Writer Subjects: Christianity History i Contents Title Page 1 The Middle Ages 2 General Literature 6 Introductory Survey 8 The Hildebrandian Popes. A.D. 1049-1073 10 Sources and Literature on Chapters I. and II 11 Hildebrand and his Training 13 Hildebrand and Leo IX. 1049-1054 16 Victor II. and Stephen IX. (X.). 1055-1058 18 Nicolas II. and the Cardinals. 1059-1061 19 The War against Clerical Marriage 22 Alexander II. and the Schism of Cadalus. 1061-1073 24 Gregory Vii, 1073-1085 26 Hildebrand elected Pope. His Views on the Situation 27 The Gregorian Theocracy 30 Gregory VII. as a Moral Reformer. Simony and Clerical Marriage 36 The Enforcement of Sacerdotal Celibacy 39 The War over Investiture 43 Gregory VII. and Henry IV 45 Canossa. 1077 49 Renewal of the Conflict. Two Kings and Two Popes 53 Death of Gregory VII 57 The Papacy From The Death Of Gregory Vii. To The Concordat Of Worms. A.D 60 1085-1122 Victor III. and Urban II. 1086-1099 61 Pascal II. and Henry V. 1099-1118 64 ii The Concordat of Worms. 1122 67 The Conflict of the Hierarchy in England. William the Conqueror and Lanfranc 70 William Rufus and Anselm 75 Anselm and Henry I 78 The Papacy From The Concordat Of Worms To Innocent Iii. A.D. 1122-1198 80 Innocent II., 1130-1143, and Eugene III., 1145-1153 81 Arnold of Brescia 83 The Popes and the Hohenstaufen 87 Adrian IV. and Frederick Barbarossa 92 Alexander III. in Conflict with Barbarossa 95 The Peace of Venice. 1177 99 Thomas Becket and Henry II of England 103 The Archbishop and the King 109 The Martyrdom of Thomas Becket. Dec. 29, 1170 118 The Effects of Becket's Murder 121 Innocent Iii. And His Age. A.D. 1198-1216 126 Literature 127 Innocent's Training and Election 128 Innocent's Theory of the Papacy 131 Innocent and the German Empire 134 Innocent and King John of England 138 Innocent and Magna Charta 143 The Fourth Lateran Council, 1215 145 The Papacy From The Death Of Innocent Iii. To Boniface Viii. 1216-1294 149 The Papal Conflict with Frederick II Begun 150 Gregory IX. and Frederick II. 1227-1241 152 The First Council of Lyons and the Close of Frederick's Career. 1241-1250 157 The Last of the Hohenstaufen 163 The Empire and Papacy at Peace. 1271-1294 166 The Crusades 171 Literature on the Crusades as a Whole 172 Character and Causes of the Crusades 175 iii The Call to the Crusades 182 The First Crusade and the Capture of Jerusalem 186 The Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem. 1099-1187 197 The Fall of Edessa and the Second Crusade 201 The Third Crusade. 1189-1192 204 The Children's Crusades 211 The Fourth Crusade and the Capture of Constantinople. 1200-1204 213 Frederick II. and the Fifth Crusade. 1229 220 St. Louis and the Last Crusades. 1248, 1270 223 The Last Stronghold of the Crusaders in Palestine 227 Effects of the Crusades 229 The Military Orders 233 The Monastic Orders 241 The Revival of Monasticism 242 Monasticism and the Papacy 254 The Monks of Cluny 257 The Cistercians 262 St. Bernard of Clairvaux 266 The Augustinians, Carthusians, Carmelites, and other Orders 276 Monastic Prophets 284 The Mendicant Orders 290 Franciscan Literature 297 St. Francis d'Assisi 302 The Franciscans 313 St. Dominic and the Dominicans 320 Missions 325 Literature and General Survey 326 Missions in Northeastern Germany 328 Missions among the Mohammedans 331 Missions among the Mongols 334 The Jews 338 Heresy And Its Suppression 349 iv Literature for the Entire Chapter 350 The Mediaeval Dissenters 353 The Cathari 359 Peter de Bruys and Other Independent Leaders 367 The Amaurians and Other Isolated Sects 370 The Beguines and Beghards 373 The Waldenses 376 The Crusades against the Albigenses 387 The Inquisition. Its Origin and Purpose 393 The Inquisition. Its Mode of Procedure and Penalties 400 Universities And Cathedrals 406 Schools 407 Books and Libraries 414 The Universities 420 The University of Bologna 428 The University of Paris 432 Oxford and Cambridge 437 The Cathedrals 442 Scholastic And Mystic Theology 446 Literature and General Introduction 447 Sources and Development of Scholasticism 450 Realism and Nominalism 453 Anselm of Canterbury 455 Peter Abaelard 464 Abaelard's Teachings and Theology 472 Younger Contemporaries of Abaelard 477 Peter the Lombard and the Summists 480 Mysticism 484 St. Bernard as a Mystic 487 Hugo and Richard of St. Victor 490 Scholasticism At Its Height 495 Alexander of Hales 496 v Albertus Magnus 498 Thomas Aquinas 503 Bonaventura 515 Duns Scotus 519 Roger Bacon 526 The Sacramental System 531 Literature on the Sacraments 532 The Seven Sacraments 534 Baptism and Confirmation 540 The Eucharist 543 Eucharistic Practice and Superstition 549 Penance and Indulgences 555 Penance and Indulgences 560 Extreme Unction, Ordination, and Marriage 566 Sin and Grace 570 The Future State 576 Pope And Clergy 580 The canon Law 581 The Papal Supremacy in Church and State 586 The Pope and the Curia 593 Bishops 602 The Lower Clergy 607 The Councils 613 Church and Clergy in England 616 Two English Bishops 624 Popular Worship And Superstition 629 The Worship of Mary 630 The Worship of Relics 641 The Sermon 645 Hymns and Sacred Poetry 652 The Religious Drama 660 The Flagellants 666 vi Demonology and the Dark Arts 668 The Age passing Judgment upon Itself 676 Indexes 682 Subject Index 683 Index of Scripture References 684 German Words and Phrases 686 French Words and Phrases 691 vii This PDF file is from the Christian Classics Ethereal Library, www.ccel.org. The mission of the CCEL is to make classic Christian books available to the world. • This book is available in PDF, HTML, ePub, Kindle, and other formats. See http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/hcc5.html. • Discuss this book online at http://www.ccel.org/node/3456. The CCEL makes CDs of classic Christian literature available around the world through the Web and through CDs. We have distributed thousands of such CDs free in developing countries. If you are in a developing country and would like to receive a free CD, please send a request by email to [email protected]. The Christian Classics Ethereal Library is a self supporting non-profit organization at Calvin College. If you wish to give of your time or money to support the CCEL, please visit http://www.ccel.org/give. This PDF file is copyrighted by the Christian Classics Ethereal Library. It may be freely copied for non-commercial purposes as long as it is not modified. All other rights are re- served. Written permission is required for commercial use. viii Title Page Title Page HISTORY of the CHRISTIAN CHURCH1 by PHILIP SCHAFF Christianus sum. Christiani nihil a me alienum puto VOLUME V. THE MIDDLE AGES From Gregory VII., 1049, to BONIFACE VIII., 1294 by DAVID S. SCHAFF, D.D. 1 Schaff, Philip, History of the Christian Church, (Oak Harbor, WA: Logos Research Systems, Inc.) 1997. The material has been carefully compared and corrected according to the Eerdmans reproduction of the 1907 edition by Charles Scribner's sons, with emendations by The Electronic Bible Society, Dallas, TX, 1998. 1 The Middle Ages The Middle Ages preface. It was the constant hope of Dr. Philip Schaff, the author of the History of the Christian Church, that he might live to finish the treatment of the Middle Ages, to which he had de- voted one volume, covering the years 600–1050. He frequently said, during the last years of his life, "If I am able to accomplish this, my History of the Christian Church will be measur- ably complete and I will be satisfied then to stop." He entered upon the task and had com- pleted his studies on the pontificates of Gregory VII. and Alexander III., when his pen was laid aside and death overtook him, Oct. 20, 1893. The two volumes found lying open on his study table, as he had left them the day before, Jeremy Taylor’s Holy Living and Holy Dying and a volume of Hurter’s Life of Innocent III., showed the nature of his thoughts in his last hours. Dr. Schaff’s distinction as a writer on Church History dated from the year 1851 when his History of the Apostolic Church appeared, first in its original German form, Mercersburg, Pa., pp.
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